SEARCH RESULTS FOR INCOME-HOUSING OCCUPATION LINKAGE
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- Title
- SEARCH RESULTS FOR INCOME-HOUSING OCCUPATION LINKAGE
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AIT
Asian Institute of Technology
Bangkok
Thailand
1
<*'
CONTENTS
Page #
1.0
Tntroduction
1
2.0
Statement of the Problem
3
3.0
Construction Workers :
An Overview
4
3.1
Housing : Character!sties
5
3.2
Tj a bon r Mi g r a t i o n i n India
5
3.3
Theories on Housing Expenditures
6
4.0
Rationale of the Study
8
5.1
Genera] Objective
9
5.2
Specific Objectives
9
6.0
Ten t a 11ve Propos i t i ons
10
6.1
Assumptions
10
7.0
Need for focusing on
Construction Workers
10
8.0
Scope of the Study
11
8.1
Limitations of the Study
12
9.0
Proposed Methodology
13
9.1
Tools for Data Collection
13
9.2
Universe and Sample
13
9.3
Qualification of a Respondent
14
9.4
Interview Schedule
14
9.5
Proposed Data Analysis
14
9.6
Time Schedule
16
10.0
Expected Application of the Results
16
11 .0
References
18
Th’st of Maps, Figures and Plates
01
Map of India and Karnataka State
02
Map of Bangalore Ci ty Area
03
Demographic and Area Details on Bangalore City
04
Rural-Urban Continuum
05
Dimensions of Housing Deprivation
06
Migrant Worker Housing Access Modes
07
Housing : Mobility/Decision Matrix
08
Diagram of the Study Framework
09
Various Indicators Proposed for the
Survey of Households
Introduction
1.0
Bangalore has emerged
as
major
a
metropolis
belonging to the modern industrial era.
been so rapid that in
born in and
The city’s growth has
the decade 1971-81
population increase of 61.74 per cent.
Bangalore recorded a
In
the 1981
Census,
Bangalore stood fifth in functional ranking among various cities
in
India.
It has firms using modern
characterised by
industrial technology
high capital intensity as well as sophisticated
production capability.
Today, the city has a structure and form
which is unique in many respects.
Until 1941, Bangalore was a small. urban area with a population
of 407,000 persons which increased to 1,422,000 persons in 1971
and jumped to 2,300,000 persons in 1981.
In the industrial boom
that
(1941-81),
the
covered
forty
year
period
experienced phenomenal growth pattern.
The
city's population
growth
was
the
city
(Refer Plate No. 3).
largely attributed to
"push” factor of depleting rural incomes rather than the "pull”
factor of assured urban employment.
The disturbing aspect
is
that the city is not generating jobs fast enough to keep pace
with the inflow of migrants.
as
unemployment,
incomes and
low per capita
is evident from increasing
population categorised as urban poor.
urban maladies.
1
sizeable segments of
which are at the core of
Ho (T)
TIBET
PAKISTAN
DELHC'
INDIA
CALCUTTA ’
tURMA
.BOMBAY
KARNATAKA
STATE ~
MADRAS
5i ilankd
rAP OF INDIA
5!j
BANGALORE
MAP OF KARNATAKA STATE
J
\
)
•
/
V'J
II
!TH
'St^****’*
u
Mt)'$
ft
Sil
MAP OF BAW\pkL CITY
of d^cpunw
Ho®
I?
Statua and demographic pattern of
city between 1901
jf Bangalore
1
and 2001
Population
COOOs)
7. change
in popu
lation
Ocnipation
density/
acr^’tt
y ear
I r.atu«
Area in
sq.miles
190?
City + Cantt.
20.70
159
1941
City + Cantt.
24.40
407
158.97
26.00
1951
Corporation area
46.00
779
91.40
26.46
1961
Corporation area
46.00
906
16.30
30.7 7
1971
Corporati on area
60.00
1,422 v‘
56.95
37.05
1981
Metropolitan araa
102.00
2,300
61.74
35. 2
2001 »
Metropolitan area
102.00
3,800
65.23
47.88
_ ,
M
12.00
.J4,
,1*1? IIT-I T*Vrt"
I--' •••“ •••"
Cannt. means Cantonment area (including dftfeA^e tu-M)
Projected are-3
♦
1 acre - 0.40 ha.
♦♦
1 t q. n t 1 e --1 2.59 k m.
I .* I
as quoted in
--Fmerginq Metropolis i bangal&ffcSource :
Shivakumar
(1933)»
I -ishna.urthy and u... --------
Job
creation
at
an accelerated pace therefore. emerges as the
key issue in planning for India's urbanisation
i f the full
benefit from the process itself is to be realised in the larger
context of national economic and social development.
jobs in the formal sector is difficult.
"informal
sector"
Hence,
Creation of
the emergence of
in the urban areas!
The "informa]" sector includes a wide range of activities.
household to personal services.
from
and from commercial to non
commercial services, involving firms, households and individuals.
Two important features to be noted here are:
up of
activities
to whi ch government pays
a ttention.
Second,
people
study economic activities
who
first,
it is made
little.
and possibly more importantly,
in
urban
if
any,
although
till
areas
recently did not consider these activities as an integral part of
the city.
Indeed,
many case
studies
significant place of the informal
have
establi shed
the
sector in the maintenance of
the city as a socio-economic system (Sethuraman, 1981).
Most of
the people involved in informal sector activities are rural
mi grants.
Most of these migrants are handicapped in terms of
skills and education.
This is where the informal sector is
instrumental in defusing
the buildup of frustration among these
categories of people,
employment.
This
by providing a source of transitional
i nformal
sector,
therefore.
helps
fresh migrants, by cushioning their economic plight.
2
to
absorb
2.0
Stat.oment of Lhe Probl em
The
relationship
industrial
between
transformation
and the
living standards of the working class in the urban areas has
interested many researchers.
Until recently.
this interest had
remained largely confined to the experience of workers in
advanced
countries
attention is
(Taylor,
1977) .
In
recent
years,
however,
focused on the developing countries, particularly
those that have been experiencing rapid industrial growth
(Weeks
J, 1985; Wells J, 1983).
Among
the u r b a n
dimensions.
poor the concept of
shelter has
several
For some it is a vital factor of production in their
economic pursuits; while for some others it is merely a barricade
for privacy in a highly congested urban environment.
There i s
also another category of urban poor who live and earn t heir
living with no form of shelter whatsoever
(J a g a n n a t h a n a n d
Halder, 1988).
So far the
focus of housing studies were on
household".
Given the magnitude of income variations among the
”income of
the
poor households. it is now evident that income cannot be the sole
basis for housing policies.
Hence the introduction of a new
concept attempting to assess the relationship between occupation
and housing needs.
Occupation
is
a
differential
parameter
between
households,
and
character of housing which is determined by household occupation.
This occupation-housing linkage has not been studied so far.
3
3.0
Construct.jon Workers £ An Overview
The
construction
industry
country’s economy.
occupies
an important place in any
It provides an appreciable share of the GDP
and generates a high proportion of Gross Fixed Capital Formation.
The
construction
government
industry has always been
can use
as
a
as
viewed
one which
form of economic regulator.
particular]y so in relation
to employment.
Th i s
th a t
Gi ven
is
the
industryt by its nature. requires a large casual labour force. it
is clear that investments in construction can be used to create
short term and often seasonal
employment.
Moreover,
employment
in this sector is considered to be transitory.
Thus,
this industry mostly recruits
labourers" who are
"casual
locally recruited for the completion of the construction works.
Their wages are calculated on a daily
only for the days on which they
basis ie.
actual1y
work.
social security or benefits and can be
they
are
paid
They enjoy no
laid off
when their
services are no longer required and this is understood in terms
of local conventions.
A recent study of the National Buildings Organisation
(1987)
indicates that 80 per cent of the labour force involved in the
construction
industry consists
of
"wage
or
casual
labourers".
This means that the major economic contributor is sustained by
casual labourers whose income and social securities are unstable.
Further,
the
r e cen t
studies
J nd 1 ca te
tha t
there
is
no
"transitory" phase in the informal sector activities, especially
in
the cons truetion works.
Most
of
the
activities are now need not be transitional.
4
i n forma 1
sector
(Harold Lubell, 1977).
3.1
Housing : Characteristjcs
Housing
has
a
crucial role
social well-being.
in
any strategy of economic and
Adequate shelter is one of the basic needs.
The construction of housing has a major priority in any nation’s
allocation of resources and const!tutes an important source of
But
employment opportunities.
to build
expensi ve,
invariably costing many
earnings.
Thus t
conventional
times
a
house
worker’s
the poor rarely have adequate
is
annua]
’’access ”
to
housing and what housing services they do enjoy are of 1 ow
quality.
In addition. despite the strenuous nature of their
work, construction workers are among the lowest paid,
developing countries.
Thus,
const!tute the large labour
the
force in
in the
cons truetion workers
who
the construction industry
usually do not own a ’’decent” shelter of their own.
3.2
Labour Miqration in India
The empirical literature on internal migration has typically
found that propensity to migrate decreases with age and with
distance between points of origin and destination. and increases
with education or skill.
Distance is assumed to serve as a proxy
for both the psychic costs of movement and the availability of
information.
Also, migration studies find income at the point of
origin to be negatively related to the propensity to migrate and
income at the point of destination is positively related.
I
5
Ho ‘Aa
U^AN CONTINUUM
N/C7RAT/OA/
Rural
> OfcBAft/
_________________V
fc/ORfcJ
Construction
]
Seasonal
TRANSITIONAL
> . _._
Construction
nork
NO MORB
>
teas onn .
employment
JZLCAUSE.
TACMAftLO$Y
CMiSTRUCTION
.........
............
NO
j:
pATCREAS/A/^
, OPPORTUNITI&S
it—___________________
OF
]
NEK. MobUtH
AAI^)
Cdn 'TINUBUS
ACTIVITIES
— ---- ■..... . ..................................................
MORB
J
TRANSITION^ ’
......... . +______ .
DECLINING
INCRtASIN^)
Rural
OEM AND
jobs
•A
FOR
'SPBC/ALI&A-tiqn
------------------------
J
ZWM/W OF LOOSING DEPFWAT/C:;
i. ^ubstandJird. structures, materials & Services
e. ^sufficient Jloor Jreu
3. Unsatisfajctorv Neighbourhood. Environment
i Excessive Houslno Expense ‘Relative to Jncome
s.Eack of choice of Tenure
a . Social Discrimination ift Oionership. Cental,
i
r. Jnadejuate JurnisEin^S
s. Restricted Vocational Choice
i. Excessive Housing Expenditure Relative
to Qualdv and Size of Duelling
io Eack of Security Of Occupancy
n. Stiymatizina uay tn aihith Houciny
Services are Delivered
itdousiny related Problems of Health.
Education
Scott
(1970)
has
reviewed the literature and
cites
four major
reasons for migration for highly-skilled labourers
income
differentials; professional opportunities; living conditions and
The labour migration
working conditions.
confirm these reasons.
3.3
studies
India
in
(Jetley, 1987; Gill, 1984).
Theories on HousI ng Expend!tures
The relationship between housing expenditures and income was
(1895).
first analysed by Ernst Engel
formal ated three
"laws”.
first law
Engel ' s
to
have
that
food
He is reputed
said
expenditures rise with income, but at a slower rate.
The second
law stated that clothing expenditures rise continuously at the
same rate a s
The
income.
third law
expenditures remained constant,
that housing
regardless of income.
first has stood the test of time.
remodified by Schwabe as
stated
Only the
Housing expenditure law was
'housing expenditures rise with income
but at a slower rate (Stigler, 1954).
Cross-sectional research has shown that the relationship between
income and housing expenditures varies greatly.
Factors
influencing such relationship include regional markets, movements
in housing, movements in housing prices.
education
of
the
Roistacher, 1974).
head of household
family size, and
(Rapkin,
1957; Reid, 1962;
Cross-sectional research was not particularly
useful for analysing some
i mportant
expenditures and income.
In particular, cross-sectional data are
inappropriate
because
changes
6
in
relations
bousing
between
housing
expenditures
are
hypothesised to result from changes
responses
in income
to changes
tend
families and anticipated by others.
very misleading.
in income.
to
be
Because the
delayed
by
some
cross-sectional data can be
Factors associated with the timing of increases
in income and housing expenditures cannot be captured in crosssectional analysis.
Longitudinal data are required to relate the
changes to one another.
Moreover,
undertaken.
Longitudinal studies are rarely
there are enormous technical problems in
gathering and analysing longitudinal data.
Roistacher (1974) found that the expenditures on housing of house
owners were above those of renters in every income class and by a
He provided three explanations for this
substantial margin.
viz. ,
(1)
a portion of house owners’
expenditures represent
investment; appreciating value of the unit was also borne in mind
while expending;
owner-occupied dwellings may be of higher
(ii)
quality than renter-occupied dwellings; and (iii)
people may be
willing to pay more for a dwelling they own than they are for a
rented dwelling of otherwise similar quality.
Viewed
in
this context.
the last explanation seems
to be most
probable in case of households deriving income from informal
sector activities.
Most urban poor
households
ownership because they expect it to be profitable.
do not
seek
Rather, they
seek it for its own sake (Bapat, 1987) .
Traditionally.
affordability of the lower-income households for
housing have been
stated
...
to
be
"low”.
This rudimentary
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*
using many informal strategies.
This section of the population
is also willing to pay for the shelter; the problem arises with
respect to the ability and willingness to pay for its use.
supply-side factors become
important
for
analysis
Thus x
which
is
crucial for an element like housing.
5.0
Ob ject ives of the Study
5.1
General Objective
To study and understand the present status of the construction
workers
in
Bangalore
city ,
in
terms
of
their
housing
conditions.
5.2
Specific Objectives
a.
To identify the
strategies
adopted
by
construction
workers to get access to a dwelling unit;
b.
To estimate the amount of money allocated by the household
for housing expenditures and to study the determinants
for
the allocation;
c.
To simultaneously identify the
ability and willingness to
pay for housing;
d.
To trace and link occupational pattern to housing needs and
affordability.
9
6.0
Tentative Propositions
This study would focus on the extent to which following factors
are linked to Construction Workers housing
need ;
(i)
choice;
(ii)
affordability to ::
(ill)
Duration of Stay
Linkages with Place of Origin
Changes in Income Earned
6.1
Assumptions
a.
Housing
Decisions
changes
ie. location, household size. level of skill, type
are
determined
spa t i o-socio-economi c
by
of employment, duration of stay and income.
b.
Households lay
equal emphasis on both qualitative
(non-
financial) and financial objectives of their decision-making
Thus,
financial
factors
are
not
the
only
factors
that
motivate housing choice.
c.
Construction
Workers make rational decisions regarding
housing.
•n Workers
7.0
a.
Construction Workers are generally first-generation
migrants to the city.
b.
c.
constituent of the informal sector population
A
major
in
the urban areas.
Skill and ability to
involve
in
self-help housing
schemes.
d.
This is also an indicator of rural-urban relations and
10
provides evidence on rural-urban continuum.
This group is also representative of poor households.
e.
The study will focus on the target groups’
:
behaviour and attitude towards housing choice.
i.
location
etc;
factors leading to
ii.
uncertainty and
final decisions
regarding housing.
is
iii.
factor
income a crucial
in housing
related
decisions?
8.0
Scope of the Study
Thus, the study
Spatially, this study covers one city in India.
is
area-specific and occupation-specific.
horizon,
As
for
the
time
the current wage rates and income levels are to be
considered.
The preference coverage of this study aims to link
rural-urban relations.
choice of location.
to
related
type of tenure which
housing-choice-decisions.
are
directly
These,
parameters and variables also determine social-structural
factors affecting housing choice.
The focus on housing expenditures of the household and locational
choices
is
intended
to
reflect comparative
responses of
households on financial and other qualitative aspects of housing.
o(
11
DEv - I 0 O
IM 6
AHO
* <
NG
.
*
Independent./Sei f-employment
Participation in Community Activities
Urbane Ways of Living
Education of Children
Income Sources (Assured/Unassured)
Risks undertaken (occupation,
investments, housing)
Diversifying Occupational range
Innovative Actions
Residential Preferences
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Qualitative Aspects
Quantitative Aspects
An ’’Observation Sheet” would supplement the information collected
through the interview schedule.
This sheet is to be completed by
the investigator.
8.1
Limitations of the Study
Given the magnitude of the problem and complexity of the issues
involved it would be difficult to cover all the aspects emerging
out of the situation.
Following critical limitations of the
study are to be borne in mind :
a.
Limited availability of time and resources.
b.
This
study is proposed to be micro-level. area-specific and
occupation-specific -
Hence it need not be representative of
other areas and occupations existing under different conditions.
c.
Income
earning opportunities vary and this variation is may
not be reflected in the quantitative analysis of the study.
d.
There is lack of time-series data.
12
9.0
Proposed Methodology
9.1
The proposed tools for data collection are :
i.
Interview Schedule
ii.
Discussions with builders,
contractors and formal/informal
developers.
9.2
iii.
Discussion with officials.
iv.
Published
Sources.
Un i verse and Sainple
Karnataka C o n s t r u c t i o n Workers
Union
is
an apex body of
construction workers in the State of Karnataka focusing on the
issues concerning this occupational-group.
This union has a
register of the present residential locations of the construction
workers.
This will serve as the Universe of the study.
purposes of this study.
picked and a
sample
randomly drawn.
proportional
a ward
f rom the City will be randomly
from the members under that ward would be
The size of
to number of
the sample
in
each ward will
construction workers living in
To complete a sample.
ward.
For the
be
that
a minimum number of respondents
would
be
city.
In order to cover dropouts, a replacement sample will also
fixed
spread
over a
be drawn.
13
specific number of wards
in
the
9.3
Qualifteatjon of a. RespondenI for the present study
i.
should be an adult
ii.
should
work
cons t ru c 11on
occupation
a
person
been
his/her
as
construction activities
employed in
iii.
h ims e1f/h erse1f
consider
should
have
for the last 240 days
in
the
year
date of interview.
preceding the
Preferably t be a first-generation migrant.
9.4
Interview Schedule
Part One
Questions pertaining to Respondents’
Bio-data and general profile.
Part Two
Questions pertaining to Housing, their
Residential Choice, Mobility and Economic
Profile.
Part Three ::
An "Observation Sheet" to be completed at the
end of the interview by the investigator
The
schedule
i n t o Kannada,
will
be
prepared in English and then translated
the local language.
for easy reference and
convenience.
9.5
Following Techniques would
be
used,
where appropriate
data analysis, depending upon the need and data on hand.
14
for
the
Qualitative Coding Techniques to describe facts and figures
a.
(indices where necessary).
Analytical Part
b.
Mi cro-level Model
I.
Tncome; employment opportunities; household size;
kind of housing tenure; level of expenses; number of
working days in a year; savings and investments,
(at household level)
IT.
Occupational Category
*
highly skilled; skilled; unskilled; .
A
type of employer (government, private,
Til,
S mi tor al composition of housing
in
....)
a
spa L ia 1
perspective
i. e.
T inking
income
occupational
data
Nature of
Descriptive spatio-economic sectoral model
TV.
Various
Place;
City Centre; Transport to Work
Space-Job Relationships.
statistics
housing
at
statistical
the conclusions
like arithmetic mean,
correlation would be used.
methods
would
be
for
for
qu a 1 i t a t i ve data.
the
analysing
used.
standard deviation,
and
the
Descriptive
range
and
Various tests like chi-square. t-test
and analysis of variance would also be used.
constructed
household
levels.
descriptive and
and reaching
and
quantita five
These
analyses
Indices wi 11
interpretation
together with
of
be
the
important
indices are expected to provide the degree of affordability to
ascertain the relative importance of house ownership. as well as
the
willingness
to pay for the shelter among
worker households.
15
the construction
9.6
Time Schedule
01
Preliminary work (literature review,
10 weeks
preparation of schema etc)
02
Field Work
8 weeks
03
Data Analysis
10 weeks
04
Draft preparation
6 weeks
05
Final Write-ups
6 weeks
Total
10.0
Expected Applicatioi
'
40 weeks
ultf,
Th i s proposed study is expected to contribute towards the
emerging knowledge-base on
the
issue of
"providing affordable f
adequate, legal shelter to the low-income households" in the
urban areas by basing itself on the description of the present
status of the construction worker households in Bangalore city
and
quantify the extent of their willingness to pay for shelter.
It would also trace the nature of relationship between income and
housing expenditures among the low-income households.
16
Specifically;
A.
To
Pl
the results of the study are expected to contribute
uiers
Housing-Choice-Decisions depend not only at the government level
but also on each individual households.
Thus f planners need to
properly conceive and understand various factors that influence
the housing-choice-decisions of households.
the proposed study
is expected to contribute to the merging knowledge-base about the
housing choice from the micro-level to gain the sup[port of the
poor households for the successful implementation of the housing
schemes.
B.
To Scholars
A continued debate is on over the rationality of housing choice
process
decision
by
social
any
or
economic
group.
By
rationality; we mean household decisions are targeted to the
maximisation
of
felt
needs
preferences/affordability.
light
on
this
debate
to
a nd
changes
this study would
in
housing
aim to throw some
identify whether construction workers
make rational decisions or not.
C.
To NGOs
A proper perception of the housing
choicer decision making
process would help NGOs to understand the adoption pattern which
aims from cumulation of decision making processes undertaken by
households.
17
e
Dim of the swov mm
NEH PRO-POOR
Housing Pouty
Government
4°'
______________
Housing Notos *
Par ceptions of
CoNSTRUCriON NOPKMS
Compaq n
household
Income .
^kalysis
Path *"
Enitrinti
housing
oonoitions
J
tors in Constructic
ftoustry
Bu i W ers / D eve lope rs
Contractors
Supervisor
Contractors
hhiwh
Self Employed
ir.iiHU
Highly Ski fed
S!
Skied/Semi . elf S||j 3d
■O Ril ill I’
U nskille d / Manu al
Repairs/M
Maintenance
I
^■)
Social Indicators
/.
(I) in^royemenf in skills after Myratu
Education
(ii) S/dlts
z. standard
OF
acyiuved
LlVINO
(a,) Sojinj ma chine
(M TL^dioJTa/>4 recordtr
(e)
T- V
(d) TZefrijeratcT
(n.) Sc&far/Hotbr Cyde
(p NuriSj>oy>v\/Jc>uvn»ls
($) fiicy eld.
3. Contacts
PARI ICIP^TION
VALUE/ ITEM
(a) Co-viUa^ers
(i-) Co-prince
(c) CLty Reudents
(a.) liemberskif tn
U) Political Parly
(<•) Others
Ussocc'Dcl'ibns
(tc)
ECONOMIC
ITEM/v K-UE
INDICATORS
A
Employment
/3/Q
DEVELOPER
contractor
Supervisor . - Contractor
SELF - EMPLOYED
Others
income
HOUSEHOLD
EXPENDITURE
Food
INCOME
CLOTHING
EDUCATION
HOUSING,
TRANSPORT
'RECREATION
Others
INVESTMENT
City
village
PURPOSE
Vm
HOUSING INDICATORS
Owned
OccupKNcy Status
Rental
Leased.
E vnployers
S^wattiny
futection he
f
Monthly
CK.PEN DITURL
Occupancy
S1MVS
status
Sought
LOCATION
AN6UN1 HILUNtt TO PKr
Onnbrship
Rsahal
Lease
lb)
Serial No.
OBSERVATION SHEET
1.
Dress:
1:1
TO BE COMPLETED BY INTERVIEWER
HIMSELF AT THE COMPLETION OF
INTERVIEW
MEN
1:2
KOMEN
1:3
f IILDREN
2.
WAY OF EXPRESSION
(i.e. WAS THE RESPONDENT
USING ENGLISH PHRASES
IN BETWEEN)
3.
HOUSING
3.1. INTERIOR
) IRNITUR2
G/ERALL ARRANGEMENT
*
•e. WAS IT PROPERLY ARRANGED
>R JUST HAPHAZARD)
3.2. BOUSE TYPE
BUILD (I G
MATER I; L
COMPOUNP WALL(HOUSE WALL
ROOF
I FLOOR
P
WINDOWS / DOOR
USED
1. CONCRETE/ 1. CONCRETE 1.CONCRETE
(PLEASE CHECK CEMENT/BAKED /CEMENT/BA /CEMENT/BA 1.CEMENT l.ONLY WOOD
PLASTER
THE RELEVANT
BRICKS
-KED BRICK -KED BRICK
IN EACH
COLUMN)
i. STONE IN
2.STONE IN 2.BAKED
2.TILES 2iHOOD AND
MUD
MUD
TILES
GLASS
3.EARTH
3.EARTH
j.C.I/ASBE 3, MUD
-STOS SHEE PLASTER
4.G.I./Z?BES 4. G.I/ASBE -TS
4. ROUGH
-TOS SHEETS
-STOS SHEE
SURFACE
-TS
5.WOO?
5. WOOD
4.WOOD
5.OTHER
(PLEASE
6.BAMBO ,
6.BAMBOO/ b BAMBOO/ SPECIFY)
THATCh.,1)
THATCHED
THATCHED
3.STEEL
4.OTHER
(PLEASE
SPECIFY )
•OTHER
7.OTHER
6. MUD
PLEASE SPE PLEASE SPE 7.OTHER
CIFY
- CIFY
PLEASE SPE
CIFY
(v 0
SERIAL NO,
4.
IF NOTICED LIVESTOCK/CHICKENS RAISED
IN THE HOUF?:
5.
REMARK
PLEASE ALS( MENTION HOW RESPONDENT MENTIO:<ED
ABOUT LIFE N CITY,(i.e, WITH HOSTILITY,
SATTSFACTK /f OR CONTENT)
NAME OF INTERVIEWER
11.0
01
References
Bapat M, Rebab i 1 i t. at ion of Bh i wand I Slumdwellers j_ A critical
review, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 20, No. 14, April 21,
1987; pp. 543-567.
02
Engel E, Die Lebenkosten belqi sber Arbieter-Familien t Dresden
: C Heinrich,
1895, as quoted in Morris and Winter,
Housing,
Family and Society, Iowa, 1987.
of India,
03 Government
National Housing S t a t i st i cs,
19 8 5,
National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi, 1987.
04
Government of India
The National Commission on Urbanisation,
Volume II, August 1988.
05
Harold Lubell, Urbanisation and Em ploy men t z_ Insights from a
series of case studies of Third World metropolitan Cities in S
Kannappan (ed),
Developing
"Studies of Urban Labour Market Behaviour in
Areas”,
International
Institute
for Labour
Studies,
Geneva, 1977.
06
Gill,
I,
M i grant Labour :
A Mirror Su rvey of JuIlandur and
East Chainparan, Economic and Political Weekly, June 16-23,
1984,
Vol. 19, No. 2; pp. 961-964.
07
Jagannathan and Halder,
Income and Housing Linkages
A Case
S tu d y of P a v e m e n t Dwellers in Calc u 11 a City, Economic and
Political Weekly, June 04, 1988; pp. 1175-1179.
08
Rapkin C,
Rent-Income
rat io.
Journal
1957, as quoted in Morris and Winter ibid.
18
of Housing 14:8-12,
09
Reid M G, Housi ng and Income, Chicago, University of Chicago
Press, 1962.
10
Roistacher, E, Housi ng
and Homeownership in 5,000 American
fami Ii es
Patterns of Economic Progress, Vol. 2, Morgan JN (ed),
pp. 1-40.
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan,
as quoted in Morris and Winter.
11
Scott, The Brain Drain
in W Lee Hassen
(ed)
Is Human Capital Approach Judicial?
"Education,
Income and Human Capital",
Colombia University Press, NY 1970; pp. 241-284.
12
Sethuraman SV, The
Urban Informa 1 Sec tor a nd Development
Policy in Sethuraman SV (ed),
"The Informal Sector in Developing
Countries", pp. 53, ILO, Geneva, 1981.
13
Stigler GJ,
Consumer
The E a r1y
Behaviour,
History of
Journal of Political
Empi rica1
Economy,
S tud i es
62
of
95-113,
1954, as quoted in Jagannathan and Halder.
14
Surinder Jetley,
Impact, of Male Migration on Women, Economic
and Political Weekly, Vol. 22, No.
44, October 31,
1987; pp. WS
47 to 54.
15
Taylor J
(ed) ,
The
Standard of Li ving in Britain
in
the
Industri al Revolution, London, Methuen, 1977.
16. Wells J, Industri al
Accumulation and Living Sta nd a rd s in the
Long Run £ The Sao Paulo Industrial
Working Class,,
1930 1970 in
Journal of Development Studies, January-April 1983.
17. Weeks
J,
Li m i ts
to
Capitalist
Development
The
Industrialisation of peru 1950-80, Boulder, Westview Press, 1985.
19
- Media
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