EFFECT OF EFFLUENT DISPOSAL ON WATER QUALITY AND HUMAN HEALTH AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO MAJOR WASTEWATER DRAINS IN PUNJAB

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Title: EFFECT OF EFFLUENT DISPOSAL ON WATER QUALITY AND HUMAN HEALTH AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO MAJOR WASTEWATER DRAINS IN PUNJAB
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PUNJAB POLLUTION CONTPOl BOARD
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i’liitil Deport

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Effect of Effluent disposal on
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Walei (Quality and Human Health
among peo|)le living in close proximity to

major Wastewater Drains in Punjab.
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< nYducted i
St isooi of Public Health
DepaHsuent of Community Medicine

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I’o.sl CnadiMl! lusliiHlc of Medical Education
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Investigators
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Dr. J.S. Thakur
Assistant Professor & Principal Investigator.

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Department of Community Medicine.

Prof. Rajesh Kumar
Head

I tepartment of Community"Mediciffe.

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Dr. Dalbir Singh =^,

Head
Department of Forensic Medicine.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

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Professor
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Department of Biochemistry.

Prof. Arvind Rajvanshi
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Head
Department of Cytology & Gynecological Pathology.

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Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research

Chandigarh.
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Dr. (iagandeep Nagi, MBBS. Medical Ollicci

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Dr Arun Paul, MBBS. Medical Officer
Dr l larpinder Kaur, MIDI’S.-Medical Officer

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Mr Rajcsh Piful. M.Sc. Research fellow
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Ms. Somya Shanna. M.Sc. Research Ecllayy:

Ms. Gurinder Kaur, M.E, Research Fellow

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Mr. (ioswami V B Iflitffti. BSc. DipMLT. Lab Assistant

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Mr. (.iobind Thakur. BSc, DipML f.Lab Assistant

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Mr. Shiv Kumar. MSc. Data lintry Operator

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M< ( iectanjli Sharma, M.Sc. Data Entry Operator

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Mr. Chander Hass, Lab Attendant

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1- icld Staff

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Ms. Akvinder Kaur, B.A.

Mrs. Sukhmail Kaur. B.A.

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Mr. 1’arminder Singh. M.A.

Mr. Decpak Kumar. M.A.

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Abbreviations
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Abbrc\ iations

I'u 11 Name

As

Arsenic

Cd

Cadmium

I

( i,,omium

sr

f-

Ni

Nickci

Sc

Selenium

ng

Mercury

....

Copper

_________________ “■

. r

pb

Lead

■'

-

D

ite

Ic

—

Iron
Total Alkalinity

TA

l ofal hardness

-- —
...

Cl

-----------.4^-

Phosphorus

Chloride
Calcium

Me

Magnesium
I loin ide

3

3
4
3

7

Nil-.

Ammonia

RCI

Residual Chlorine

DDT

Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane

DDI)

Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroethane

DDI

Dichloro Diphenyl Dichloroelhx lenc

11(11

I lexachloro Cyclo I lexanc

MN

Micronuclci

ml

Millilitre

(il

Gastrointestinal

ppb

Parts per bi 11'.on

ppm

Parts per million

( )R

Odds Ratio

ND

Not Detected

BDI

Below Detectable Limit

BOD

COD

Biochemical oxygen demand

Chemical oxygen demand

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Acknowledgment

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h is our proud privilege to express a sense ofgratitude to Professor K. K. falwar. Director,

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PGIMER Chandigarh for allowing the faculty and staff of the institute to participate in the

study. H e thank Mr }ogesh Gael. Chairman. Punjab Pollution Control Board, Patiala for
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reposing confidence and entrusting this study to us. JVe are also grateful to Er. Birinderjit

Singh. Member Secretary. Punjab Pollution Control Board. Patiala for his valuable

guidance. He express our special thanks to Dr. (Mrs.) 11. K. Parwana. Senior Scientific
Officer and other scientific and field officers of Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) for
their valuable support' and suggestions.

He also express our sincere

thanks to

g.

PrOf B. D. Gupta. Eormer Professor and Head, Department of Radiotherapy, PGIMER.
Sukhdev Singh.

Director

Health

Services.

Punjab

and Er.

Arvinder Singh.

Chief Engineer Public Health Punjab. Er. G. S. Majithia. Executive Engineer Punjab

Pollution ( ontrol Board, members of Technical committee of this project for guidance and
critical review of the project over a period of time.

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worm, mentiomce the support extended bv Department of Forensic Medicine under

IF. Dalbii Smgh. Head of Department and Mr. Sunil Dutt Attray. Senior Toxicologist for

accepting the challenge of setting up the oeslici.de residue analysis facility and carrying out

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the residue analysis in water, milk and blood samples.

H e are thankful to Di- !\ .S. I erina. Director CFSL Chandigarh and Mr. Barjinder Badonva,

Assistant Director. Dc;\irfinciil of Bhvsics for their valuable support in earn ing out heavy
metal analysis in waler and urine samples. IVe are grateful to Dr. R. 8. Battu, Assistant

Professor, Department < ■; Fnlomology, Punjab Agriculture University for his expert guidance
and laboratory visits fo>- netting up facility ofpesticide residues analysis.

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IPe are thankful to Dr Rajendra Prasad. Professor. Department of biochemistry for his
worthy guidance and overall review of the project. JVe extend our special thanks to

Dr. Arvind Rajwanshi. Head Department of Cytology and Gynecological Pathology' and

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Dr. Radhika, Additional Professor for guiding and undertaking the micronuleus assay in

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their department Jle are ftrate/ul to DC Meera Sharma. Professor & Head. Department of
Microbiology and Dr. Xeelam Tanefa. Associate Professor for the microbial profile of water
quality of our water samples

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to Dr. Sunil Arora. Additional Professor. DepxirUnent of
We extend our special gratitude
tj Singla for accepting the challenge to explore the possibility
Immunopatholugy and : )r . l/u
,dduets pilot study under this project, which will prove to be a
of carrying out the De '■ <

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valuable asset
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We extend our gratitude to Dr.

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1. S. Dhatt. Director. Dr. K. S. Sandhu. Scientist. Punjab^
PAU. Ludhiana for laboratory support for

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Horticultural Post Jlarvesi Iechnology Centie.

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quality control of the dimples done under the project.

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He extend our thmr.-

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help m providing gttidmee to project staff m analysis and in compiling the protect report

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JVe are thank/ul to \l< Dollv and Ms. Supriya. students of biostatistic, department for

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' >r Slnmfar Prm/a. Senior Resident. Communitv Kfedicine for Ins

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analysis ofepidemuHnTu a! data
1 am personally tlumDm to Pro. Rajesh Kumar. Head. School of Public Health. PGIMER.
for his constant encom avement and valuable support throughout the project.

Laa but not the least a ore mdecd very grateful to staff o f Community Medicine. Forensic

Medicine.

Cytology

and Gynecological Pathology.

Biochemistry,

bmmmopathologv.

Microbiology departments of P( ,1 and CFSL. Chandigarh for their assistance.
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Dr. J. S. Thakur

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Assistant Professor am I Principal Investigator

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School of Public Health
Department of( 'ommunilv Medicine

PGIMER CHAXDKiAR/l

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Contents

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Executive Siiiiiinaiy
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Introduction

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Objectives
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Methodology

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Results

Possible sources of waler pollution

Discussion

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Conclusions

Recommendations

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References
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Annex u res

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I. Executive Summary
Punjab, a prosperous state of India, pioneers in both agriculture and industrialization.

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Mwever these two activities along with ever increasing urbanization are leading to pollution

of its vast water resources Despite being one of the richest states of the country in terms of

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per capita income, the health indices of the slate arc not the best with an infant mortality of

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42 per 1000 live births, high prevalence.of aneniia among children between 6-35 months
(80.2%) and pregnant women ( I Lk%). as per National family Health Se.

.-2 (Ni l IS 3).

Only 34.7% children with diYirrlica are treated with oral rchydration solution. Due to

flgnization and industrialization in the state, a large amount of wastewater is generated and
is drained mostly partially or untreated in the local drains, which had led to the pollution ol
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these drains. The present slud} was conducted m Punjab to ascertain the effect of diluent

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water pollution on human health and water qualitv among the people living near live major

effluent drains viz. Buddha drain. I ludiara drain. Bast Bcin drain. I ring Dhab drain and Kala
Singha drain of the area.

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Mapping of area was done by a team of field investigators undei supci vision of medical

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officer and study invcstinalois to prepare a village level profile in terms of exposure to

industrial wastes, proximity of industry to the

^e and perception of local people

regarding ground and tap water pollution. The villages were classified as reference and

control areas, which were of high (mid and down sueam) and low pollution wariy stream)

respectively.

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A total of 5371 and 2018 study subjects were selected by systematic random sampling from

reference and control area respectively and intc . ...\cd to elicit inlormation on various
morbidities. Samples of water, vegetable, l< Oder, urine and milk (human and bovine) were

collected to ascertain effects of pollution on their miality. This included testing ol physical
■and chemical quality besides contamination by heavy metals and pesticides. Blood samples

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were also collected Io estimate pesticides concentrations. Buccal smears were scrapped to

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ascertain initiation ol mutagenic activity in cpitb lial cells.

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The study revealed a statistically significant association of occurrence of gastrointestinal
problems (diarrhea, vomiting etc), water telatcd vector borne diseases (malaria, dengue).
skin, eye and bone problems among persons residing in reference area (p<0.05). Drain wise

stratified analysis revealed a significantly higher association of gastrointestinal, skin, eye and
bone problems among resident of reference area of Buddha drain. I he numerous industrial

units in Ludhiana, discharging inadequate or untreated effluent and municipal waste water
could be a major reason for the morbidity profile of the study subjects in that area The study
revealed thatfflourosis is a major problem in Punjab with significantly higher association of
mott’mg and discoloration of teeth ar ’ . ’re than permissible fluoride levels. Overall
delayed milestones, gastrointestinal problems and blue line on gums were significantly
higher among children of reference aica as compared to control area. Average abortion rates
among women were also significantly higher in rcleiencc aica.

Mean biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD respectively) levels in
excess of the permissible limits (MPI

' rr Tors of inadequate treatment of domestic

sewage prior to discharge into water bod.es. An analysis of the level of BOD and COD
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according to place of sampling in relation to the point of sewage disposal into the drain has
further substantiated the claim that the untreated or partially treated sewage is discharged into

these drains, l evel of organic pollution as reflected by BOD and COD value was observed to
be maximum al points which wcrcjuM downstream from point of municipal sewage disposal.

The possible point sources had been identified. The study also revealed Mercury. Cadmium.
Chromium. Copper and Lead to be lugae. in samples of ground and tap water tested. Metal

and electroplating industries found in abundance in these towns from which the drain pass
arc the most probable cause of higher lewis of heavy metals in drain, tap and ground water.

Cadmium and Selenium are foutftl in higher concentrations due to effluent discharge from
food, dying and leather industries. Similarly Copper. Lead and Chromium levels are
attributed to leather, tanning and metal industries. The bacteriological quality of drinking tap

water was found to be poor as shown by presence of higher total coliform and E. coli.

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Heptachlor. |J-EndosulPhan and Chloripvriphos pesticides were observed in concentrations

exceeding the maximum residue limit in 25%. 21.5% and 16.1% samples of ground and tap

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were also detected in vegetables, fodder, bovine and human milk and blood
water. Pesticides
Spies. This shows that pesticides have entered into food chain. The possible reasons for

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detection of these pesticides may be due to agricultural run oft and irrigation of fields w.t

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drains water. The health effects observed in the present study

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levels of heavy metals and pesticides in drinking water, which

is bioaccumulating in fodder, •

acute toxicities of these heavy
food milk and blood. Majority of the morbidities observed are
melals and peslicides Since .1,0 rapid indeairi.liza.i™ has its onset, winch can be trace I io

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are a manifestation of higher

199os it is vote likeblhai the chronic efcts of heavy metals and pest,c,des eon.am,nanon

’ It m.v manilos. in the coming years, l-ieidenee of mieronucle, in eptthenetd cells, renoct.ng
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>s„„s in reference area of Hndiara Nallah- The DMA addnets study
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indication of likolc increased manifestauoa of cancerous lesions, which might be seen
in subsequent time.
.hot evidence of hkcly chmtno cftcejs emerging m future » *3

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signifieandv higher ptm.tdcnce of general health ctfeets Bke^bness of Ungers and> of

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no,,,,..... whiek , . ......

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like mercury and lead.

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h is concluded .ba, t mngauie and organic pollmiot. is an important problem m all major

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■ dmins as renected by bigha BOD- COD. heavy meta.s d 1g. Cu. Cd. Ct. Ph) and pcsttctdcs

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msiduc .....................

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of heavy toet.ds < Up. Co. Cd. Ph. Ct i beside, pesttotdes residue (Chlorpynphos. Malathmn.

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Dimethoaie. Aldrin. >

P-Bndosulphan) tn

ami tap water

Which has anccied die food chain and h.n.an hcahb as rejected by higher conccmmnon o,
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tee heavy metals and pesticides seen in ».ples of vegeiaHes. fedder. bourne arid r.tm.m

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mdk. mine and

area a, compared to eomro! area Mctemy and , » v

feyeis have keen
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..... to be ..... .

mmc than petm.ss.bfe hums ... reie.e co a

control areas There is ... evidence of gcaoloskily as rePeeied by h.gher preeaien e

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Mala........ OinK-totc. Aid™. Hepmcblor. o-Podosulphan. fl-

Bndosulpban) tn reference as ........red io«ml area. This is a.st, effected by h.gher love

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biood

samples has eonfirmod varying degree of— in 6S% of the blood sampies. lias ts an

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is observed t.hc higher in epithetica! cells ofbneea! smear mtn

evidence of genetic

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occunence of,mart.... .
ana....... mi.,ns inmfemneo population as eon.pmc Io comm orc
which is significant in suhieeis befengiog io reference area of l ludiara Nahal., lhe heahi.

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effects of waler pollution is idlccLcd by sigmlicantly higher association lor occurrence of

gastrointestinal problems, water related vector born diseases (Malaria. Dengue), skin
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problems, eye and bone problems in the reference population. Average abortion rates among

women and delayed milestones among children arc significantly higher in reference area.

jThere is no evidence at present of higher chronic health problems due to genotoxicity since
'environmental pollution takes long time even in decades to reflect in chronic diseases.

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Reco m in en <1 a t io n s :
Since there is a high level of inorganic and organic pollution in major wastew^Ur drains oT' ”
Punjab, the Technical Review Committee of'the project recommended that

1.

There is a need for regular monitoring of water quality of'drains, industry and municipal
bodies for organic and inorganic pollution. The Municipal Committees and regulatory

bodies need to strictly enforce the relevant rules for water pollution.
2.

Water Supply and Sewage Board. Punjab should undertake steps for provision (if.safe
drinking water and proper disposal of sewage. Rural development and Panchayati raj
department should encourage panchayats in rural area to plan, construct, •manage and

maintain their own water supply and sanitation facilities as a model, which is successfully

being implemented in Gujarat.

3. The local bodies department should support Municipal Corporations committees of major
towns in Punjab to setup scwcrage/solid waste treatment facilities. Similarly, industry

should treat their effluent before discharging into water bodies and it should be strictly
enforced by regulators.
4.

Water Supply and Sewage Board should also do regular monitoring of drinking waler

quality. It should include monitoring of physical & chemical parameters, heavy metals,
pesticides and bacteriological testing. Strict action should be initialed against defaulters.

The board should also setup or identify regional laboratories in the stale in public or

private sector to undertake tests for water quality including heavy metals and pesticides.
5. ' The Health Department should establish a surveillance system to identify acute and
chronic effects due to heavy metals and pesticides. Regional laboratories in government

or private sector should be identified to monitor heavy metals and pesticides in urine and

blood. Local health authority designated by health depmtment should

undertake

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..^A-eniig the level of heavy metals and pesticides in the food. Similarly Biomedical
Management rules should be strictly followed in all health institutions of the slate

j^vvent possible contamination of drinking water with mercury.

K, -^K'ultufe and dairy development department should undertake regular monitoring of

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r^icide and heavy metal levels in food grains, vegetables, fruits and milk.
^virenment or Cooperative department should promote voluntary action for restoration
c *ater quality of major drains as demonstrated by experience of eminent people

on Buddha Nallah and East Bein. Government should extend full support for
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txjs'piv carrying out such voluntary activities.

studies for idenlilication of DNA adduct

are needed to identify the specific

heavy metals and pesticides involved in genotoxicity. SimilarB^ourcc identification for
’Ablution from industry and municipal committees should be undertaken.

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2. Introduction
Punjab is one of the most prosperous states ol India, pioneering in the gicen levol-ution and

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industrialization. Punjab has abundant waler resources, but due to rapid migration ol people

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from villages to cities, industrialization and use of fertilizers and pesticides, these resources

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are getting polluted. Large amount of effluent being generated by different kind ol industries?

which are responsible for formation of some big cfllucnt drains.
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The sources of waler pollution are industries. municipaLsewage. urban storm waler and non

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point pollution especially due to runoff from agrrnulturc fields etc. which discharge fluid

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laced with various contaminants including heavy metals into the water bodies. Heavy metals

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are naturally occurring elements and arc present in varying concentration in all ecosystems.

There are huge number of heavy metals found in elemental form ami in a variety of other

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chemical compounds. Human act,vilies have drastically changed the biochemical cycles and

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balance of heavy metals’

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known Io be potentially hazardous substances. I hey can be absorbed by
1 leavy nufials arc
green plants, which arc the primary producers in the ecosystem. As they move up the lood

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chain from producers to consumers, they tend to bioaccumulate in the plant and animal

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tissues and cause physiological and neurological disorders, in 1 unjab. various studies

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have already reported bioaccumulation of heavy metals like lead, mercury and zinc in aquatr

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fauna. Metals like Cadmium. Lead. Zinc and Chromium have also been found beyond

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permissible limits in green vegetables grown in fields irrigated with water from drains like

lludiara Nallah and Candha Nallah in Amritsar and Buddha Nallah m Ludhiana. Studies by
PPCB have also reported the presence of heavy metals in walers and sediments of major

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rivers .

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A preliminary study done by PPCB show that mam source of pollution in Last Bcm is

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untreated ortewater of lhe cities, industrial wastewater, agriculture and other related

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activities of&c villages along the Last Bein. Ground water quality has also been allectcd
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with respect to total dissolved solids. Accumulation of Chromium. Nickel. Zinc, and
pesticides ate High in the sediment of Bast Bein. Traces of tnelals like Chromium. Nickel.

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Er and Zinc were detected in soil samples of the fields niigaied by the diluents of I ast Hem
SkiWater quality of lludiara Nallali lias deteriorated due to discharge of untreated/treated
P'lffluents by industries. Municipal Corporation of Amritsar and Guru Nanak Dev University.

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F This Nallali is not only affected by industrial and city sewage but also from agriculture and
E other activities of villages along it. It was found that concentiation of Zinc was high in the

g. sediment of the Nallali11

Another study show that gastroenterological and vector borne diseases, i.e. malaria, dengue,

g. Were higher in Ludhiana as compared to control area, i.e. Samrala. Estimation of metals in
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effluent water by atomic absorption spectroscopy shows presence of chromium, cadmium,

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arsenic and mercury. < hit of this cadmium, arsenic and mercury are known carcinogens .

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ft had been reported in a .study that people living in close proximity of Tung Dhab Dram,

which is sub-drain of lludiara Nallah, are having significantly higher genotoxicity as

compared lo the people not exposed to contaminated water living m control areas . With the

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above background, il was decided to undertake an epidemiological study on the effects of
effluents on human health and water quality among the people living tn close proximity to

major waste water drain in Punjab.

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3. Aims & Objectives
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1) To ascertain the stains ol chemical composition of effluent of five major effluent drains,

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2) To assess the pattern and extent of chemical pollution of tap and ground water at
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adjoining to the study sites.

3) To assess health profile of people living near wastewater drains.

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4) To find out ain assoeiation between exposure to chemical pollution and health profile of
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study popuhlion1

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4. Methodology

Study Setting

th Mian State, which has literacy rate of 74%. Access io

0 ' Pt,r,h „ a

.s % 7% and 50% respectively wlnlc 54% ot popolai.on

B ia.iua.ion in nrb» and —I

Klaeeess to piped drinking water supply (79 4% urban. 38.4% rural) The heahh indieou.cs
B i Puniah row

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rate, death rate and into, morrality ra.e ok 18.. and 6.7 per

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W 'populaboui and 40 per

live births respectivciy. it is called the land „f 5 ove.s.

E.. Agriculture is the n.ain source o! Uwng lor people. Source of irrigation ,s nuonly^nal W e.
and tube wells.

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Figure-1: Mapping of Study Areas
Heir (origin)
gJijjnMT

Nangal Panuan

GURDASPUR

Achij?|Kot
Mchfa Lahorimal
Bhajni Ra^w3rRajatal
DaonKEUend)

.hlit- amrusar.

JAMMU * KASKUIh)

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^Aapurthala

PRA DCSII

HOSHIARPUR

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■firozpur--------------- kapurth^a <

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Mundi Kaian^Cr^yphadha Hanpur .ID

K- NAWANSHAHR
J-KaW .

•Jahcru^—^

FIROZPURv

K

5^ran

LUDHIANA

NAWANSHA}lftg)SHlARPUR
.LANL____ __________
Pjalai^inghwala.
RUPNAGAR
'•BeNWr(0'',9i,f’
l-IROZI URhaira BeV(n(4) Qjandan Nagar
7 •
MalaKpi"
' Ghaunspur luphIANA

MAJ A» TH AN

fe

MONG.

'fatehgarh sahib
SANGRUR

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drains of Punjab, which inelude Buddha Nahab. Iludrar.

The study includes
Hi Naliah Tung Dtab Drain. I ns! Bern Drain, and Kala Singha Drain. Buddha Nullah ongurale

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near X Beu. ......... Inin or Chihi Bein is a natural s.u.™ water dratn »hu!.

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•, District Nawan Shahar. Several sub-drain tall into

3 t orieinates
near village Bhairan Majra in District Naw
originates near

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East Bein, of which Kal.i Singha drain is most important as it carries indi\idual wasirs ol

Kapurthala and Jalandhar and meets East Bcin near Khanpur. Iludiara Nallah is basically a
storm water drain with total length of 55 kms originating from the village Heir on Amritsar-

Ajnala road up to village Daokc\ after which it flows into Pakistan.Tung Dhab Drain is the

tlibulaiy ot lludiara Nalluh. which originates near village Shank.iipuia passes through
Amritsar city carrying industrial and domestic sewage and falls into lludiara Nallah near

Khiala Kaian. A map showing the location of various drains is shown in figure 1.

4.2 Study Design

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A cross sectional study was conducted in the areas covering each of the five selected drains

in Punjab. A rapid survc\ for mapping of the area
area along
along the
the drains
drains was done and a village

proximity ol industry to the village, usage of pesticides in farming and perception of local

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people regarding ground .ind lap w aler pollution.

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level profile of the enliie area was prepared in terms ofrexposure to industrial wastes,

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Fable 1: Drain-wise distribution of study villages for epidemiological study

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Study Villages

Drain
Reference area

B .iddha Nallah

I . hcra Bel. (ihaunspur. Chandan Nagar. Malakpur.

Barlap Singh Wala
M.iIich

€
Control area

Raipur. Bahlolpur
Kul.mi. Iliirnilhi KiiIiui

Kala Singlia I )iain

Halci Khanpiir. Bulandpur. Kesarpur. I'alchpur.
Kala Singha

Nangal. Mahmtidpur

I ludiara Nallah

Raja lai. I.ahori Mai. Mchwa. Bhajni Rajputan.
Achintkot

Nangal Panuan. Bhoma

Tung Dhab Drain

• I.dial. (iuiiilala. Boparai Baj Singh. Khiala Kalan.
(iuru Ainardas colony

€

C

K him K hiin, Phu I (. inddow al. Heir.
I laripur

East Bcin I )rain.

C

€

Bulloxsal. Shankai pm a

J

€

«
These villages were caicgorized into high and low pollution villages. Two low pollution
£
villages per drain were ■■ ■leeled as control area. These include the village at the origin of the

drain and another village ? Km proximal to (he origin. A total of five villages were selected

€

as the reference area foi each drain. These villages were the areas where eflluent disposal

£
£
C

17

£

£

C

r

selected by stratified random sampling to
^5 into the drain was maximal. I licsc villages were
r' include equal proportion of villages near the mid-point and end point of the drain.

r

Table 2: Drain-wise distribution of study villages for sample collection and laboratory
testing
Study Villages

Drain

h'. i

Khcra Bet. Chandan Nagar.

Raipur

. Khim-KInin. Phul Guddowal

Barnala Kalan

Kala Singha Drain

Falehpur, Kala Singha

Nangal

Hudiara Nallah

Raja Tai. Lahori Mai

Bhoina

Tung Dhab Drain

Mahal. Boparai Baj Singh

Shankarpura

Buddha Nallah
East Bein Drain

6^''

Control area

Reference area_____

■,v :■•■■■■-

The study has two component V lastly to ascertain health effects of effluent pollution on

human health and secondly to ascertain the effect of effluent pollution on physical and

*

Er chemical parameters and concentration of heavy metals, pesticides in water, vegetable and

fodder.
Epidemiological study for health effects of effluent pollution
conducted to ascertain effect of effluent
A cross sectional epidemiological survey was
4.2.1

J

pollution on human health in selected villages along each chain.

L d

3

3

b1

4.2.1.1 Sample size

t Sample size was calculated using Epi Info statistical program. Census 2001 population
figures for Ludhiana. Amritsar and Jalandhar were 30.6 lakhs, 30.21 lakhs and 29.56 lakhs
respectively. Assuming expected prevalence of gastric disorder caused by effluent exposure,
f - as 10% incidence of genetic disorders as 0.56%, desired precision of 2.5%. worst acceptable

an 0.10% and confidence level ol 95% a sample size of 1000 was worked out for reference
estimated to select live thousand
area. For the cross-sectional household survey, it was

18

r

yntgtjiwr'

«
Cindividuals from reference area and two thousand individuals horn the control area <>1 all the

®7;
five selected drains.

Thousand individuals wcic Io be selected horn rcleicnce aica ol each diain. which was

s

further sub-divided into ..’00 individuals per village ol the rclerence area. Similarly, lout

hundred individuals were selected from control area of each dram with further sub-divided
into 200 individuals from each village of the control area of the selected drams. .1 hese

€

individuals were selected by systematic random sampling alter preparing a set ol all

householdsin tlic village. Overall 7856 study subjects were selected, of which 5567 and 2289

were from 7clercnce and control area rcsnectivclv.
respectively. In reference area 4317 subjects were
adults while 1250 were

children. Similarly in control area adults and children were 1777 and

f-

F
€

€

512 respectively.

4.2.1.2 Study Tool
Household queslioniuiiie:
lire: Ihc individuals selected in the above mentioned manner were
interviewed on a pretested strnctiired schedule to clicU inrornuitlon on Hocio-demoyriiphic
profile, source and quality of drinking water, perception of water pollution and system wise

(gastrointestinal, skin.

eve.

hone,

kidney, obstetrical

and

miscellaneous)

W

morbidities.

Individuals were also enquired about their health status over the last onc-year. Separate

«
«■

schedules were used lor adult and childhood morbidities. Survey was done by a team of two

€

Junior research fellows and four f ield investigators under supervision ol a Medical ollicer,

i

who elicited information on morbidities.

<-*

1
I
6,

4.3 Laboratory resting lor Lssrssmcnt of Effluent pollution

■ The samples were collected from the respective villages in reference and control areas ol the
live drains (T able 2). These .samples included ground water (15). tap water (6) and diluent

water (15) in each of the six rounds for sample collection, fhese samples were tested loi

■ physical-chemical parameters, heavy metals and pesticide residues. Vegetable (10), fodder
(10) were analyzed lor heavy metal and pesticides while urine (10) samples were analyzed

for the presence of hcavv metals. Bovine and Human milk (5 each) we.rc analyzed lor

pesticide residue. Ground and tap dunking water samples (12) were also assessed for

19

1

L ■.

bacteriological quality. Besides thi; blood samples (25) were

also analyzed for pesticides and

OdNA adducts.

p'f

fc’io, collection of ground onh'r lire « (Hand pump) source was lira! sterilized with the

1 burning name using spun l»,p. Water was allowed to run off for fust !.alf an hour and

Kthereafter samples were collected. Similarly in surface water collection, tap was sterilized
P using sprit lamp flame. Aller cooling lap was let on for S minutes and then mid-stream

saw samples werc collected from approximately middle ol

P sample was uolleeied.

, , ■’ the drain with the help of a container tied to a long bamboo stick with rope.

■ K' 1 Representative samples of\cgvlablc and loddei were taken from the Held along the drains,
Twenty-four hour urine sample

was collected in sterilized containers. Water samples, which

WCre ColleCtcd’ WCre slaggclCtl 1,1 different seasons over a period of one year (2006-2007).

c

'lable 3: Season wise collection of water samples (2006-2007)

£

Sample

b P'
K
Pt

c

■d

Ground Water
Tap Water
Effluent Water

Summer
(Mar. May)

Monsoon
(July)

Winter
(Oct, Dec, Feb)

30

15

45

12

6

W

15

18
45

The physical-chemical parameters, which were analyzed, were pH. alkalinity, total hardness,
calcium, magnesium, ammonia

phosphate, total iron, chloride, residual chlonne and

'. fluoride. Water testing kit standardized by Central Pollution Control Board. New Delht was

Ir. used for the analysis. BOD (Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chcnueal Oxygen
f Demand) were measured lor effluent sample using BOD incubator and COD apparatus

respectively.i’or BOD estimation, samples were incubated lor 5 days at 20 C and titrated to

>1

I|* get the results. Similarly to. COD analysis samples were condensated lor 3 hours and titrated
I.-' to get the value.

d

a
20

*1

fe^4 a
al II
rw/.- ■‘i-

. ■> •

A total ol twenty pesticides were tested which include organochloro pesticides (Dieldiin.

Bcta-Endosulphan,

Alpha-Endosulphan.

Endosulphan

sulphate,

alpha-1 ICH.

bcta-HCH,

gammaHICH, della I ICH. < 4-DDT. 2. 4-DDT. DDE. DDD. Chlordane. Chlorpyriphos.

Aldrin,

Hcptachlor)

and

organophosphorus

pesticides

(Malathion.

Dimethoate,

»

Monocrotophos).

i able 4: Drain-wise laboratory testing of samples

Parameters J ested
Drain

Area

Phy/Chm.
Parameter's

Buddha Nallah
East Bein Drain

Kata S. Drain

Rcl'crciiec

____________

l ung D. Drain

4

------- ---- -.

COD/BOD

Heavy Metals

1 I

Pesticides

28

2_ jg_

J2

2'l
---jy-

J7

( O11I1 ol

_ 10

5

Rclcrcncc

_2()

io

2’5

io

30

10
25
to

5
10
5
10
5"

12

6

30
I2
30

27

_( ontrol
Reference

Control
Iludiara Nallah

- 3(y

Reference
( Ollltlll

Reference
('ontrol

25

5

‘' I 2 ~

9
20

6

25

v

---

£

<

The samples were processed by extraction, clean up and concentrated by using Rotary
Vaccum Evaporator to approximately 2 ml. For the identification and quantification of

pesticide residues. Nucon 5765 gas chromatograph filled with electron capture detector (for
organo chlorines) and Nitrogen Phosphorus detector (for organo phosphorus) was used. For

ECD 1.5% OV-17 and 1.95<K) OV-2K) Pyrex glass column used and 3% OV 101 for NPD
(100-120 mesh size). 2°(»l)icth\Icnc Glycol Succinate (D1:GS) column was used as an
alternate column for the confirmation of organochloro pesticides.

6
Heavy metals viz. Copper. I cad. Mercury, ('admium. Chromium. Selenium. Nickel and
£

Arsenic were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer lor the quantification of
heavy metals.

6

€
i

21

J

r
C

1

i

■
Kw ■-

Micronuclcus assay for grnotoxkity

tree hundred samples of buccal smears were collected in duplicate from the res.dents of the*

4 •

fees along each dram for the analysis of genotoxrcity through micronucleus (MN) assay,

^niese included 210 samples distributed uniformly in all villages ol lelcrencc area and X)
Slom the control area. These individuals were selected by systematic random sampling withm

village after preparing a list of all households-.-''ITe samples were eolleeted between

Sfebruary to December 2006 1 he individuals were made to rinse their mouth with water. 1 he
| fecal mucosal cells were scrapped from inner side^eheek with a sterilized blunt spatula.

Slfear was made on albumin-coated slidesWie slides were then fixed in 95% alcohol and
stained by papanicolaou mctluul (PAP staining).

■

slide

was coded and scored hli<Thc micronucleus (MN) analysiis was done with a
........................................................ . -tr.'- •

scored per slides and then
Sight microscope,, at 400X magnification. Five hundred cells were

MN per cell was calculatcd.

4.3.2 DNA Adducts
Bp.DNA was extracted from fiDl A blood using QiAmp DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen.
RMrmany) according to mamdaeturer’s instructions. The extracted DNA was quant.ficd
£

spectrophotometrically and then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amphfy a

W ” 10.4 kb HPRT fragment in order to detect the formation of DNA adducts.

IE
ShIPi'* ■ - •
. Primers used
■s i-s
HPRT Forward: 5' I (.it it i A I I'M’ACG 1 G 1 G A AC GA ACC a
WWb-HiPRT Reverse: 5" Gt 'TC T \( ’C'C'TCTCC I C 1 ACCG 1CC a
-

■

PCR Conditions

Dcnaluralion

Bi■ Annealing
ji

Amplirication

<)V ( '

■ 10 sec

52“ C

40 sec

7

40 see

(’

34- Cycles

Aa

■

igk

22

<

lhe amplified product was (hen subjected to a 1% agarose gel clcctrophorcsisr A semi-

I

quantitalive densitomctric assessment was done for the PCR products by comparing the pixel
density of control bands with that of the test bands using Image Master Total Lab software.

The intensity ol the bands, was inversely proportional to the DNA adduct formation and the
pixel density of tests was expressed as percentage of pixel density of control.
*

4.3.3 Data Entry and Analysis
Epidemiological data was w^red in SPSS version 10.0. Univariate analysis was done for

categorical cpidemiolagical survey data by chi-square test and estimate of risk for association
of various adult and childhood morbidities with residence in reference area was calculated by
I

odds ratio, stralilicd analysis..H health cllccts across all live drains was done. Role of

possible conlounding factors ivp evaluated by stratifying the results of epidemiological
survey according to various- socio-demographic variables like age, sex, education and
occupation besides pcrsonaRhabiis viz. smoking, drinking etc. Mental I Jacnzel combined
odds latios weie computed combining the different strata.

Data of laboratory tests was entered in MS-Exccl 5.0 spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS

I

10:00. Separate drain wise mean levels of physical-chemical parameters, BOD-COD, heavy

’ I

metals and pesticides in water samples and; pesticide and heavy metals in vegetable, fodder,
bovine and human milk were computed. Drain-wise prevalence of samples with mean level

6

of parameter tested more than the permissible limit was compared to draw association with

C:

place of origin of sample (reference versus control). Statistical significance of mean
concentrations across areas, drains and seasons was assessed using t-test.

i

Mean micronuclei count per cell was compared among residents of reference and control

I5

area and statistical significance computed using t-test. Age and sex-wise analysis for
micionuclci count was also done. Area-wise comparison of difference in prevalence of

F

micronucelation in cells was done using chi-square test and odds ratio.

23

i

L-

s

Krtf

Quality Control

L'

Epidcmichgical Survey
B^^Guklity of the survey was maintained by an internal quality control mechanism. Out ol total
|fcp415) forms, 20% and 10% forms were filled by JRF and Medical Officer respectively and
l|^ compared with the form filled by the Held staff.

4.4.2 Lajwratoiy Testing

[

IW'testiiig of 10 samples of water (ground, effluent, tap) along with one sample each of
IT vegetable and foddcFwas conducted at Punjab Horticultural Post harvest Technology Center,

K- Pimjah Agricultural University. I .udhiana for cross checking the results of testing laboratory.
Quality control was done lor liea\ \ metal and pesticide residue analysis.
■

■K^-V.' '

&

WWi?

St

•

K* ■ "
’■

'wS'<-' .

■h# :
.

24

:€;"r-

fe.
3
■**•■«*•kvKvwvrtr

5. Results

5.1

3

I
tI

Epidemiological Survey to determine the health eliects ol effluent watei

pollution

5.1.1 Baseline eharaeterisdes of study groups
Table 5: Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
( haractci i.slic.s

i

Households
Total Population
Male
Female
Adult
Children
Mean Age (in yrs)
Average Family Income
Below 840
840-2499
2500-4199
4200-8399
8400-16,799
16.800 or aboyc
Type of Locality
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Farm Land
Other___________________
Perception of chemical exposure

I

1
€

Yes
No
■ KA.____
Smoking Habits
Alcohol Habits

Reference Area

Control Area

1002
5567
2875 (51.64)
2692 (48.35)
4317
1250
27.93

401
2289
1206 (52.68)
1083 (47.31)
1777
512
28.4

262 (26.14)
499(49.8)
210(21)
21 (2.1)
8(0.8)

2 (_(y_)__

128 (32)
184(46)
75 (18.7)
12(3)
2 (0.5)
0

901 (89.92)*
12(1.19)
2(0.2)
85 (8.48)*
2 (0.2)

391 (97.5)*
2 (0.5)
0
8 (1.99)
0

537 (12.41)
3643 (84.21)
146 (3.37)

183 (10.29)
1595 (89.7)
0

143(3.31)

64 (3.6)

297 (6.87)

98 (5.51)

J

.I
€

* Figures m parenthesis iiulicaies pcKeiiianc

A total population of 5567 and 2289 persons was selected in reference and control area. An

approximate proportion of equal males (~ 52%) and females (~ 48%) were observed in both
areas. The mean age and average family income were also similar in the two groups with

'

predominant families having an income range of 840-2490 in both reference (49.8%) and
control area (46%). Significant difference was observed in the distribution of population in

€

terms of ty pe of locality (p 0.001) and perception of exposure to chemical (p 0.02). with

g

higher percent population in reference areas (12.4%) having exposure. 1 here is no signiiicant

difference among the population residing in reference and control areas according to smoking

habits (p>0.5) or alcohol consumption (p>0.05) (1 able 5).

;J

25

H
F

k.
■

Table 6: Assessment of Water Quality in study population
Number of Households (%)
Control Area (N^4()l)
Refercnce Area (N— 1002)

Characteristics

•W

/Si-

Source of Drinking ll'afi'f
Shallow hand pump
'■ Deep hand pump
Tap
Deep well
Others
Perception of polluted drinking waler
Duration of consumption (in yrs)
treatment of drinking water
Industrial Water Pollution
'■ Industry close to drinking water s<mi -. e
.1 Solid disposal in open space
" y.
Waste water in open drain
.y.
;■
Industrial waste in fields
i •
Solid Waste Pollution
.W Type of Toilet Facility
Septic tank
Dry pit
Open air defecation
Sanitary latrine
Others_________
Agricultural Practices
»’ Use of pesticides in field
Use of nallah water for irrigation
Use of vegetables grown in nallah water

58(I4.46)*
293(73.06)
. 44 (10.97)
I (0.24)
"5(1.24)
282(70.32)
2
3 (0.75)

91 (9.08)
658 (65.66)
208 (20.75)
4 (0.4)
41 (4.1)
501 (50)
1.22
45 (4,5)

■

79 (7.78)
> 78 (7.78)
76 (7.58)
21 (2.1)

5

IL

• '

1 (0.24)
1 (0.24)
1 (0.24)
0

234 (23.24)
265 (26.44U
408 (40.71)
94 (9.38)
I (O.D

98 (24.43)
107 (26.68)
176(43.89)
20(4.98)
0

320(31.93)
132(13.17)
79 (7.88)

90(22.44)
0
4(1)

figure in parenthesis indicates percentage
-

•

■■

most common source of drinking water is deep hand pump in both reference and control

® area. Half of the families perceive (liat they are drinking polluted water in study area and

70% of the families in control area ( fable 6).

■* Industrial water pollution (7.8% in study area. 0.24% in control area), use of nallah water for
^yjnj'gation (.13.2% in study area and nil in control area) and practice of growing vegetables in
) ng]lah water (7.8% in study area and 1% in control area) was more in study area as compared

control area, which is all statistically significant (p<0.001).

|3

• Table 7: I lousciiold perception of environment pollution in
i the locality

ri-

3

Characteristics

ar-

:

- Industrial Waler Pollution
Ground Water Pollution
Waste Water Pollution
Solid Waste Pollution
^Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage

■

Number of Households (%)
Control Area
(N=401)
2(0.5)*
137 (34.2)
217(54.1)
233 (58.1)

Reference Area
(N=1002)
215(21.45)*
660 (65.86)
690 (68.86)
652 (65.06)

OR (95% CI)

54.5 (14.7-54.7)*
3.72 (2.89-4.78)
1.88 (1.47-2.4)
. 1.34 (1.05-1.71)

26

■r. -

-1

I*

There is sielisiieully signitauh station of household pereephon ol oov.ro,yemo
polloriou »i.h the locution of residence in Nullah areu. High associnuon of tndustnul water

pollulio„ was observe.

0=14.7-54.7) (Table 7. higone -2).

reference area (OR=54.5;

P
Figure 2: Area wise

Household Perception of environmental pollution.

■

€
■ Reference Area □Control Area

i

h

80 -i

68.86

70 ’

re

65.06

65.86

VW

60 -

58.1

54.1 1

5?

I

CJ

4?

50 -

'O
-M

CO

40 -

11

34.16
:

30 -

■

-

T''

21.45

' 's.'

■'

' ':f

•

....

.

K

20 -

€

10 -

()

ai

0.5

Industrial Water
Pollution

u

(Iround Water
Pollution

AH—L_,
Waste Water
Pollution

Pi

Solid Waste
Pollution

c
27

li&r. -

54.4

Area wise morbidity profile

Table 8: Morbidity profile of adult study population

ifen
& —

Characteristics
• •_______
’ Gj^bvln^stiHal Problem
Cramps'
Nausea
Constipation
Loose stool
Watery Stools
Stool with mucus
Stool with fever
Stool with blood
Jaundice
Loss of appetite
■

L
I

w■■

|

5

'

'

Releience Area
(N=43I7)

Control Area
(N=1777)

p-Valuc

•626(1 15)
37.8.(8.75)
2.93 (6 78)
28()(6 18)
160 I V?) • '
i st) ( 3 . i •')
-U-(.O‘:.:I
88 (2.03)
18 (0.41)
111(2 33)
100(2.31)

~17)0(5.63)
41 (2.3)
28 (1.57)
52 (2.92)
15 (0.84)
14 (0.78)
9(0.5)
7 (0.39)
0
20(1.12)
2T(1.18)

<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.069
<0.001
0.006
0.505
0.004

_________________

-—

_ ________ ____

h.
7

7"
V-.
■

Any wutcr related diM'iisc
. Malaria
„ Dengue
Skin problem
Itching oi skin
Lesion on skin

59 ( I 36)
57(1 32)
326(7 54)
. 327(7 57)
r5gt?l.(6 0 I)

problem
Irritation iu.eyes
With redness
Watery discharge

E-

Bone problem
. . Pain in bones
Fractured_____

8 (0.45)
8 (0.45)
0
96 (5.4)
95 (5.34)
79 (4.44)

-

0.002
0.003
0.266
0.003
0.002
0.013

an 1

.160 (3 7 i
. 1’64(3.8)

65 (3.65)
51 (2.87)
57 (3.2)

0.021
0.036
0.105
0.340

374 (8 66)
370(8.56)
35(0.81)

105 (5.91)
104 (5.85)
9 (0.5)

<0.001
<0.001
0.202

' 55 ( f-27)

TsloW

0.152

70 (3.94)
61 (3.43)
79 (4.44)
43 (2.42)
12(0.67)
0
0

<0.001
<0.001
0.012
0.024
0.429
0.521
0.070

--T45 (5 62)

Kidney problem
General health problem
Mottling of teeth
Discoloration of teeth
Hair loss
Numbness
'
Mental retardation
Cancer
Thyroid
______
in ”
parenthesis
indicates peicentagc
rhi.-?p8ure *"
nr'

3XS(891)
W” (8 I )
262 (6.06)

153 (3.54)
22 (0.5)
5(0.11)
8 (0 IX)

Statistically significant association of any GI problem, cramps.

OR (95% C.l)
2.8X4(2.285

3.540)

4.521 (2.655 -7.698)
4.533 (2.614 -7.861)
1.930(0.937 - 3.973)
5.262(2.432-11.38)
0.837(0.495-1.413)
1.985 (1.236 - 3.188)
3.064 (1.461 -6.425)
2.959(1.409-6.214)

r430lT.I3i - 1-809)
1.451 (1.147 - 1.836)
1.383 (1.069- 1.790)

1.365 (1.048 - 1.7797
1.353 (1.019- 1.797)
1.303 (0.946- 1794)
1.161 (0.854 - 1.589)
1.510 (1.207 - 1.889?
1.508(1.204 - 1.888)
1.605 (0.770-3.347)
1.516 (0.854 - 2.69?

2.386(1838 -3.097)
2.-172(1.872 - 3.264)
1.388 (1.074 - 1.796)
0.753(0.372 - 1.524)

nausea, constipation, loose

ite with
s.oolwlth blood, loss of appct.tc
..... reference (p<0.01)
with lever.
was observed in reference area as compared to control aiea (1 able 8, ligui

B^sTool. watery stool, stool

1
-

I
J

Hgure-.V Area wise adult morbidity profile
■ Reference area □ Control area

■

2° i
I

€

18

16

*

14.5

14 ■s

zu 12 r
(D

4

□ 10 (/)

. €

•u
□

8.7
7.5

8

(/)
6

%-

■

6

I
n

6.4

5.6

5.6

■

I

4

0.5

0

Gl

i

1.3
—0.8

1.4

2

Water
Related

Skin

Bone

Eye

Kidney

0.1 0

02 o

Cancer

Thyroid

€

• . i ■ hlems water related diseases (malaria, dengue), skin problem:
Overall gastrointestma pm
’
problems were significantly associate

=re . .......................... - ^s. .

.

WTe'i" — -W a slatislically s^nt a^
residence ,n reference
(p<() 05) On „
r\f1^0..
on<droinlcstinal discjscs, skitT
—

,

wOT sign.ricant|y ass„ciatci|

oiher hand water re a
,0 004) ind Tun" Dhab drain (<104) respectively win
~ area »f Bast if....... associalc., wilh rc,brenK
I

gastromlcstmal diseases were
b,„„s wcre higher in ref rcnce area (1.1%) th
residence of all drains. Owrall Kidney pidblo
.
..re...-w.,,. tren.,.-...reef ;

Si.

29
<

7 ► 5*

Table 9: Area wise adull morbidity among study subjects in five drains
Number of person
Morbidity

ny G.I Problem
Hudiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bein Drain
' Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Nallah

II

(I 1.5)
I I I ( 16.8)
79 (9.66)
197 (.?? | )
117(13)
92 (10 6)

'Water Related Disease
(aA.Hudiara Nallah
J ..Tung Dhab Drain
' ’ 'J..East pein Drain

59(1.36)
15 (178)
I (0.12)
II (3 81)

Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Nallah

8(0 88)
J U)._I2)

I

.7

I
’ll

r

p-Valuc

2.884
2.648
1.865
3.878
2.377
3.912

2.3-3.54
1.7-4.1
1.11-3.13
2.51-6.0
1.42-4.0
2.1-7.4

<0.001
<0.001
0.017
<0.001
0.001
<0.001

3.064
1.369

1.5-6.43
0.5-3.8

4.808

1.5-15.8

0.002
0.544
0.513
0.004
0.099

96(5.4)
27(7.06)
17(4.9)
27 (7.35)
16(5.28)
9(2.4)

1.430
1.478
1.778
0.924
1.015
3.228

1.365
0.975
1.836

1.13-1.81
0.94-2232
1.03-3.1
0.60-1.5
0.57-1.8
L6-6.6
1.05-21.7
0.6-1.7
0.96-3.5
0.8-2.25
0.6-1.2
1.12-5.70

27 (7.06)
19(5.42)
25 (6.8)
18 (5.94)
I 1 (2.94)

8 (0.45)
5(1.30)
0
3 (0.81)
0
0

326 (7.54)
85 (10.1)
6 (0.73)

Eye Problem
Hudiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
’ East Bcin Drain

245 (5.67)
13 (5.1 I)
56 (6 11)
64 (7 17)
IS (5.33)
4(1 (1.6] _

75 (4.22)
20 ((5.23)
12(3.42)
20 (5.44)
16(5.28)
7(1.87)

374 (8.56)
88 (10.46)
63 (7.71)
96 (10.76)
63 (7}
64 (7.37)
'55(7’27) ’

105(5.91)
29 (7.59)
20(5.71)
20 (5.44)
23 (7.6)
13 (3.47)
15 (0.84)
4 (1.04)
2 (0.57)
3 (0.81)
4(1-32)
2 (0.53)

48 (5.33)

Bone Problem
nuQiara Nallah
rsaiian
Hudiara
Tung Dhab Drain
Bast Bcin Drain
IKala Singha Drain
>
Buddha Nallah

Kidney Problem
Hudiara Nallah
• Tung Dhab Drain
East Beln Drain
Kala Singha Drain
.
Buddha Nallah
Ji ■ Cancer
|T

95% Cl

problem
Hudiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bcin Drain
Kala Singha Drain
'Buddha Nallah

Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Nallah

W

OR

( onlrol
l()0'(5.63j"

Rck-iciicc

14 (1.66)
7(0.86)

20(2.24)
8 (0 88)
_6 (0 7)
’5 (0 Ti ) ■■

Hudiara Nallah

0
0
0
0
0
0 ___

0

0
I (0 I I)
0
0

if*. Tung Dhab Drain
*
East Bein Drain
I fe iT Kala Singha Drain
?
Buddha Nallah

•w 'Thyroid Disease
Hudiara Nallah
. Tung Dhab Drain
v
East Bein Drain
Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Nallah
I.
•Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage

^L

8(0'18)

0
0
0
0
0
0

1 (I.nil)
3 (0.37)
3 (0.33)
0
1 <0 12)

0.51 1

1.34 I
1.015
_2-533_

1.51(11.423
1.379
2.092
0.921
2.210
1.516
1.600
1.504
2.783
0.673
1.295

1.21-1.9
1.0-2.21
0.82-2.32
1.3-3.44
0.56-1.51
1.20-4.1
0.85-2.7
0.52-4.9
0.31-7.3
0.82-9.42
0 20-2.3
0.3-0.44

0.003
0.088
0.037
0.743
0.959
0.001.

—

0.021
0.928

btO6()
0265
0.959
0.020

<0.001
0.114
0.224
0.003
0.744
0.009
0 152
0.406
0.610
0.086
0.518
0.752

0.521

0.521

0.070
0.500
0.256
0.266
0.511

3
i

‘3

30

b..

.

I
’Fable 10: Am-a wise general health problems among adults in live drains

Morbidity

Mottling of Teeth
Iludiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bein Drain
Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Na 11
Discoloration oj Teeth
Hudiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bein Drain
Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Na 11 ah___
Hair Loss
1 ludiara Na' ih
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bein Drain
Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Na 11 ah
Numbness
Hudiara Nallah
'l ung Dhab 1 )rain
East Bein Drain
Kala Singlui Drain
_____ Buddha > J11 ah
‘Mental Retanhntan
Hudiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bein Drain
Kala Singha Drain
_____ Buddha Nal i.th__
Headache
Hudiara Nall ih
Tung Dhab I bain
East Bein 1 bain
Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Nallah

Nunibcr of person
Control
Reference
* 385 (8.91?
100 (11.89)

100 (12.23)
107(11.99)
15 (1.67)
63 p25)__
349(8:1)
86 (10.22)
97(11.87)
90 (10.08)

19(2.11)
57 (6.56)
262 (6.06)

37(4.39)
47(5.75)
78 (8.74)
61 (6.77)
37(4.5)
153 (3.54)
28 (3.32)
32(3.91)
44 (4.93)
31(3.44)
18(2.1)____

22 (0.5)
6(0.71)
4(0.49)
6 (0.67)
6 (0.66)
0______
264 (6.11)

58 (6.89)
56 (6.85)
87 (9.75)
28 (3. H)
35(4)

95% ( I

p-Value

2.386
70(3.94)
1.848
26(6.8)
6.834
7(2)
3.437
14(3.81)
0.285
17(5.61)
4.800
JHI.6)____
2.472
61 (3.43)
4.721
9(2.35)
9.296
5(1.42)
2.462
16 (4.35)
- OC263
23(7.6)
.3.215
8(21.3)
1.388
79 (4.44)
1.419
12 (3.1 I)
0.829
24 (6.85)
2.102
16(4.35)
1.396
15(5.28)1.419
12 (3.2)
43 (2.42)
1.610
8 (2.09)
1.743
8(2.3)
2.328
8(2.17)
0.947
11 (3.63)
0.969
8 (2.13)
0.753
12(0.67)
0.450
6(1.57)
1.717
I (0.26)
2.479
1 (0.27)
0.502
4(1.32) •

1.838-3.097
1.179-2.897
3.142-14.86
1.942-0.083
1.141-0.578
2-059-1 1 J9
I 872-3.264
2.350-9.485
3.749-23.05
1.426-0.489
0.141-0.489
1.519-6.809
1.074-1.796
0 731-2.753
0.499-1.379
1.210-3.652
0.781-2.494
0.734-2.742

<0.001
0.007

1.559
3.463
3.100
1.979
0.391
1.167

I 193-2.039
1.637-7.327
1 -162-6.574
1.098-3.578
0.222-0.690
0.610-2.232

71 (3.99)
8 (2.09)
8(2.3)
19(5.17)
23 (7.6)
13(3.47)

OR

0.727-3.566
0.795-3.821
1.085-4.996
0.470-1.908
0.418-2.248
0.372-1.524
0.144-1.405

0.191-15.42
0.297-20.66
0.141-1.790

&

<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

<o.om
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

0.001

<0.001
<0.001
0.012
"(098
0.470
0.007
0.258
0.215
0.024
0.236
0.161
0.026
0.879
0.941
0.429
0.159
0.625
0.386
0.279

I

L

to

3

I
I?

to

1

0.001

0.001
0.002
0.008
0.001

0.64 1

&

♦Figure in parcnlhcsr indicalcs pciccnlage

Overall area wise analysis ol general health pioblems in five drains revealed that mottling
and discoloiatiMi ol leeih. han loss, numbness and headache were statistically signiHcantly

associated with reference area (p<0.05) (Table 10. figure-4). Drain wise stratified analysis

rI

I

revealed that mottling and discoloration of teeth were both significantly associated with

reference area of all five drains, with maximum association (OR=6.8 and 9.3 respectively for
mottling and discoloration ol teeth) recorded in fung Dhab drain. Significant association of
hair loss and numbness was found with reference aiea of East Bein'drain (p<0.05). 1 Icadachc
was significantly associated with reference ol all drains cxcc nt Buddha Nallah (p<0.005).

i:

4

Ir

C

K
31

I
£

c
c

1
*

isc general health problems among adults

l'igurc-4: Xiea
K"’-.

EV
&•

■ Reference area

Control area

■.....

fee
R'

•

F

'' '

10 i

& •
K
j

•' •

7

S'
I?**•> - •

*

■

i6-

I

1

i

4?

J

c -

'

■
*2

, .. C/3
.

i

4
3.5

3 -

BJL

2.4

1

") .

■j

fc- .■
F'7"-

0.7
0.5 f-----

I -

■ •

F"-

4

-

B: *

I
i

*

I-

J

Si--

.

1 'J

o 4- —^
Mottling of

tecths

2^.

I )isroloration of 1 lair/Nail Loss

i cclh

Numbness of
lingers

Mental
Retardation

32

i
r

T:il>l( I I:

\ic.<

i

. InldlhHH 1 Morbidity among study subjects

I

in five drains
1

Morbidity

Low Birth Height
I ludiara Nallah
l ung Dhab I)rain
hast Hein Drain
Kala Singha Drain
Buddha Nallah
Congenital Disorilers
1 ludiara Nallah
l ung Dhab Drain
I'.asl Ik'in Drain
. Kala Singha Drain
* Buddha Nallah
Delayed /\Iilestones
1 ludiaigi Nallah
l ung Dhab Drain
hast Bciii I )raiiL
Kala Singha 1 )iam
Buddha Nallah .
Mental Retardation
1 ludiara Nallah
l ung 1 )hab I ham

I ast Bcin I ’i.niiKala Singha Diaii
Buddha Nallah
Any G.l Problem
I ludiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bcin Drain
Kala Singha I)iain
Buddha Nallah
Blue Line in (inms
I ludiara Nallah
l ung Dhab Drain
iiasl Bcin Drain
Kala Singha Drain
• - Buddha Nallah
Malaria
I ludiara Nallah
l ung I)hab I)iain
East Bcin I )rain
Kala Singha I )rain
Buddlia Nallah
Jaundice/ Hepatitis
1 ludiara Nallah
Tung Dhab Drain
East Bcin I )rain
Kala Singha I)iain
Buddha Nallah
•Figure in paicnllicsis indicates pvc cnt.i"

Number of person
_ Control
Reference
15(2.92)
II (3.28)’
I (0.8)
8(281)
1 (0.96)
1(15)
7(11.29)
11(5 69)
4 (3.22)
b (2 64 )
2 (2.1g
9 ( !)
7(1.36)
1 1 (0 96)
2(1.6)
1(1.1)
1 (0.96)
2. (0 75)
1 (1.61)
’ (0 81)
3
(2.4 1)
. 3 nw
0 ______
I (0 44)
4 (0.78)
35 (2.8)
0
5 ( I 76)
0
|O ( I 75)
3 (4.83)
10 (.1 0(0
I (0.8)
I)
0____ .____
I I 1.8)
’1’(0.1 of
*» (0.72)
0
I (0. 35)
0

■ ( 2 O 31

I (0. I I )
.1 (0.88)
94 (7.52)
26 (9.15)
1 I (4.13)

11 (16 66)
8 ( 3 52)
8 ( 3.5)
IS (III)
7(2. 16)
0
9 ( 3.65 )
0
2 (0 88)
o (0.72)
1 (0.7)
1 (0 37)
1 ( I 62)
0
2 (0.88)
6(0. 18)
2(0.7)
I (0.37)
3(1 11)
(I
(i

OR

95% Cl

p-Vahic

1.1
3.6

0.6 -2.0
0.4 -29.0
0.2-14.2
0.2 -1.2
0.2 -2.9

0.7
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.007’
0.3
0.068
0.7

I (i

0.5
0.8

I9

(1.4 -9.2

0.3-1.8

0.7
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.5

0.07 -8.9
0.04 -5.6
0.1
2.7

3.6

1.3-10.3

OS

0.2-3.1
0.4-2.8

0.2-4.9

0.5-29.3

• o

1(161)
0
0______

1 3

(i 15-1 1.03

23 (4.5 f

1.73

II (8.8)
3(2.88)
6(9.67)
I (0.8)
2(2)

1.04

1.1-2.8
0.5-2.2
0.4-5.31
0.75-4.62
0.55-36.35
0 36-832_

I (0.19)
0
0
0

1.45
1.87
4.49

_L?1
7.5

"1.2-311.6

1

I

0.4

0.3_
0.183
0.507

0.831
0.459
0.354.
0.020
0.908
0.571
0.171
0.124
0.486
0.022
0.077

«

I

i

0.126
0.175
0.354
0.054
0.347
0.531
0 312

1 (0.8)

_J)_____

.„(..

0
0
0
0
0

1 (0.19)
1 (0.8)
0
0
0

I.

0.9

0.3-20.52
0.08-9.8

O.354_
0.388
0.917
0.531
0.382

€

1

I
€

o

control* area. Overall,
I here were 1250 children hon) reference area. 512 children from
observed to be significantly associated with
anioni’. chi Idrv n were

delayed milestones

33

I

t

L

reference area (OK 3.6: ‘QS
>5%
<( II I M0.3). Children in reference area were having
1’
^ ’'significantly higher prevalence ol any gastrointestinal problem (p 0.02) and blue

, tgums (p=0.02) Malaria, jaundice. Im.v birth weight and mental retardation although found to
be higher among children of reference area was statistically insignificant (Table 11. hgurc-0).

Figurc-5: Aren \s ise general health problems among children

■ Reference Area

Control Area

-.fe-

.... '
<5 "

7.52
—

7 _

:

6 BV •

5 -

4.5

J

’C/5f 4 i
■

■ >-

.■

'i'

'-w

1....

3

.

3.28
■2.92

2.8

2 I J(>

>

(wiT-

.

■

1 '

- ’■

n

I

■ I

it*

f

1.44

178

0.72

0.72

|.19

f0

0.48
p.19

i

■

:iUV .

() 4—

.

\&

CB

■<>

■w.
'6^
•-

■

0°
s'
•
vf^.

I

■

■

34

5.1.4

Associalion ol <lille. . ..I

bidilies with soeio-deinogrnphic variables

Tabic 12: l’ic\alcncc of diseases among

adults according to age.

V

Age group (years)
Diseases

Gastrointestinal
Water-related
Malaria
Skin Problem
Eye Problem

41-50 ■"’“51-60
_Cs'=5l21
J_N=752)
78(15)
117(16)
6(1.2)
10(1.3)

HI 20
{N 1640)
I 15(8 ’I

21-30
(N= 1523)

I ’(0 7)

20(1.3)

3 I -40
(N- I I I t))
14 1(13)
15(1.3)

s 11 s I

75(5)
19(3.2)
15(3)
I 1(0.7)

78(7)
52(4.7)
89(8)
18(1.6)

80( 1 I)
66(8.8)
IO9( I 1.5)
15(2)

52(10.1)
50(9.7)
88(17)
10(2)

2(0.2)
87(7.8)
79(7.1)
75(6.7)
•19(4.4)

4(0.8)
80(10.6)
70(9.3)
59(7.8)
44(5.8)

2(0.4)

'

i ’ i

IM I)
5(0 0

Bone
Kidney
‘Cancer
•rhyroid
8 l( 5 12)
Mottling ol leclli
78(4.7)
DiscoloratFoh ol leclli
65(3 9)
Hair/Nail Loss
15(0 9)
Numbness in fingers
5(0 I)
Mental Retardation
♦Figure in parenthesis iiulicnlcs |n-n village

i osi li)

92(6)
91(5.9)
•17(3.1)
9(0.6)

. J(0:y

5-1(10.D
51(9.8)
31(5.9)
28(5.4)
5(J16)__ 4(0.7)

>60

p-Valuc

81(15)
4(0.7)
56(10)
76( 14)
133(24.1)
1 1(2)
1(2)
51(9.2)
40(7.3)-20(3.6)
13(2.4)
4(0.7)

~0’()(H

0.5

-0.001
• 0,001
■.0.001

<0.001
0.1
() ()05
■ -0.0iTl=a|£
'-O.OOS
<0.001
0.7

and general health problems was observed among^j
Higher prevalence l( >i nil ihc systemic
<0.05) being observed for eye. bone and
finales with .stalislnalls significant association (p
viz hair/nail loss and numbness linger
Sidney diseases besides general health problems

-I

among the Icmales ( I able 12-13).

ruble I A: I’levalencc ofdiseases among adults accoiding to sex.
Male
(N=3I22)
338( 1 I j* ~

Diseases

(iastrninlcslinal
Walct-rclalcd
Malaria
Skin Problem
Eye Problem
Bone
Kidney
Canter
Thyroid
Mottling of teeth
Discoloration of leclli
flair/Nail Loss
Numbness in lingers
Mental Rctardatjon
♦Figure in paicnilicsis indh ah

31(1)
30(1)
205(6.6)
133(4.3)
155(5)
25(0.8)

203(6.5)
182(5.8)
129(4.1)
57(1.8)
15(0.5)
|r I

l-emalc
(N=2972)
338(11.4)*
36(1.2)
35(1.2)
217(7.3)
187(6.3)
324(11)
45(1.5)
1(0.03)
8(0.3)
252(8.5)
228(7.6)
212(7.1)
139(4.7)

OR
(95% Cl)
0.8(0.7-1)
0.8(0.5-1.3)
O.8(0.5-l.3)
0.9(0.7-11)
0.6(0.5-0.8)
().. |((). 4-0.5)
0.5(0.3-0.8)

J._

0.7(0.6-1)
0.7{0.6-l)
0.6(0.4-0.7)
().4(0.3-0.5)
O.7(O4-L52___

deeadol »6e

'l'<; slu^

A statistically significant
disenses exeq,! water related vector borne diseases, cancer and menu
subjects for all
,,1,-ncs lor all discuses was observed id age more (ban 40 >C.1IS or ,1
retardation

diseases.

Id?’’

■J
4

1 *

. |ll:i!’V

,linen..™* (P«).00l)

4

13
5

lliuhcr prr\

J
fA '■

35

Table 14: Prevalence of diseases among adults
Primary
(N=990)
119(14)
9(0.9)
66(6.6)
40(4.0)
69(7)
16(1 6)

I ilcralc
Illiterate
(N ISO)
(N-1855)
25(1 I)
" 266(14.3)
Gastrointestinal
4(2 0)
18(0.9)
Water-related
10(5 ^)
177(9.5)
Skin Problem
13(7 ?.)
144(7.7)
Eye Problem
17(9 I)
270(14)
Bone
0 I hl
27(1.4)
Kidney
1(0.05)
Cancer
.
4(0.2)
Thyroid
I 1(7 7)
182(1)
Mottling of teeth
16(9 0)
154(8.3)
Discoloration of teeth
I 1(6 I)
85(4.6)
fiir/NailLoss
Uair/Nail Loss / .
10(5.5)
78(4
2)
I Numbness in fmgeiirs
1(1 6)
_
24(L3)_
I Mental Retardatioii__
^S^hulicatcspcrccntag.c
• Figure in pare...'.—

Disease

k.
i;.-.
u
\
tg

|

Education
Middle
(N=IO4O)

according to education.

_

Metric
(N=1201)
"i05(ic>r~ '113(94)
15(12)
13(1.3)
57(4.7)
68(6.5)
’ 49(4.1)
36(3 5) ’
48(4.0)
41(4.0) 10(0.8)
10(1 0)

1(0.1)
65(6.3)
X4(8.4)
62(6)
79(8.0)
58(6) -f^49(5)
j;24(2.3)
42(4.2)
3(0.11^ W(0;2).

1(0 1)
71(6)
6^53)
70(6)
25(2.1) 1

_WZ)—

Secondary
(N=570)
■"59003?
5(08)
30(5.3)
20(3.5)
16(2.8)
3(0.5)

26(4.6)
21(3.7)
37(6.5)
9(16)
l(03)_
■

Degree
(N=248)
37(1.5)
4(1.6)
14(5.6)
15(6)
15(6)
1(0.4)

p-\ hIuc

2(0.8)
12(5)
‘12(5)
29(12)
7(3)
1(0.4)

0 06
<0.001
<0 001
0.001
<0.001
<0 001

<0.001
1.0
<0 001
<0 001
<0.001
0.2
0.9

-

was observed for diseases like skin diseases,
A iiatistically signilleant di He re n I (p <0.001) V-, mottling of teeth, discoloration of teeth and
t
eye problem, men tai retardation, kidney diseases
ducational status with highest
fe numbness of fingers among slu,| subjects according to e while latter four among just
found among illiterates
J prevalence for the former four diseases
had higher prevalence of
|
literate respectively. Gcneralh tin hssci educated and illiterate

|:

- diseases (Table 14).

|

at

f
K

Table 15: Prevalence < *

( diseases among adults

according to occupation.

Occupation

Disease

.

■_____

L

Gastrointestinal
Water-related
Skin Problem
K Eye Problem

Prof.
(N=77)

”l2Ti6F

L

|w' '

5(6.5)
7(9.1)
6(7.8)

Senn
Prol
(LLOT)
29( 1 1)
3(1.1)
17(6)
15(5.4)
15(5.4)
6(2.2)

f Cancer
I, Thyroid
16(6)
5(6.5)
F; MottJiHg of teeth
17(6)
7(9.1)
piscoloration of teeth
27(10)
10(13)
Hair/Nail Loss
7(2 5)
1(1.3)
Numbness in fingers
1(0.4)
£
Mental
Retardation
JYlCntiU
-------------- .3 •Figure in parenthesisbulicates percentage

FJ
i 1

B.1 fl

1

I aimer
(N=587)

Farm Lab
(N=20l)

Skilled
(N=89)

34(T7)
1(0.5)
15(8)
8(4)
11(5.5)

6(6.7)

5(8 /)
9(16)
Id’''1

63(137“’
9(1.5)
35(6)
31(5.3)
51(9)
6(1.0)

‘»( 161
6110
6(10)
S(X 7)

11(8)
36(6)
23(4)
14(2.4)

17(8.5)
11(5.5)
6(3)
2(1.0)

4(4.5)
3(3.4)

( hvnc!
(M 57)
I 1(19 1

m n

6110)

l

4(4.5)
5(5.6)
4(4.5)

4(4.5)

SemiSkilled
(N=276)
44(16)
1(0.4)
14(5.1)
7(2.5)
10(3.6)
4(1.4)

14(5.1)
16(5.8)
13(4.7)
4(1.4)

-___

Unskille
d
(N=643)
64(10)
7(1.1)
51(8)
31(5)
34(5.3)
3(0.5)
1(0.3)
8(0.21)
44(7)
39(6.1)
23
17(2.6)
2(0.3)

Vnemplo
yed
(N=3886)
463O2T45(1.1)
275(7.1)
211(5.4)
339(8.7)
50(1.3)

302(7 7)
275(7 1)
233(3.6)
142(3.6)
27(0.7)

PValuc

0.02
0.7
07
03
0 001
0.2
1.0
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.001
0.02

_02>__ I

prevalence of e«s™in.«tinal(p.0.02) and

o
Farm owners re porlcp haring n ni ■
0.001) and numbness of fingers (p
bone diseases (p

(Table 15)- Additionally, farm

36

4

owners reported highest prevalence ol water related vcctot boi. c

diseases and skin diseases

*.

besides general health problem like mottling and discoloiation of tc
-

I

Skilled workers reported having lowest prevalence for gastiointestinal, watci i
■

disorders besides general health problems like mottling and discoloration of teeth.

Table 16: Prevalence ol diseases among

adults according to smoking and drinking habits

Smokers
Disease

cs
(N-207)
37(18)
4(2 0)
18(8 7). ...
20(9.6)
26(12.6)
2(1.0)

- No '
(N- 5887)
■'■7)’89(I2)

Gastrointestinal
..Sfr’C I’
Water-rbMiled
/■fiiKoS)
Skin Problem
-"•100(5 I)
Eye Problem
453(7.7)
Bone
68( I 2)
Kidney
Cancer
Thyroid 7
' 420(8)
26(i ir
Mottlintjbf teeth
387ff/J6)
23(11.2)
Discplorition of teeth
334(5 6)
7(3.4)
Hair/Njrfi Loss
187(3 21
9 (4.4)
' Numbness in fingers
32( 51)
2(1.0) .
Mental Retardation __
figure in parenthesis iiul i cates percent age

i

OR
p-Valuc
"V/SVoCJ)____ _
”07)07""
IXij-2.4)
0.2
1 8(06-5.1)
0.3
I 3(0 8-2 I)
(M)04
2.0(1.2-3.2)
0.011
I.7(1.1-2.6)
08
0.8(0.2-34)
0.8
0.6
0.004
- I 8(1.2-3.0)
0.010
1.8(1 1-3.0)
0.163
0.6(03-1.3)
0.340
14(0.7-2.7)
0.4
1.8(O.4-7.5)

Smokers were observed to have statistically stgnt

^cs
(N=395)
68(17)
9(2.3)
36(9.1)
27(6.8)
44(11)
8(2.0)

Drinkers_______
OR
No
(95% CI)
(N=5699)
1.6(1.2-2.I)
658(12)
2.3(1.1-46)
58(1)
1.4(1.0-2.6)
386(6.7)
I 4(1.0-2 0)
293(5.1)
1.5(1.1-2.1)
435(7.6)
2.1( 1.0-4.0)
62(1.1)

39(9.8)
38(9.6)
14(3.5)
12(3.0)
2(0.5)

416(7.3)
372(6.5)
327(5.7)
184(3.2)
32(0.6)

1.4(1.0-2.0)
1.5(l.l-2.1)
0.6(04-1.0)
1.0(0.5-17)
1.0(02-4.0)

p-Valuc

o.oo r
0.02
0.1
0.14
0.01
0.10
0.8
0.5
0.06
0.02
0.07
1.0
1.0

1

i
i

Ucant association with gastrointestinal, eye

and bone diseases besides mottling and discoloration

of teeth (p<0.05) (Table 16). Smokers

had a greater association for all the diseases observed in the

4

;

study except kidney disorders

higher association for all
and hair/nail loss. Similarly, alcohol drinkers reported to have
Significantly, higher association among
discuses observed in the study except hair/nail loss,
related and bone diseases apart from
alcohol drinkers was observed for gastrointestinal, watci
general health problem’s viz. mottling and discoloration of teeth (p<0.05).

5.1.4^rea wte smuiltal analysis «l aJul. morbidities oecording

j

to socio-dcinographic

variables
Area wise abasia of . ................ ....

a

aceortmg « soe.d-dcntograph.o var.ablos

reveaied that ..one dlte variables individually viz. age. sex. occupation, edueatton, . n,b
Lite and pemeptiou o, ....... lea. expesme m self bad any eonfouodmg
»

c

gastrointestinal and water-related health problems (fable 17)..
I
i

*
I

37 ’

Table 17: Area wise (iaslminleslinal and Water Related diseases strati Tied across
socio demographic variables

r;-

Variables

i
s
>

:

£

I 16(10)*
148(14)
130(2)
97 (18)
67(17)
68(19)

10-2Q
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
>60

Adjusted OR
(95% Cl)

Number of Subjects
( onlrol
Rcfcicnce
(N=1777)
(N=4317)

2.9(1.4-6.2)

11 (D*
16(1.4)
15(2)
9(1.6)
4(1.0)
4 (1-1)

19(4)*
20 (4.6)
I I ( I)
20(10)
I I (8 8)
l(> (8 1)

Female
Education
Illiterate
Literate
Primary
Middle
Metric
Secondary
Degree

294 (13.3)
332-(T5.7)

l4-(.4.8)
56 (6.5)

2(16)
0

3.0 (1.5-6.4)
28(1.3)
31 (1-5)

3 (0.3)
5 (0-6)

17(1.2)
2(1.6)
9(1.3)
12(1.7)
14(1.7)
3(0.7)
2(1)

1(0.2)
1 (1.7)
0
I (0.3)
1 (0.3)
2(1.1)
2(4)

0
3 (1.5)

0
0
0
0
1 (1-4)
0
0

3.1 (I.5-6.4)

2.8 (2.2-3.5)
229 (16.1)
25 (20.5)

37(8 I)

100(14)

19(6.7)
161 1.5)
IS ( 1.6)
'8( I 3)
I (2)

89(13)
95 (12)
51 (13.2)^
36 (18 3)

0

3.1 (1.4-6.5)

2.8(2.3-3.6)

9(8 0
25 (13)
8(16)
61 (13.3)
31 (24)
6(8.4)
36(18)
50(1 1)
400(15)

Chemical Exposure
86(16)
Yes
540 (14.3)
No_____________
Smoking
31 (22)
Yes
3 .
595(1 I)
No
•#
♦Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage

3 ( 10 3)
I ( 17)
HU)
2(15)
3 (4.3)
0
8(11)
I I (7 4)
63 (5.1)

1 (2)
9(2)
0
0

1 (0.5)
6(1.3)
39(1.4)

1 (0.5)
6(0.5)
3.0(1.4-6.3)

2.8 (2.3-3.5)
5 ( i.

12(2.2)

95 (6)

47(1.2)

1 (0.5)
7(0.44)

3(2.1)
56 (1.34)

1 (1.5)
7(0.4)

3.1 (I.5-6.5)

2.8(2.3-3.6)
6(0 |)

0 1 (5.5)

Adjusted OR
(95"o ( i)

1 (0.2)*
4(1)
0
1 (0.5)

2.8 (2.3-3.5)

Occupation
Professional
Semi-professional
Farm owner
Fanner
Farm Labour
Skilled worker
Semi Skilled
Unskilled
Unemployed

!

Number of Subjccls
( Oiil i <»!
Reference
(N 1777)
(N=43I7)

2.9(2.3-3.6)

Sex
. Male
>

Water Related Diseases

(.'asli-ointest inal

'•:

to be significantly higher (p<0.05) among study
Any gastrointestinal disorder was observed
<
and sexes. The association of
Subjects of reference area across all decadal age groups
/gastrointestinal disease was higher among those who perceived exposure to chemical
A pollution (OR=2.8) as against those who did not perceive.
3
3

38

... .
F

.......fc

across soeio-.kmosraploc »ruiblcs

r~

j skin diseases

I.,,.

Table 18: Area wise

Numbci of Subjects
Control
HcVercnvc 1

Age
10-20

40-50
50-60
>60
"Sex^

33 i 1.6’
?.(- (3.8)

3? ( I •’)
20 (5 2)
13 (6.(9
0 (12.5)
13 (6-7)
3(6)
I)
1 (3)
■I (5.6)
7 (3.5)
19 ( I 3)
10 I (6)

Farm owner

Farm'..
Farm Labour
Skilled worker
Semi Skilled
Unskilled
Unemployed

|'ChT’mk7// Exix’*"11'

♦Figure in parcnthcsi

2(3.4)
7 (2.5)
10 (3)
1 I (3 6)
0
2(1)

II (9)

5

28 <5 n
201 P 5)

I5(lo 5)

230 (^ ')

I
I

1.3 (0.9-1-6)

10 (8.7)

101 (7 I)

Degree
Occupidion
Professional
Semi-professional

Yes
No__________
Smoking
Yes
No

^5(4)
10(1.6)

98 ( 11)
11" (7)

Literate
Primary
MiOdle
MclrjeSccondary

|
1

I I(l.l-l 7)

■

Illiterate

| Adjusted OR

Coning
Control |

(95% CD

Mll.l-IH)

61 (5.2)*
62 (5.7)
58(7.5)
57 (10.5)
49 (12.5)
39(11)

20 (4 2)*
13 (3)
20 (6)
23(H)
3(2.4)
17 (8.6)

'III''’

> • (I • i

2 M?lc
I
Female __
[Education

F'

7(1 5 )*
5(I.D
15(4.6)
17(8.2)
7 (> 6)

44 ( I)
37 ( I 8)
49(9)
Hill)

jI

Adjusted OK
(95% Cl)

T/H l J-' -*)

,’O (I 7)'

20-30
30-40

I

tUfeV^e'e 1|
-Reference

(N-1777)____

(N- 4317)

C'

Number of Subjects

I sc I’roblcin
Variables

Li

Skin Problem

1

155(7)

140(10)
8(6.5)
54 (7.6)
48 (7)
40(5)
23 (6)
13 (6.6)

1.4 (1.0-2.0)
3 (6.3)
15(8)
6(12)
31 (7)
i (S.-l)
3 (4.2)
11 (6)
38 (8.4)
208 (7.6)

I (3.4)
2(2.3)
2(28)
6 (4.7)
I (5.7)
1 (5.5)
0
12 (6.3)
17 (4)

5 (8)
70 (-1.1 )

14(1.1-1-8) j
1.4 (I .I-'-7)

37 (8.1)
2(3.4)

WK:- t

12 (4.2)
20(5.6)
17 (4 I)
7 (-1)
I (-) .

"T^O.i-i.si

.

Ii

2(7)
2(2.3)
0
4 (3.D
(6)
I (5.5)
3 (4)
13(7)
67(5.7)

1.4(1. MS)
L3 (1.0-1 7)

12 (6.5)
03 ( I)

50(5.4)
46 (5.3J_____

Krfer-

45 (8.3)
272_(_7.42

i..ii; i-is)

|

14(10)
312(7.52

t

4 (2.2)

92Ai,7J__

rT-TTu-ub

■ I ((’ 3)

92(5.4)

’

i

imiicaics percciU.':.'

..rferenoe area study subjects (as compared to control
■ t literate by education and
Association ol eve problems among
. female sex. just lituate 0)
lor 20-30 years
to area was observed loi eye disca
^a) was observed to l« 1^’“'
association with respect
smokers fl able 18).
professionals. No signiiicani
to pollution and cigarette
anrons those vim pe—desposmo

39

V

I

Wi

!

I

I

c
£

g- Significantly high
£

association ip u.u?) for skin problems among residents ol rcicrcncc area

as compared to control area was ohsc-.ved for 50-60 year olds, females, non-smokers and

those not pcrceivin exposure Io <. li/mn al pollution.

Table 19: Area wise Bone and I idi \ < liscascs strati Tied across socio-dcmographic variables
Kidney Problem

Bone Problem
Variables

Number of Subjects
Reference
(N=4317)

( ontrol
(N 1777)

Number of Subjects^

Adjusted OR
(95% CI)

Adjusted OR

Reference
(N=4317)

Control
(N=1777)

4 (0.3)*
9(0.8)
14(2)
12(2.2)
8(2)
8 (2.3)

1 (0.2)*
2 (0.5)
4(1.2)
3(1.4)
2(1 <»)
3(1.5)

20(1)
35 ( | 6)

5(O.54)-,;;
10 (1.2)

21 (1.5)
3(2.4)
13 (1.8)
7(1)
7(1)
3(1)
1 (0.51)

6 (1.3)
0

0
5 (2.6)
0
6(1.3)
0
0
3(1.5)
2(0.4)
39(1.4)

0
1 (1.2)
1 (14.3)
0
0
0
1 (1.3)
I (0.52)
11(1)

H (2)
43 (1.2)

I (0.55)
14(1)

(95% Cl)

i.5(0.9-2..7)_.

1.6(1.3-2.0)
10-20.
20-30‘
30-40
40-50
50-60
>60
Sex
Male
■ Female
Education
Illiterate
Literate
Primary
Middle
Metric
Secondary
Degree

£

Occupation
-Professional
Semi-professional

.3

Farm owner
Farmer
Farm Labour
Skilled worker
Semi Skilled
Unskilled
Unemployed

i
.■3

1 I (Il
34 (3.1)
67 (8.6)
87(16)
,’s < l‘» li
loo( ’8)

; ■ i I :)

..

1.5 (O.8-2.7)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)
121 (5 5)
25 t ( I U

11(17)
’I (8 ’)

1.5 (0.8-2.6)

1.1(1.1-1.7)
217 (I s 5,

11(11 'I
57 (8)
28 (4 I)
33 ( I)
10 (2 5)
1 3 (6 6)

;'(H .5)
’ (5 |
•'(12)
i > (3.6)
15 ( I)
0(3.3)
2 (4)

3 (I) _.
3(1.1)
3(1)
0
0
1.5 (0.8-2.7)

l.5(l.2-1.9)
6(12 5,

0

12 (6 O
7(11)
40 (8 7)
8 (6 I )
1 (5 6)
7(3 5)
24 (5 O
2o6 ( 10)

’• ( 1 5)
(28.5)
i I (8.6)
'-(H)

Chemical Exposure
53 (10)
Yes'
306(8.1)
No____________
Smoking
21 (I')
Yes
_______________
3 53_( 8. I)
No
•Figure in parenthesis indie.tics pcrcenla:’1'

9

;O .,)’

I I (2.5)
22 (6.5)
"(10)
-■<105)

O’

3 (4)
Io 1.5 3).
f{ 6 :.i

1.5 (0.8-2.7)

1.5(1.2-1.9)

! ' (6.5)
<>( (5.8)

I 5 (0.8-2.7)

1.5(1.2-1.9)
5(8)
• (10 (())

2(1.4)
53 (1.3)

0
15(1)

area versus control area) was
Significantly higher association lor hone problems (reference
'ears), both sexes illiterate and primary grade educated.
observed for older age groups ( 5(1
smokers and those not perceiving any exposure
professionals and semi skilled woo.. rs. non

40
.•

M■

■

to chemical pollution. Kidney problems wcic

higher across all age ;md sex specific stratum

although insignificant (p>0.05) ( I able 1
i of teeth stratified across socio-dcmographi^
'fable 20: Area wise Mottling and Discoloration
variables
Discoloration of Teeth

Mottling of Tcctli

Variables

10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
>60

Sex
Male
Female__
Education
Illiterate
Literate
Primal)
Middle
Metric
Secondary
Degree

Number of Subjects__ Adjusted OR
Control
(95% Cl)
Reference
(N=43I7)
(NjzL7?2JL.
2.4 (1.8-3.1)
14
(3)*
70 (6) •
12 (3)
87 (8)
17(5)
70 (9)
8 (4)
72 (II)
7(5.6)
47 (I?)
12 (6.1)
.39 (II)
2.4 (1,3-3.1)

176(8)
209(10)

I>6 ( I I )
11(11 H
71 (10)
53 (7.7)
60 (7.1)
20 (5.2)
I I (5.6)
5 (IO. I)
14 (7.3)
9(18)
I I (10)
17(13)
I (6)
I 2 (6)
12 (1 1)
1I8 (O I I

70(6)*
77(7.1fe
66(8.5)
63(11.6)
44 (I 1.2)
29 (8.2)

160(7.3)
189(9)

27(3)
43(5)

'

2(» (5.6)
O
13 (?)
12(3 I)
I I (3)
6(3.3)
I (2)

2(2.4)
0
0
0
0
2(3)
12 (6.3)
S4 ( I 5)

15 (3.4)
13 (18)
7 (3.4)
7(5.6)
1 I (5.6)

60 ( I I ?)
298(8.2)

2(1.1)
68 (4.3)

22 (2.4)
39(4.5)

!

130(9.3)
12 (9.7)
6.6 (9.3)
52 (7.6)
58 (7.1)
19(5)
’2(6.1)

24 (5.2)
4 (7)
13 (4.6)
10(3)
8 (2)
2(1.1)
0

1 (14.6)
15(8)
6(12)
34 (7.4)
1 1 (8.3)
3 (4.2)
15(7.5)
27 (6)
231 (8.5)

O
2(2.4)
0
2(1.6)
0
0
■ 1 (1-3)
12(6.3)
• 14 (3 7)

21(15)
36 1 (8.7)

5 (8)
65 ( I)

J
~

48 (9)
275 (7.6)

4 (2.2)
57(3.5)

18 (12.6)
331 (8)

5(8)
56(3.3)

2.4 (1.8-3.2)®

!

1

2.5(1.9-3 3) J

<
2.4 (1.8-3.!)^

2.5 (1.9-3.3)^

2.4 (1.8-3.I)
Smoking
Yes
No
♦f igure in parenthesis are peicenlage

'(95% CI)

2.5 (1.9-3.3)^

25(1.9-3.3)^

2.3 (1.7-2/’)
Chemical lyposnre
Yes,
No

Adjusted OR^j

8(1.7)*

2 4 (1.8-3.1)

2/1 (1.8-3.1)
Ottiymilrm
ProfesiMonal
Semi-professional
Farm owner
Farmer
Farm Labour
Skilled worker
Semi Skilled
Unskilled
Unemployed

Nn.mbcr of Subjects
Reference ! Control
(N=4317) I (N=1777)

■

•«

c

_•

1
11
)

c

fe-:- ;
>

5.2

L

5.2.1 Physical and ( hcmicul Parana lei s

Laboratory Results

.5211

Area wise analy sis

5 2 1.1.1

Effluent watei

Ir-1al-Chcmical parameters in Effluent Water

Tabic 21; Arca-v.«

F

Buddha Nallah

dinity

Brin Drain

lludiara Nallah

Overall Mean
MPL***

( trT

licP

Ctrl

Ref”

C tri

—Ref

Ctrl

(N=10)

(N=5)

(N=10)

(N=5)

(N=50)

(N=25)

(NS)

■5 W77.'

6.2

6.7

6.5

6.5

6.44

6 62

9.0

<) 2

Rd

Ctrl

Tung Dhab Drain

Kala S Drain

Ref

Ctrl

Ref

.^=10)

(N=5)

(N 10)

6.75

6.6

6.6

404

600

189.4

492

l'»(. I

273.6

|O6 8 ? ■

476.1

153

538

311

609.3*

425

600

423.3

295

251

‘-352.4

350

V/1 2

255

314 8

394.1

310

324

228

203

159 8

200

138

216.6

180

215.6

194.7

J'. 2

221.1

163

120

171.4

96.2

119*

100

206.7

154 8*

156 8

(N S) . ,(N -111)

’■A

157
93.9

90

147

2.08

0.92

50

() 54

0.5

2 (»

2.25

23

0.5

0.5

2.05

1.64

0 61

50

0.7

0 46

0 68

0.16

inhale

0 6?

0.5

0.14

0.5

0.72

0.57

()

0.4

0

0 35

0 01

I

oul Iron

0.2

t) ;■ :

0

0

0.3

0.64

100

i()00

182.1

111 1

242 ’

121.6

69.59

181 6

>> • i

106.2

80

95.5

.30.9

1 0

0

0

0

0.03

0.018

0

0

0

0 02

0.03

0

3*

2.7*

2.3*

3*

20

2.5*

2.35*

3*

2*

3*

tgnesium

^•ici

____

0.1

____
2.5*
piourides
__________
wm

1.5

___

♦ C0n©sntr«tion more man MPL

|

**AII \allies (except pH) are in nig/L

* * * MPL Standards-BIS

given in Tablc-21, figurc-6.
The area wise phyneal-chemical parameters in effluent water are
of reference (6.44) and control (6.62)
The study revealed that overall pH in effluent water
-3 found to be statistically significant
area was observed to be acidic and the difference was
found to be below maximum permissible limit
(p=0.02). Overall alkalinity and hardness was 1
However, statistically significant difference for both
in both reference and control area. I
observed between reference and control area.
alkalinity (p=0.00(.) and hardness •; 0.02) was
, in reference area was higher than control
Mean concentration of calcium and magnesium
statistically significant for magnesium (p=0.02)
Jp area, the results were however found to be i.
1| and insignificant lor calcium (p U.3). Mean concentration of ammonia, phosphate, iron.

s

11

f

4r

*

and control area were observed to be below
chlorides anil residual chloiides in icleien"
of all these parameter were found to
maximum permissible limit. Also overall concentratton
rills were found to be
bc more in re.erence area as compared to control area. However, re
0.08) between reference and^
stalist«ty significanl for all <P<0.05). except phosphate (p

€
€

control area (Table-21, figure-6).
J

^ure'6: Area wise Physical-Chemical Parameters

in Efl iucnt water

..

Reference Area

Control Area

4

.600 -1
&

•192

500 '

€
i *10 I
I

V -4--

3

on

E,
c
o

• r—<

u-<

€

300 -

a
GJ
o
a
o
U

194.7
-- 180

200 119

fa.

100 -

C
■‘"l

Alkaliniu

43

I

*

0
?

a

1 la rd nc ss

Calcium

Magnesium

1^1

I

Table 22: Area-wise

Hn sical-Chemical parameters in Ground Water
■

Buddha Nallah

.Re?"
(N=10)

7

8U

298.2
327.9
154.7

■

163.2*
0.45

■

0.18

0.1

36.62.:

a

f.

0
2.45*

lludiara Nallah

I ast Bcin Drain

Ctrl

Tung Dhab Drain

Kala Singha

;

Overall Mean

MPL***

Ctrl

Ref (N=l(h

'RcF
(N=10)

(tri

(N=10)

CtrT
(N=5)

Ref

(N=5)

(N=l0)

(N=5)

cT”

7

7

6.96

7-

7

7.03

7

470

270

600

271 ?.

323

426

322 .

473

256.2

>1 >

328

600

339

360

387.8

346

374

276

.376

336

429

201*

200

165

J 77 .

212.5*

237*

155.3

212

194

186

237-

150*

100

174*

J 5-7*

176*

153*

135*

1 19*

164*

150*

193*

1 8

0.3

044

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.29

0.6

o ;5

0.3

0 <

0.08

0.0T

5.0

0.1

0.04

0.04

0.08

6 OS

0.07

0 06

0.06

0.07

0.04

0.08

1

0.02

0.06

0

(1 15

0

0 02

()

0.04

0

71.5

1000

73 5

81 I

79.2

56.8

76.8

65.6

80

31-3

70

0

02

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

o

3*

I 5

2*

2*

1.75*

2.5*

2.3*

1.5*

2.25*

1 5'

CtrT !

Ref

Ctrl

(N=5)

(N=IO)

(N 51

i . l(h

(N=5)

7

7

7

. 15

374 I

178.6 i
249.2

134.8

114.4*

12.57

0

2*

• Concentration more than MPL

**/\H ' : .

Ref

S (CXCCpt pH) are in mg/L

*** MPL Standards-IS: 10500-1991

I

c 5.2.1.1.2

Ground water

... :R.1.227;
m.55.c,..5.3.2,o-^.^

>■

Overall AWinl.y and Hardness were found .0 be more in reference area as
conuoi area. 11,0 area wise nrean e.n.eonrrarron was sratistieaHy secant for AMrnrry
I'

(p<0.001), while insignificant lor hardness (p-0.3).

;
|

t
.
4 Finnridp in reference area was found to be
Mean concentraiion of Calcium. Magnesium and Fluoudc in
biEher Ihan conlrol area. ! i.nveve,. (be resuirs were found .0 be s.aris.leaHy .n.W.f««

I
I

(p>0.05). These parameters were consistently higher than permissible limit in on re e
and control areas. Overall prevalence of samples with more than penn.ss

J

eaieium was found io be more in ease area (40%) as compared to control area (a . .

t.

was however st.itislicnlly insipi’Oica111..4.3; 95% 00.06-3.0).

i;

p;'
44

......... .

.T

1

*

: Magnesia asso^eu
associated .nv.
mote in
in control area I
Samples with more than permissible limit

however the
the difference
difference was statrstually

I

(66.66%) as compared to relercnce ama (6—,;111 concentration of Phosphate and Chlorides I
of Phosphate
insignificant (OK
^'''u U " ' ’ S) °'L '
compared to control area. However the

found to be higher in reference area as
were
dilTcrence were found to be slal.small) msma

lor both (P>0-05) Samples with more

as compared to reference area

than MPL was associated more m control ama b

lta nUorid= and »

0.7: 95% C^O.3-2.0-).

observed (

Physical-ChemicalJ’arameters in Ground water
Figure 7: Area wise

|{clcrcncc Area □ Control Area
450 a
400 '
360

328

350 -

I

300 W)

a,

•J

250 -

G

.2
+-•

201

E

177

q 200 &

157

■

150

CJ

S

o

U

• *••

150 -

1

al
too -

■sd
"VS

50 -

I
T

0 4

Alkalinil)

45

1 lardncss

--------------- ------------1

Calcium

Magnesium
■

L,. §,2.1.2 Seasonal \ ariation
B 52.1.2.1 Effluent water
was observed as
F Seasonal .rend ol
lor physical and chenncal paran,eters
CL followed by —r and
OeeraP pH in B^en. wa.er was found to be
found to be higher in
F itaos. similar (i.e. acidic) in
llrree seasons. Alkahn.ly was
Bummer (466.10 mg/L) followed by winter (465.1 mg/L) and monsoon (451 mg/L) which
of Hardness,
Ks however s.atist.cally insrgnifieam (pyl.O). Overall eoncenlra.ron
found to be higher in winter
L Magnesium, Pbospha.e, Chlorides and Residual Chlondcs was
and „«»».>«,
resute were
were found <0 be staristieahy
pibltowed by summer end
..... However, resells
fensignificanl for these paramelets

(p>0.05) except Phosphate, which was statistically

t significant (p=0.012).
fc-Overall concenlmlion of Calemm. Ammonia and Iron was found to be statistically
F insignificant for calcium (P 034). iron (p-0.8) and difference was observed to be
' ? stadsdeany signHearn for Am.mmia (p-0.0002). No seasonal trend was observed for
f-

Fluoride and dillorcnec was lomal to l«r statistically insignificant (p 1.0).

r

in Effluent Water
Table 23:: Seasonal Pattern of Physical-Chemical parameters

Summer

I- ■

I:
If;

.

(N=30)

6.47

6.52

6.5

9.0

6.5

465.07

600

Total Alkalinity

450.8

460.66

466 I I

309.13

327.49

600

317 'H

355.4

Total Hardness

198.5

200

Calcium

197.47

191.07

177 24

156.9

100

Magnesium

1 12.4

137.8

144 02

5.0

1.68

1.7

1.17

2.23

Ammonia

5.0

0.40

0.54

O.s

0.71

Phosphate

0.256

1

Total Iron

0.25

0.24

0.21

140.47

1000

Chlorides

1 16.34

127.55

120 22

0.016

1.0

Residual Cl

0

0.012

0.013

2.47

2.0

Fluorides

2.47

2.47

2.47

All values (except pH) are in mg/L

ir
K

ilp •
.0

MPL*

(N=15)

f

-

Mean

(N-30)

Ph

M

Winter

(N=75)

Parameters**

i
K

Monsoon

♦ MI’T Siandarth-BIS

46

5.2.1.2.2

Ground n atci

: Seasonal trend of ground water lor physical and chemical parameters

was observed to be

monsoon followed by summers and winter. The study revealed that ground water shows no
seasonal variation for overall Pl I. Overall alkalinity and chloride concentration was observed

B

to be maximum during monsoon followed by winters and summer. However, results were
found to be statistically insignificant for alkalinity (p=0.4) and chloride (p 0.7). O

hardness, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and iron concentration was found to be higher
dilTcrcncc was obsc
winters followed by summci and monsoon. However, no statistical
statist'* .<1 drflciencc

i was found to be maximum in
for these parameLerti4p>().()5).TVverall ammonia concentration
(0.4 mg/L) and •winter (0.4 mg/L) and
case of monsoon (0.^3 mg/1.) followed by summer (
0.04). No seasonal variation was
difference was found to be statistically significant (p
found to be negligible in
observed for residual chlorides, moreover its concentration was
seasonal variation and results were
each drain. Overall Ilupridc concentration shows no

&

a

I

found to be statistically insignificant (p=. 993)

I;
Fable 24:*Seasonal I’atlern of Physical-Chemical parameters in Ground Water

Monsoon

Winter

Mean

(N=15)

(n=75)

(N-30)

(N=30)

7,0(1

” 77(rF"

“vF

~7'(W

>55.86

■109.43

374.37

379.89

Total Alkalinity

3 12.53

328.67

366.83

346.01

Total I lardness

■ 193.23

193.70

192.13

Calcium

189.47

I 19.30

139.20

168.67

152.39

Magnesium

0.38

Ammonia

0.53

0.44

04I
0.08

0.05

0.08

0.07

Phosphate

0.07

0.04

0.03

O.00

64.91

63.25

58 87

65.97

Residual Cl

0.00

Too-

2T7

7Too"
Tis"

Fluorides

'a 6o
TTs

Sum mcr

Parameters
I’h

Total lion
Chlorides

“2J9~~

MPL*
7

600
600

200
100

1.8

5.0
1

€

1000

C

0.2

5

TT

♦ MI’I Siaiulards-IS. 10500-1991
♦ * All values (except pl I) arc in ing/l

1

ise

47

&

yjp, • >

SSI

J

rap
l ap water
waier
3^1 trend of tap water Im
.IHSSGCn

n.irimcters was observed to be
walcr was observed to be -

f"’V ...... Zmesults were however .. .... . to bo sumst^b s.^eam

•frcr-J in all the three seasons
alta„, hmdness. eale..... . phosphate and eblor.de o.meomrauon was
Overall K
'
.art winters The diflerencc in
monsoons followed by summer and winte .
aimd tft be higher in
mm.ically insignificant for all the parameters (p
-aHESrtration was lotind to 1>;'
phosphate <p 0.008). Overall magnesium and ammonia
XESically significant ioi
monsoon followed by winters and summer,
t.«atrali® was found to be maximum in
be sraustieall, insigniheam for both <p>0.05). Conoenlrauon
|
rcsultewcrc found to
..H.l, i„ each drain. Overall iron and residual ehlor.de
B afaiagrwsiiim was found to be ,ibo>c

* SMceittration was negligible and lesult

were however insignibcanl.

„as similar and results were found W be
each
season
Pfeiff fluoride coneentration in
scaso„al variation »as observed, but duoride
gstfiatically insignificant (p 70)
oacauralion in each drain is Ingber Ilian Mpl-

u

of Physical-Chemical parameters in Pap Water
Table 25: Seasonal P Hh •

Sum in Cl

Parameters**
i’h

E

(N-12)

(\ 6)

(N=12)

6.98

15

777

“717.95

150

Tfttal Hardness

"777.7

151.2

Calcium

“TtTT

181

Magnesium

130.2

167 I

Total Alkalinity

Ammonia
Phosphate

Winter

Monsoon

0.324

0.05
““()

Residual Cl

51.12

0

7

77)77

607

TsF”
TTT?

“7)6.63

600

■TtTb

200

___________
129.07

142.22

100

0.337

1.8

42235

”

0.35
0

0

61.004
0
’ 2.3

MPL*

(N=30)
“777“

Total Iron

Chlorides

Mean

0.324

0.074
"^O

34.72

0
23

0.041

"FT”
48.95

0

23

5.0

"F
1000

0.2
L5

2.3
Fluorides
■■■' 'Ja7iards7s 10500-1991 **Ali values u-s< ,■: pili :i7 m mg/L

48

t

*!•

F1

5.2.1.3 Drain >visc unah si'-

(r
W

4

5.2.1.3.1 Effluent Water

Kala Singha drain alkalinity, hardness, and magnesium and |
Drain wise analysis show: ihai in
sVcic observed to be higher. The diflercnc- ok conceniration among
fluoride concentration
he statistically significant lor alkalinity, hardness, magnesium |
drains was observed to
:illl f()r nitoride (p=0.087). In East Bein drain concentration ol pH. |
(p<0.001) while insignilie
wee observed to be higher. However the results were found to be
calcium and phosphate
Buddha Nallah has higher concentration of
statistically significant for all these parameters,
I
chlorides (171.25 mg/h). which was statistically significant (p=0.025).

5.2.1.3.2

«
#•

3

Ground Watei

calcium and magnesium among all iHudiara Nallah has maximum concentration ol hardness. <
; found to be statistically signilrcant
the drains. The drain xv.se diflercncc in coneentration was
In Hast Hein drain f
for calcium (p- ().03) while insignificant for hardness and magnesium,
!difference
alkalinity, iron and fluoride concentration was found to be higher. The dram wise

i

it

t

•in concentration was found to be statistically .significant for

while statistically insignificant lor iron (p-0.7^7).

<

alkalinity and lluoride (p>0.05) L

Kala

&

Singha drain has higher |

concentration of chloride, which was statistically significant (P<0.001).

J1

f

i

5.2.1.3.3 Tap Water
hardness and calcium among all the
Buddha Nallah’has maximum concentration oi pH.
found to be statistically significant lor |
drains. The drain wise di l icence in concentration was while insignificant for pH (p=0.010). |
hardness and cnleiun.
u nod: ,,<(>.001) respeelively
InTn„g Dhab drain alkalindy.
and daonde has higbos. eoneenlranon. »h,yh «a. S'-

&
!

c

I

■...

sliM&ally signiOean. Inr afcdini.y and Unndde (,,<0.00!) while insigniheam tor a—

„

*

t
SC-)

(p=0.285).

be

I
w

■S®
'S’1?

A'

F

I
L

49

J

J-

f
*

>

€
«
<
p-

Deni anti

Chemical Oxygen

L^2.2.1 Drain wise analysis

COD concentration was

found to be maximum during

and winter (448.25 mg/L)
present study reported that mean
I simmer (508.87 mg/L) followed by monsoon (479.37 mg/L)
itistieally significant
observed to be stai
I -spectivcly (Table-26, -figure-8). Ibis icsut wa

t fc<0.001).

Table 26: Drain-wise

BEp,;.- j -

L-

Iu

Summcr (N^-30)

Drain

seasonal pattern of COD

*345

508.87

Total

479.37*

448.25*

547.67
406.67

450

360

386.67

Knla Sngha

309

518.33

490.67

605.5

TungDhab

422.27

267.5

32O:

Total (n=76)
720.94

387.83

413

East Bcin

- ---

77X17

605.25

461.33

Hudiara Nallah

Monsoon (N=16)

Winter (N=30>

745 83

Buddha Wallah

-

484.46

All values are in mg/L

;gui.c 8; „rain wise Analysis ofCOD

■ Summer

Monsoon

773.2

800

5

Winter

745.8
605.5

700
R05J

B 2£
7

o
O

^J|l90. ----461.3

500
•1 400

1
Is

&

518.3

fcl

600

i!
300
200

100
0

I
|W

■fc"'
IB
Buddha Nala

ar31-™™
HP’I

HI
Lt

K
I hidiara Nala

450.0

386.7
-160 <

32132o.o
I

167.5

life
J-

H^l .*:■

East Bein

Tung Dhab

Kala Sngha

50

S.2.2.2 Area wise analysis

Table 27: Area-wise COD in Reference and control area

J

Drain

Reference (N=5I)

Control (N=25)

Total (N=76)

Buddha Nallali

855.09

425.8

720.94 ♦*

1 ludiara Nallah

183.6

299.6

422.27**

East Bein

330.5

266

309**'

Tung Dhab

6.3 3.. 6

375.8

547.67**

Kai a Sngha

478

264

406.67**

Total

562.02*

326.24*

484.46
All values are in ing/L

♦p<0.00l.**p<0.00l MPL=500mg/l. (BIS Standard)

figure 9: Area wise COD pattern

■ Reference Area
900 -i

Control Area

855.09

800 700 -

633.6

1

' ’i

600 E
a 500 o
•4=

483.6

T

03

425.8

478

o

I W' I

a 400 -

•. t.

■

I299.6

a
©
U 300 -

75.8

330.5
264

266

200 -

100 0 4—1

Buddha Na la

I ludiara Na la

East Bein

Tung Dhab

I

51

KM

.Kala Sngha

s

i hii/luT in reference area as
study revealed that COD was obsc.velkKkllKi Nallall mcllI1

............ .....
^JtWL) and found to be statistically significant (p<0.001).

Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Drain wise analysis

ise seasonal pattern of BOD
Figure 10* Drain wise

pc
■ Summer □ Winter □Monsoon
7GG n
609.67

600 I97.3W7.33

L .

I

500.-

r -wj •

i 300 -

1

200 •

100 -

1st
i
it

I
f
fe

436.17
-417 5
■112

347.5
^J30 8

Hr

318

266.67

i43'3?29.67

““if -

i
|T

354
335,----

■Ft

I

If-

0

41.33

11

Buddha Nala I ludiara Nala

P-

■

I ''

T

East Bein

Tung Dhab

Kala Singha

52

{3

30

10-t2G
-x v

r •*

- II

<

4
I he present study revealed that (lie mean BOD value was found to be maximum during
summer (399mg/L) followed by winter (395.29mg/L) than monsoon (359.67mg/L) and it.

was found to he statistically signiticant (p<0.001) (Table-28. Figure-10).
T uhle

Drnin-vvlNu nciiHonul pnUuril of BOD

Drain

Slimmer (N=30)

Winter (N=30)

Monsoon (N=I6)

Tctal (n-76)

Buddha Nallah

609.67

497.33

497.33

583.13
353.53

(

I ludiara Nallah

> 17.5

3 30.83

4 12

Bast Bcin

266.67

243.33

229.67

249.93

Tung Dhab

136.17

417.5

341.33

409.72 ~-

Kala Singha

335

354

318

339.4

Total

399*

395.29*

359.67*

389.72
_ _______________
All values arc in mg^

249 9?

*p<().O()l MPI

IOOmg/1 (BIS si.uulaid'

2.3.2 Area wise analysis
Table 29: Area-wise BOD in reference and control area

Vi

I

D rain

Reference (N’~51)

Control (N=25)

Total (N=76)

Buddha Nallah

700.73

324

583.13**

I ludiara Nallah

413.1

233.8

353.53**

East Bcin

273

203

249.93**

Tung Dhab

467.7

293.8

409 73**

Kala Sngha

110.4

197.4

339.40**

Total

457.90*

250.64*

*p<0 001. **p - 0 001 MPI ioOiiH’/i (BIS Standard)

Sa

389.72
All values are in mg/

reported that BOD value was observed to be higher in reference arc
The present study
compared to control area in all the five drams ( Table-29, figure-1 1). Buddha Nallah £
value of BOD for reference area (700.73mg/L) was fund to be higher than control

(324mg/L), which was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Total BOD valuer
found to be maximum in Buddha Nallah (583.13) followed by Tung Dhab Drain (40^

and was found to be statistically significant (p<0.00l).
i
<

53

1

L

IB

Figure 11: Area w isc BOD in reference and control area

h'
K-

Control Area

■ Reference Area
800 -|

ir-i-.'i,: • •.. - -

700.73

.- 700 -

T

f’ ■ ■ ■

I tl 600 467.7

ra 500 5 14g’

4 13 4

400 -

y

3oo-

233.8

P I 203

200 -

jpiv

■

324

100 '
. l..

fe-’-. .-' . .0 - —
EastBein

Hudiara Na la

Buddha Nala

K

I

^Hl97 4

.

J_ JI

Kala Sngha

Tung Dhab

..

,2.4 Heavy Metal Analysis
Area wise analysis
BR2144.1 Effluent water
Pi-

Tabic 30: Area-wise Heavy Metals in Effluent Water

BM-

rr

Buddha Nallah

Hudiara Nallah

East Bcin Drain

Kala Singha Drain

Overall Mean

MPL

Ref

Ctrl

Ref

cm

Ref

(tri

(N=12)

(N=6)

(N=I2)

(N 6)

(N 12)

(N=6)

(N=I2)

(N=6)

(N=I2)

(N=6)

(N=60)

(N=30)

0.0185

0.0058

0.0035

0.0005

0.0005

0.0006

0.0225

0.0030

0.0029

0.0208

0.0096

0.0071

3.0

0.0015

0.0011

0.0085

0.0002

0 0018

0.0006

0.0020

0.0024

0.0003

0.0002

0.0028

0.0009

2.0

0.0012

0.0097

0.0081

0.0021

00037

0.0036

0.1450

0.0019

0.0054

0.0029

0.0349

0.0040

0.1

0.0242*; . 0.0063

0.0277*

0017 I*

() ?.-14*

0.0201*

0.0397*

0.1921*

0.0320*

0.0327*

0.0310*

0.0537*

001

0.0122

0.0073

0.0038

0.0069

0 0084

0.01-26

0.0142

0.0007

0.0340

0.0029

00084

0.0061

0 1

0.0029

0.0029

0.0009

0.001 I

0 0018

0.0001

0.0024

0.0005

0.0013

0.0003

0.0018

0.0009

0.05

0.0p20

0.0030

0.0031

0.(1143

0 0050

0.0043

0.0026

0.0017

0.0018

0.0026

0.0029

0 0052

0.2

life. .'0.0224

0.0018

0.0113

0 0044

0 0103

0.0000

0.0076

0.0122

0.0150

0.0082

0.0133

0 0053

2.0

KSV-'’ *

!?&..
K?-v

Kg

J'—"e/l-

tCgtJcentration more than MPL

K■

I

ih
■■

ft

Tung Dhab Drain

Ref

Ctrl

Ref

Ctrl

Ref

Ctrl

♦**MPL Standards BIS

54

c

Overall Copper, Cadmium and Chromium concentration in effluent water of reference area
was found to be higher as compared to control area, which was however found to bl

statistically insignificant (p 0.7: p 0.1; p-0.4) respectively (Table-31. Figure-12). Overall

concentration ol Mercury \yas i<orc than permissible limit in both reference and control area

and was found to be highe^in contnWrca (0.054 mg/L) than reference area (0.03 mg(L) j
which was however Ibtlod’to be statistically insignificant (p=0.4). Overall concentration of |

Lead, Selenium and Nickel was observed to be higher in reference area as compared to

control area. 1 he ^*3^ wise difference in concentration was found to be statistically
nlgnlficaiH ibr nlokeli^Qf^b.OOO) while hiNigniilcunt for lead and selenium (p“0.4 and p“»0.2)
i’teBjwutl.Vel^. Ovti'ilil APNehivigiHuuhtWulon in eontm! CO.005 mg/L) wum found to be higher
than reference (0.003 mg/L) area, however results were found to be statistically insignificant
(p=0.16). Out of 90 samples of effluent water. Arsenic was detected in 63 (70%) of samples,
but within the permissible limit.
I

Figure 12: Area wise I Icavy Metals in 'lap and Ground Water.

® Referenee Area □Control Area
95 1

8«.9
84.4 r------

90 85 -

80 75 70 65

’

7 60 -

I55

E 50..co
(D 45
<D

'

> 40 -

8”:

EL 30

25 :

20 15 10 -

5 -

6.7
2.2 2-8

I 2.8

Copper

Cadimium

22

0

2-2 0
____B®SU

0----

55

Chromium

Mercury

Lead

1.1

0

Selenium

jeavy Metals in Tap and Ground Water

Table 31: Arcu v

‘ Parameter**

Reference Area (N-90)

Copper

2(2.22)*

Cadimium

6(6.66)

Chromium

2(2.22)

Mercury

76(84/14)

tv

Control Area (N-36)

OR(95%CI)

MPL

1(2.77)*
1(2.77)

0.8 (0.07-9.06)

0.05

2.5 (0.3-21.5)

0.01

0.7(0.21-2.2)

0.001
0.05

0.05

0
32(88.88)

2(2.22)
Lead
Selenium________1(1.11)
•Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage ** All values are in ing/L

0

0.01

0

Bf''5.2.4.1.2 Ground water

.

G Overall Copper, Cadmium and Chromium concentration in ground water of reference area
was found to be higher as compand to control area, which was statistically insignificant

j,'

h (p>0.05). Overall prevalence of samples with concentration of Copper more than permissible
limit was higher in control area (2.8%) as compared to reference area (2.2%). However,
Results show no significant difference (OR=0.8; 95% CI=0.07-9.0) between reference and

control area.

Table 32: Area-wise 1 Icavy Metals in Ground Water
s■
Buddha Nallah

Metals**

W-;.

Cu

Cd
Cr .

Hg
Pb
Se

B As
Ni
kA1'

,1

■I

liudiara N.illnh

I iiiiu Dliab Drain

East Bein Drain

Kala Singha Drain

Overall .Mean

MPL

Ctrl

Ref

Ctrl

Ref

Ctrl

(N=l2)

(N=6)

(N=I2)

(N=6)

(N=60)

(\=J0)

00193

0 0019

0.0011

0 0050

0 0062

00040

005

0.0006

0.0017

0.0062

00017

0.0016

0 0012

001

() 0043

0.0081

0.0029

0.0031

0 00I3

0.0048

0 0320

0 05

0 0246*

0.0284*

0.0876*

0.0754*

0.0423*

0.0744*

0 0837*

0 001

0.0332*
(I ()()S.|

() 0075

0.0016

0 0000

OOI23

0.0050

0 0050

0 0038

0 05

0 0059

() (>I)()X

0 0018

0.0021

0.0012

0.0007

0 0019

0 0015

00l

o on? '•

0 0009

0 0016

0 0006

0.0006

0.0018

0.01

0 0018

0.0008

0 0010

0 001 7

0 0017

0.0015

0.0047

0.0005

() 0033

0.0101

0.0087

00040

0.0041

0.005

0 0020

0 (Hit) I

0.0010

0 0030

0.0043

0.0062

Ctrl

""Ref”

(til

Ref

(iri

Ref
(N-12)’

(N=6)

(N=12)

(N=--6)

(N 12)

(N=6)

0.0023

0 0032

0.00-1I

0 000?

0 0039

0 0131

0.0006

0.0000

0.0024

0 001 >

it (;(!' ’

0.0026

0.0058

0.004 I

O.OOIS

O OO6 I

■0.0401 ♦

0.0045*

0.195I*

0 2595*

0.0017

0.0008

0 0040

0.0045

0.001 I

0.0005
0.0022

n ,ng/1 *

0 0002

Ref

Cu. As'. Ni). Cu. As. Ni - WHO

• Concentration more than MPL, **

iB-

life 56

I
BE
- • ’•‘•'.jr V- ‘

‘ 1 A

asW

was found to fi
. ,ta„ permissible limii for Cadmium
with more
• results were ■
Overall prevalence of samples
, control area (2.8%). However, res
concentration in I
as compared
be more in reference area (6.7%)
CI=0.3-21 -54). Overall .Mercury
above maximum permissible I
Statistically insignificant (OR 2.5: 95%
area (0.08 mg/L) was L~however found to be I
/L) and control
both reference (0.07 mg
reference and control area.
than permissible ligti^
in concentration among
limit. Difference
of samples with more
0 9) Overall high prevalence
.nd reference area (84.4%).
insignificant (p
()bscr„d,„eo„.n.1nrea(8S'>%>»
for mercury was

. a Nickel was found to be hieherm referent rga g
overall eoncentraiion ol road. selemom.m^^^^
slau5iically ,ns18nif^t B
, compared to control area, which «

(0 ooWL) was found to be |

(p,0.05). overall . ......................

„„ ,ou,,d w be inst8n®g j

90 ,„<) 36 samples of gm^n I
,8 (50%) were found j

Ugher than reference area (O.OOW >■
04) One hundred twenty sis 0261 samp ■

rXicr^
lo be positive for both ground and tap wate.

re
; lin

I

i
S.2.4.2 Seasonal variation

S.2.4.2.1 Effluent water

'■*' lor heavy
"'7

Seasonal Uend of

I

meul m,s otee„cd to U
Icvcnlc(i lW overall Copper and Cadna

The study
winter and
and monsoon
»»n
found to
nation in
in otlluent
effluent water were i ^

mm in winter loHowed b,,-J.< )
(p=0J.
.
Sclenium. Arsenic and Nn

and nto'nsoon which
whieh were however
Overall concentration

was served to be
be higher
b^r in
in snnnneHo^
summer
statistically insignificant
concentrations was slausUoalb
1
i

05) Ovcra„

inlcts (0 0091 ms/W followed by monsc

found to be maximum during

concentration was fonnd to

However.
f0.0077 mg/L) and summer
summer (0.0053
(O.DO- mg/D©

insignificant (p-0.4).

I

57

,0 be statrstwah,.

Table 33: Seasonal Pattern of Heavy Metals in Efiiucnt Water

Mean (N=90)

MPL

0.0099

().()077

3.0

0.0014

0.0024

0.002

2.0

0.0036

0.0101

0.0235

0.1

0.0569

0.0242*

0.0284*

0.0379*

0.01

0.061 l +

0.0077

0.0091

0.0073

0.1

0 ()()S ?

0.001 1

0.0015

0.05

0.002

0.0014

Selenium

0.0029

0.0035

0.2

0 00 i

0.0036

Arsenic

0.0048

Q.O106

2.0

0.01 17

0.0097

Nickel

Parameters

Copper

Cadmium
Chromium
• Mercur)'

Lead

jf'
it—-

*

__________ _—

• Concentration more than MPL.

h

Slimmer (N 3(1)

Monsoon (N— 1S)

Winter (N=45)

0.0096

0.0036

0.0022

All vaiiu s ate in nu'. I

WIIV'.IIU ML'

9 ,

' r‘:■■

i
f

S.2.4.2.2 Ground water
Seasonal trend of ground water for heavy metal

>

winter and monsoon (Table-3-1). ( Kerall Copper concentration in ground water was found to

L

be maximum during winter

^served to be summer followed by

nmd.) followed by monsoon (0.007 mg/L) and summer

(0.0003 mg/L). However, results were

found to be statistically insignificant (p=0.2). Overall
found to be higher in winters followed by

j

concentration of Cadmium and Selenium was

►

be statistically insignificant for
w as however found to
summer and monsoon, which was

I

Cadmium and Selenium (p-0 I: n 0.6 respectively).
Table 34: Sciisoii.iI I’nllcrn of Heavy Metals in Ground Water

i r
*'3

Mean (N=90)

MPL

0.0008

0.0029

0.05

0 0013

0.0017

0.0014

0.01

0.0035

0.0032

0.0043

0.05

0.0063

0.1628*

0.0991*

0.001

0.1011*

0.0334*

Mercury

0.0039

0.05

0.0010

o ooTo

0.0022

Lead

i) 0015

0.0016

0.01

0.0015

0.0020

Selenium

0.0116

0.01

0.0019

0.0009

0.0048

Arsenic

0.005

0 0010

0.0051

0.0099

0.0045

Nickel

Parameters

Summer (NT 3(1)

Monsoon (N—15)

Winter (N=45)

Copper

0.0003

o 0076

Cadmium

0.0013

Chromium

* Concentration more than MI’I.. **AII value-

fl1.-.

in iav. I

58

.
I

''t

E
Overall C hromium. I cad and Nickel were found to be maximum in summer followed by
winters and monxttm.

(

which was statistically insignificant (p>().()5). Overall Mercury

4

concentration was found to be.maximum in monsoon (0.1628 mg/L) followed by Summer

(0.10 mg/L) and winter. However, the difference in concentration was found to be
statistically insignificant (p 0.2). Overall Arsenic concentration was found to be maximum

(

in summer (0.002mg/L) followed by winter (0.0()16mg/L) and monsoon. However, the
difference in concentration was found to be statistically insignificant (p=0.8).

5.2.4.2.3 Tap water
*

2-4—i

ft

Seasonal trend of tap water for—heavy metal was observed to be monsoon- followed by

I

summer and winter ( fablc-35). Overall Copper concentration in tap water was observed to be

*

higher in monsoon (().()065jng/L) followed by winters (0.0046mg/L) and summer
(0.0007mg/L).

However

no

significant

difference

was

observed

Overall

(p=0.4).

concentration of Cadmium. I cad and Selenium was observed to be higher in winters ’
followed by monsoon and summer. 'rhe. difference in concentration was statistically
insignificant for these parameters (p>().05T. Overall concentration ol Chromium was found to

€
€
€

be maximum in summer followed by monsoon and winter. The results were however, found
to be insignificant (p () '■)

€
4
6

fable 35: Seasonal Pattern of Heavy Metals in 'fap Water

Mean (N=36)

MPL*

Parameters**

Summer (l\'~!2)

Monsoon (N-~6)

Winter (N= 18)

Copper

0.0007

0.0065

0.0046

Cadmium

0 0009

0.0008

0.0060

0.0026

0.0 i

Chromium

0 03 11

0.0052

00038

0.05

Mercury

0.0513*

0.0135
----- -------------------

0.0347*

0.05

0.0400

0.0420*

0.001

■

•

■

59

7 '

£
£
£

Lead

0 0049

0.0048

0.01 13

0.0070

0.05

Selenium

0.0(11 I

0.0026

0.0032

0.0024

0.01

Arsenic

0.0015

0.0017

0.0009

0.0014

0.01

*>

Nickel

0 16" I

0.0008

0.0048

0.0577

0.005

£
£
€
£
6
C
£
€
€

♦ Concentration more titan MI’I . ** Ul valuer arc in mg/l... * **MI’I. Standards I'SITA (except (’u. As. Nil. Cu. As. Ni - WHO

*

€
€

$

| Overall concentration of Mercnry and Nicke! was found to be maximun. in summer followed

° win.e, and .. ..... The dither..... . was. however, found to be stausueody ms.gm earn
r r Mercury (p-0.4) and Niekei tp 0 4) Over.)) A,sonic eoncen.rat.on was observed Co be

r °r
fit mod hv summer and
and winter.
winter, however results were found to be
E; maximum in monsoon follows!
summer
statistically insignificant (p t. ■>

|

5.2.43 Drain wise analysis

kxxiz:....... m^S[1--«™e-d-..
JSThe drain wise diitoe m cm.eemram.n « found ro be s.auslieally ins.gn.0cam for there

I metals ^.05). Bast Boin

maximum concentrat.on of Chromium and Mercu^

The'differencc was ftowever found to ho s.atisticaHy tns.gnificant for Chrommm (P-0.4) and
t’ Mercury (p-0.3). I Indiara Nallah has maximum concentration of Cadmium and Arsen,e.

i However .be dram wise

as iound to be stauslic.lty significant for Cadmmm

(p=0.03) and insignificant lor Vise., t.

) 5.2.43.2 Ground Water
conccntration of
?• Kala Singha has maximum concentiation
>
I however, found to be statistioally insignificant among all the drams. East cm as rg
I ■ eoneenuatio.. of Copper. Cbm
- N.ckel. The drain wise
"
| found to be statistieahy significant for Nickel (0.048) while ms.gn.fteant for C p

I

;
t

Chromium (p>0.05). Buddha Naha!
higher concentration of Seiemun. (0. 33 mg A
The drain wise ditTerence in e.meen.muon was found to be statishcally s.gmheom (p-i -

v •

I''

Mercury (p-0.029) while

for Copper. Cadmium and Chrommm (p . )•

60
f

5.2.4.4ne«vyM-'—........ . .......... .

Lead. Chromium

were detected

and Cadmium

Arsenic and Mercury

-alyzed but their
Were also anal)

concentrations were

delectable limit (Table-36).

, >„fhcavyn«.l'"f»'WerSampl°S■rable 36: Analysis ol hea y

I
Metals*
. j-r-rri-'-

Fodder!
Fodderl
(B. B
(Raja T«» Singh)

BDL

Fb

■

,.4

1.3356

Cr

| Fodder3 Fodder4 Fodder?
(Khcra Livaipur** (Khcra
Bet)
Bel)
)
BDl

BDL

0.7224

I ?.64?.

0 6018

BDL

BDL

1.4136

1 6122

BDL

0 0312

Fodder
10(R«j«
Tai)

OveriH
(N=10)

2.19

' U14

0.9546

1.0008

0.042

0 0144 I

0 4746

0.7824

0 02'1

BDl

)

BDL

5.182

BDl

FodderO |
FodderS |
(Fatchpur (Fatchp”r

---- 1
I <>ddci 6 I
(Khii'iKhtui)

0 010?.

('027(’

BDl
HOI.
T^LTp/LvIllages aic shown

Cd

i

♦ All values

5,.4.5n-yM->si..v^^s-pk

‘-S

r Chromium and Cadmmm were

(Table-37) beside i

,
LCad’
Arsenic and Mercury was
Nickel. Selenium. Ai sum.

I in vendable samples (8).
..... —

was found

J

1

t0 be below detectable limd.

1

in vegeta.blc samples-

,7: Analysis

»

-''■S

—

------ ’

] Carrol I
(Khcra
Metals*
Bet)

Lead

Chroiniutu

Cad min'”

1.7168°

bdl

0 033

Lady Vingcrl
(B. B.Singh)

I 0374'

BD1

BDI

Carrot!
Gourd i Lad)
Lau)
(1U10
(Z
(1 .lh0| i j Fingerz ^
,vRh()inrt
.H)
(Raipur)
Mai)
0 853

BDl

o (iS

1‘

BDI

----- It -• ( uneciHiaiH'" "“’>c
W}\|| values ate in mg/L

bdl

0 016

0.513

BDl

BDI

Chillies
(Rhun-

Khun)

’Cauli Flower
(Khcra
Bet)

------

I 1754°

3 60-12

|\Dl.

--\iTA**>,|,I ls'-'”ll:uds

ihnn Ml '

I’otato
Raddish
(Raj” I (Fatchpur)
Tai)

BDL

3.927

2.9022°

0.8364

I 449**

0 021
WI |(). Villages

;

Tori
(KhunKhun)

mo/

1.6716°

€

I 0086°

T

BDL

<
BDL

0 0222

0 026

>n parenthesis.

*
I
4
' ‘I

I

61

l

5 2.4.6 Heavy Metals in Urine Samples

fc'lhe present study revealed (hat coneentration of heavy metals like Copper, Arsenic, Lead,
East Bein Drain. Similarly
I Mercury and Selenium were reported to be higher in
I concentration of Nickel and Cadmium were reported to be higher in Buddha Nallah and
I' Hudiara Nallah respectively However all values for these metals were within permissible
!

limits (Table-38)
B'Concentration of Arsenic was rcponerl tn be higher in reference area oj^asl Bern Bra,n and
Sara Nallah as compared to these control area. However, it was higher in eon.ro! area of

FSdha Nallah, as eompared to reference area. Mercury concentration was reported to be
t higher in reference area of hast Bein Drain and in control ag of Hudiara Nallah. The
■

villages selected lor nr,no samples were Chandan Nagar, Rat^HcontjaB from Buddha

>

Nallah, Lahori Mol. Bhoma tcmmol, from Hudiara Nallah. Khun-Khun. Barnala Kalan

I

(control) from East Bcin drain. Mahal Iron. Tung Dhab drain. Kala Singha from Kala Smgha
drain.

Table 38: I Icavy Metals in Urine Samples

■k-"

Parahieters*

Buddha Nallah

Hudiara Nallah

East Bcin Drain

['ung Dhab
Drain

Kala
Singha
Drain

MPL

Hg/day)

Reference

Control

Reference

Control

Reference

Control

Reference

Reference

0.7

0.45

40

0.1

0.2

0.04

0.9

0.2

7.2

Copper

0.025

0.12

Cadmium

0.1

0.2-2

0.24

0.3

0.1

0.052

0.03

0.045

0.004

Arsenic

0.005

10-30

0.014

0.03

0.04

0.013

0.013
I

0.12

0.1

0

1.2

0

0

0

0.413

Mercury

3.3

2-200

0.213

1.133

3.3

2.4

1.258

2.44

0.1

Nickel

0.02

2-8

0.6

0.86

0.5

0.03

0.3

1.0

0.05

0.03

0.03

0.07

0.02

0.05

0.05

0.06

Lead 0

Selenium
•All values are in mg/L

___

S.2.4.6 Bacteriological analysis of ground and tap water
%

in the present study, a total r.f twelve samples were collected <10 from reference area and 2
from .he con.rol are.) fro... eormos etth.ges shuatod atong hve major drain, in rhe .rody.

62
. %

The microbiological analysis of the drinking water samples shows that total coliform were
1

found.to be positive in tap water of Khun-Khun (hast Bcin). Boparai B. Singh and Judge

Nagar (Tung Dhab)
E. coli and total coliform was reported to be positive in tap water of Khun-Khun (East Bern),

and Boparai B. Singh ( l ung Dhab). The latter also showed the presence of total coliform.
The ground water samples were negative for total coliform and E. coli.

5.2.5 Micronuclcus Assay

Table 39: Age-wise distribution o fStiKly Subject with Micronuclci

Age-Group

J

in Buccal Smear

Micronuclci Per Cell

Study Subjccls

OR (95% CD

Reference Area

Control Area

0.227 (0.051-1.01)

0.0059

0.0312

I (36)

1 '..(0.25-5.2)

0.01 15

0.0061

. l.S (0.3-10.4)

0.0006

2(16.6)

0.0094

7(28)

0.0029

I (ll.D

0.0039

8(28.5)

1.2(02-6.9)

25—29

0.0077

2 (33.3)

0.0128

7(33.3)

0.9 (0.1-6.4)

30—34

0.0062

2(16.6)

0.0089

9 (29)

1.2 (0.3-5.6)

35—39

0.0011

I (I 1.2)

0.0015

4 (26.(0

2.2(0.2-24.2)

40—44

2.3 (0.3-17.5)

0.0132

45—49

2 (25)

0.0052

7 (70)

0.8(06-1.2)

0.00

50—54

0(0)

0.0068

1 (14.2.8)

1.8(0.3-11.9)

0.0083

55—59.

2 (22.2)

0.0051

5(38.1)

0.7(0.03-14.9)

0.0038

60—64

2(40)

0.0027

I (33 U

2 l*+ (25.66)

1.079 (0.627-1.856)

0.0074***

65** (3O.95i

(years)

Reference (N 210)

( nnlrnl (N 90)

10—14

6(21 O

6(5 1 5)

15—19

10 (10)

20—24

♦-FigurcTin parenfhesis rcpiexeni pcrv- nl picK.il. h.v ^p-0

-

0.0081

p-0 7

The'study revealed that out of 210 references and 90 controls prevalence of occurrence of
rouIK1 1(1 be higher in reference area (65; 30.95%) as compared to control

micronuclci was
area (24; 25.66%). which was however Imtnd to be statistically insignificant (p-0.35)

63

I

I
%

L-There was no significant ........................
<m C1.0.627-1.S56). Sirred analysis by age (ORMn-l .097.

Preference area (OR-1.079.
(Omrl.028. 95% Cl. 0.594-1.778) revealed Ural there was
^5% CI, 0.632-1.904) and sexi
r sex (Table-39).

in retoera was 0'0128,

lerzzzz' z

H0*44,45
f -in 34 15-19 and 20-24 respectively.
I Q 0115, and 0.00948 in the age group of 30 3 ,
•

BO'7,

Fig„„ 13: Drain wise distribution of Mieronuelet in Buccal Smear ■

"

fc. • .

■ Reference Area

v^- ■

Control Area

J** ■
P'-- ’

80 -1

p

70.8

70 -

te >

■'

66 6

63.6

60-

■

1

I

Spis

50

£ 50-

•f'

■<
K
r... w

45.4 45.5

46.6

40 -

33.3

F4

■■

£
30 K’3' '

K

I

B

5.26

0

1—

East Bein

Kala Singha

Hudiara Nala*

Tung Dhab

■

1
J

I

Fl
*
1 ■

ESS

64

€
,. .
enbiects with Micronuclei in Buccal Smear
Table 40: Drain-wise distribution o. study subjects

J

Mean MN/ccll ± S.0
Study su bject with MN (%)
OR (95% CD

Drain

. .. Buddha Nallah
East Bein
Kala Singha

Hudiara Nallah*

Tung Dlrab

Total

Reference

Control

(N-210)

(N=90)
0.005

6 (66.0)

0.005 i 0.017

7 (50)

0.7 (0.2-2.1)

7 (63.6)

O.7(O.2-2.3)

1 (5.26)

13.5 (16-1 10.4)

15 (15 li

5 (15.5)

I (0.3-3.3)

65(30 9)

24 (26.6)

1.068 (0.6-1.8)

8 (27.0
10 ( H i j

|4 ( 10 6)

17(70 81

I

0008

0.011

0.4 (0.1-1-5)

Total

Control

Reference

0 016

0.006 ± 0.013

0.006 + 0.012

_____

0.005 + 0.016
<3S

■

0 020 I 0 065

0.011 t 0.039

0.007 t 0.016

0.001 I 0.004

0.005* 0.013

0.001 * 0.023

0.006 -t 0.013

0.010 1 0.021

0.008 1 0.031
----------------

0.008 + 0.023

0.008 i 0.021

0.007 + 0.018

.

-J

♦p<0.05
1

Drain wise analysis of study subjects
prevalence of MN in buccal smear was

for the presence

of micronuclci revealed that

higher in subjects belonging

Hudiara Nallah (70.8%) as compared to

to reference area ol

control area (5.26%). which was

statistically
r

significant (OR 13.5:05% Cl. 1.6-110.4).

Of micronuclei (MN) in buccal smear
No statistically significant difference in the presence
and control area of the remaining drains.
detected among study subjects in reterence
detected in subjects residing in Kala
was
number of micronuclei per cell was
Overall highest
while least in East Bein dram.
Singha drain area

5.2.6 Pesticides

'

6

observed

Higher prevalence —
1

for Chlorpyriphos

.

h,°:

F

Prevalence ol samples

Buddha Nallah (50%). Slalis.ically there was no
was observed to be maximum m
found
l"
lie'
maximum
m
Endosulphan was
among the five dram areas.
drain wise difference found

r

r

65
F

Table 41: Drain

Buddha
Nallah
(N=16)

Hudiara Nallah
(N=10)

Kala Singha
Drain
(N=10)

East Bein Drain
(N=11)

Tung Dhab
Drain
(N=14)

Chlorpyriphos

5(31.3)

4(10)

2(20)

4 (36.3)

3(21.4)

p.Endosulphan

8(50)

3 (30)

2(20)

3 (27.2)

IP)

Dimethoate

0

2(20)

0

0

3(21.4)

4(25)

5 (50)

I (10)

3 (27.2)

0

0

0

1(9)

3 (21.4) ^4,
__ , _
fV 0

Pesticides*

if

F '
ft.

at
r
h’’

I

wise prevalence of effluent samples with more than permissible limit

__________ —

■________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Heptachlor
J-'--- ----- -- -----■y < a-Endosulphan
♦AU values are in mg/L
K

Overall drain wise analysis of samples of ground and tap water revealed tligt_p-Endosulphan

»

and fleptachlor were present in concentration more than permissible limit in each drain

ft--

(Table-42). Highest prevalence for samples with more than maximum permissible limit of

1

Chlorpyriphos, p-Endosulphan and Heptachlor was found in Hudiara drain (26.3%), Kala

|

Singha Drain (26.6%) and Buddha Nallah (33%) respectively. Aldrin was above permissible

B

limit in 12.5% samples of East Bein Drain. No statistical significant drain wise difference

JE

was observed among the five drain areas.

-li

i

b---•

,

Table 42: Drain wise prevalence of samples with more than permissible limit
(Ground & Tap Water)

7-

I
!

J

Hudiara Nallah
(N=I9)

Kala Singha
Drain
(N=15)

East Bein Drain
(N=16)

Tung Dhab
Drain
(N=19)

0

I (6.7)

2(12.5)

1 (5.3)

Pesticides*

Buddha
Nallah
(N=24)

Aldrin

0

Chlorpyriphos

2(8.3)

5(26.3)

3(20)

3 (18.8)

4(21)

0-Endosulphan

5 (20.8)

.'(2D

4 (26.6)

3 (18.8)

4(21)

Malathion

0

0

1 (6.6)

0

0

HepUcJitor

8(33)

3 (15.8)

4 (26.6)

3(18.8)

3(15.8)

a-Endosulphan

0

0

0

0

I (5.2)

I

*A11 values are in mg/L

I

66

J;
rrrwr’
■1

•JS"

Tabic 43: Area wrsc prevalence of samples with pesticides more than permissible limits

Pesticides

(N IS).

OR (95%
CI)

Ref.
(N=46)

5 (27 7)

I I (0 3-3.8)

10(21.7)

7 (38 81

0 5(0.1-1 5)

9(19 6)

Ref.

Ctrl

(N=43)

13
(30.23)

Tap Water

Ground Water

I I Hueii I Waler

Ctrl.
(N=19)

OR (95%
Cl)

(N=24)

“ Ctrl.
(N=4)

0 8 (0 2-2.7)

0

0

I 3 (0 3-5 •))

0

0

0

0

0

Ref.

5
Chlorpyripltos

(26.3)

3
10

B-Endosulplian

(23.2)

Malathion

0

(15 8)

0

0

(0 09)

()

5(116)

0

Heptaclilor

II
(25.5)

A-Endosulphan

1 (2.38)

0

0

(4.2)

(6.5)

1

3
Aldrin

y"'

1

3
Dimethoate

(I

0

--l.7a)J-6.8)

3
11 (23.9)

0

(4.2)

(6.51

5 (27 7)

OR (95%
CI)

1

6
’

;-(2-

)

(15.8)
0 -

0

(25)

I (0.0911.5)

0

(2.2)

. * AH values arc in mg/l.

prevalence of samples with pesticides concentration above MPL revealed rto
among reference and control area (lable-43)
statistical significant difference for pesticides

Area wise

*

wise prevalence of water samples with pesticides more than permissible
Figure 14: Aiea

limits

■ Reference Area □Control Area
7

6

i

6

*

w 5
o
Q.

E 4 -

CO
(D
(D

3 -

>
•-tn 2
o
D-

1
0

Dimethoate

I

61

0

0

Aldrin

¥3
liill

1

Heptachlor
i

I

,1

r Overall area wise analysis of mean pesticide levels reveled that Chlorpyriphos is found in

excess of permissible limit in eninent. ground and tap water samples of both reference and
control except tap water sampk ol xHilrol area (I able-44)
Tabic 44: Area wise mean pesticide level in water and effluent samples (pg/L)
Effluent Water
Pesticides*

2

■t:

Tap W a ter

Overall
MPL

Ref
(N=l 13)

Ctrl
(N=41)

0.04821
0.4?2

0

0.1

0.02611
0.0522

0.10111
0.2228

0.20311
0.5170

0.1

0.10601
0.3221

0.03571
0.0367

0.09851
0.2712

0.05011
0.0853

3

0

0.07091
0.3227

0

0.01711
0.3227

0.00651
0.0302

3

0.00031
0.0014

0.01751 I
0.0741

0

0.01271
0.0558

0.03941
0.2007

3

0.01331
0.00111
0.0053’ I 0.0267*

0.01371
0.0545*

0.10591
0.4243*

3

0.00161 l 0 00621
0.0124
0.0060

0.0I3H
0.0508

0.01831
0.0928

0.5

0

0.12491
0.5993

0.00091
0.0056

0.1

0.00321
0.0111

0

0.48661
0.0255

0.04651
0.0054

0.03

Ref
(N=43)

Ctrl
(N=18)

Ref
(N=46)

Ctrl
(N=I9)

a-Endo

0.11901
0.7803

0

0.00711 -=
■ () 0.180

0

p-Endo

0.12741
0.2822

0.25157
0.3829

0.0619d
0.1384

0.19451
0.66<

0.12901
0.2315

a-HCll

0.14131
0.3194

0.04171
0.0649

0.05461
0.1763

0.06101
0.1082

p -HCH

0.00221
0.0099

0.01471
6.0450

0.00291
0.0J40

y-hch

0.00831
0.0397

0.08941
0.3001

0.0: J1
0 0587

8-IICH

0.0262J
0.0770

O.2328J
0.6265

Malutliion

0.0253 d
0.0765

0.00761
0.0321

0.00771
0 0263

0.03091
0.1336

Dimethoate

0.I95H
0.7131

0.00201
0.0085

0 1 181.1
0.6374

0

0.01081
0.0519

0.0089d
0 0389

0.00241
0.0079

Aldrin

Ref
(N=24)

Ctrl
(N=41)

.Heptachlor

0.08411
0.2048

0.09781
0.1791

0.07171
0.1753

0.05601
0.1030

0.05111
0.0712

0.04991
0.0997

0.07201
0.1711

0.07371
0.1400

0.1

4,4-DDT

0.00471
0.0218

0.01 15 i
0.0394

0.03731
0.1331

0.00541
0.0180

0.01841

0.01061
0.0213

0.02091
0.0879

0.00861
0.0291

1

DDE

0

0.01071
0.0409

0.00291
0.0123

0

0.0330
0.00131 I
0.0062 1

0

0.00151
0.0084

0.00471
0.0272

1

0.08431
0.2197

0.02551
0 r-OS2

0.04501
0.1634

0.012H i
0.0466 i

0

0.02681
0.0864

0.05781
0.1823

0.01

0.03651
_________ 0.0939
*A11 values are in mg/L
Chlorpyriphos

ft-’

(Jround Water

Analysis of effluent revealed that P-Endosulphan and Chlorpyriphos were present in
concentration above MPL in both reference and control area. Dimethoate and a-Endosulphan

p1 was found in concentration in excess of MPL in reference area alone. y-HCH was observed

to be higher in reference area (less than MPL) than the control area, which was statistically

significant. 0-Endosulphan and Dimethoate were present in excess of MPL in ground water

£

of control and reference area respectively, lap water analysis revealed that p-Endosulphan

I was found above MPL in reference area

r

68

I
■RS

5.2.7 Vegetable

icsted for pesticides residue analysis and a -HCH. 5-HCH, ?Eight vegetable samples were

HCH, 2,4- DDT, Dieldrin were

detected in vegetable samples (Table- 45) however, there

below MPL Besides this Dimethoate. Malathion,
concentration were found to be
and ot-lmdosulphan were also analyzed but there levels are below detection
Chlorpyriphos
limits (BDL).

'fable 45: Pesticides residue in Vegetables
-

Carroti

ot-HCH
—y-HCH

5-HCH
I

.

Lady
Finger 1

(Khcra
■'\7^WihB
’w-Tgg’-

Pesticides*.

,

Dieldrin

p-Endosulphan

4.4- DDT
2.4- DDT

Lady
Chillies
Finger! Carrot! (Khun(Lahori (HajpUr (Bhoma)
Khun)
Mai)
L__.
0.085 7).o27
0.024
0.01 I
Gourd

0.017

0.054

0.037

0.036

0.022

0.0I8

BDL

0.01

BDL

BDL

0.0H

0.015

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL
BDL

BDL
_______

♦ATTvalues arc in mg/L, villages

5.2.8 Fodder

Pesticides*

q-llCH
^ilCH
MICH

Chlorpyriplios
Dieldrin

)

2,4-DDT

i.

Foddcrl
(Raja Tai)

. BDL
0.09
BDL
BD['
~0.0l8
BDL

Potato Raddish
(Raja (Fatchpur
Tai)
)

Cauli
Flower
(Khcra
Bet)

Tori
(Khun*
Khun)'

MPL

BDL

0.122

0.038

0.082

1

Kors ~o’o7s

0.236

0.134

0.07

0.102

3

~ 005

BDL

0.012

0.014

0.01

3

BDL
005

”7 007

0.026

0.032

0.026

0.028

0.1

~BDL

~bdi7

0.024

BDL

0.036

BDL

2

‘BDL

"’bdi .

BDL

BDL

0.014

DDL

3.5__

"bdl

BDL

BDL

0.0216

BDL

0.2

BDL

BDL
BDL
iirTslHnvii ill parenthesis.

fable 46: Pesticides residue in Fodder Samples

Fodder!
(B. B.
Singh)
BDL
_O.O82

•-is

|

E

Fodder
FoddcrJ
FoddcrS FoddcrO Foddcr7 FoddcrS Foddcr9 10 (Raja
(Klicra Fodder4 (Khcra (Khun- (Raipur** ) (Fatchpur) (Fatchpur)
Tai)
Khun)
Bet) (Raipur**) Bet)
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.024
BDL
__
BDJ^
0.144
0.092
0.09
0.09
BDL
0.08
0.078
0.024
0.054
0.022
0.016
0.02

!

BI^L

BDI.

BDL

BDL

-O-OK^

?1)L8-

BDL_

BDL

0.09

0.104

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDI

0.0I6

0.012

0.056

0.022

0.044

BDL

0.014

BDL

0 n.>2
BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDI

0.1338

I B1)L

0:0628

♦All values arc in ing/L, Villar
Ten fodder semples

i

BDL

I

are shown in paicnlhc:•sis.

leslod for pesticides residue analysis and1 a -HCH. 5-HCH, y-HCH,
fodder samples (Table- 46). Besides
2 4- DDT Dieldrin. Cl.loropyriphos were delected in I..also analyzed but were
„;is Dimethoate. Malathion- <t redosr4pl.au and (l-llndnsnlpban were

found to be BDL.

r
69

Milk

,3k

Bovine Milk

I

■oksU analysis of Bovine milk revealed the presence of a -HCH, 5-HCH, y-HCH, 2,4 - DDL,

I

B^DDT, Malathion, Chlorpyrphos. Dieldrin, [3-Endosulphan. Overall concentration of a -HCH.
! L?r?vriphos, P-Endosulphan was found to be above the MPL (Table- 47). Besides this

SDunethoate and a-Endosulphan were also analyzed but their concentration were found to be ■

Tabic 47: Pesticides residue in Bovine Milk Samples
--------------

Bovin e5
Bovine4
Bovine?
Bovine 2
Bovinel
Overall
(Raja
Tai)
(
B
.
B
sing
h)
(Barnala
Kalan)
(C.Nagar) (Khun-Khii iii)
0.188*
0.4476
BDL
0.1288
0.244 I
0.1195
'”~iy.0227
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.0493
0.0641
0.0108
0.0317
BDL
0.0073
0.0088
0.0063

Pesticides*
' a-HCH

'y-HCH"a-HCH -

MPL

0.05
0,05

0.05

Malathion

BDL

0.1399

BDL_

BDL

BDL

0.028

0.05

Chlorpyriphos

BDL

0.0239

0.1276*

BDL

0,1229*

0.055*

— 0.05

Dieldrin

BDL

0.0223

0.0311

BDL

BDL

_ 0.062

■

-___________

0.05

^Endosiilphan

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.2379

0.0191

0.0541*_

0.05

4,4 DDT

BDL

BDL

0.134

0.0344

BDL

0.0096

0.05

BDL________ BDL
BDL
BDL
arc
shown
in parenthesis, .
Values are in mg/L, ♦Samples with above MPL. Villages

0.2023

0.0405

0.05

|

P

2,4-DDT

SJ.9.2 Human Milk
' Overall analysis of Human milk revealed the presence of Heptachlor, P-Endosulphan,
k CWorpyriplios, a-HCH, 4,4 DI)]' and Malathion and there concentration were found to be

below MPL but in Hudiara Nallah. the concentration of 4,4 -DDE was found to be above the
MPL (Table- 48).

lO

th® ab°ve pesticides a-Endosulphan, Endosulphate, p, y, 8 HCH, 4, 4

DDT, , t

Judd, 2. 4 - DDT, Dimethoate, Chlordane. Phosphamidon, Aldrin, Dieldrin and Monocrotophos
K were also analyzed but not detected.

70

'

<

Tabic 48: Pesticide residue in Human Milk Samples
<
Pesticides*

Milk-1
(Raipur)

Milk-2
(Raja Pal)

Milk-3
(C. Nagar)

Milk-4
(KhunKhun)

Chlorpyriphos

ND

ND

ND

0.001

ND

0.05

Malathion

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.05

0.05

a-HCH

ND

ND

0.0011 -I

0.002

ND

' 0.05

.’ Heptachlor

ND

ND

ND

0.002

ND

0.05

P-Endosulphan

ND

ND

ND
•<

ND -

0.03

0.05

4,4 -DDE

0.02

0.005

ND

0.0013

°H35

0.05

Milk-5
(Mahal)

MPL
1

4

I
<
(
■■

'

'■

* All values are in Ulg/L, Villages arc shown in parenthesis.

5.2.10 Blood
•

I.

In the present study arcawise analysis revealed that concentration of P-Endosulphan, 4,4

DDE, a-HCH, y-HCH, 8-HCH were detected in subjects of reference area,as compared to <
(

control area of Buddha Nallah.

HepUchlor, a-HCH. P-HCH. b-HC'H were detected in subjects of reference area of Hudiara
and Tung Dhab Drain in reference area as compared to but not in control area except .

Heptachlor.

4
(

1
Heptachlor, a -HCII. [MIC H. 6-HC11, y-HCH, 4, 4

DDE were detected in reference area '

and 4, 4 - DDT, Chlordane were detected in control area of Kala Singha.

(

Similarly in East Bein Drain. Aldrin, Hcptachlor, a -HCII, P-HCH, 8-HCHwere detected in (
reference area and a HCH. p-HCH. (5-HCH, y-HCH were detected in control area of East *
<

Bein Drain. (Anneurc-3).

4

5.2.11 DNA Adducts
The amplification of the HPRT gene in case of test samples is expressed here as the (

•percentage of HPRT gene expression in case of the normal healthy control. Lower the *
percentage amplification, higher will be the presence of DNA adducts (which arc indicative *

of mutations).

(

I

71
(
4

y

percentage amplification of 11PRT genes in the study samples, the subjects
igsCLi JU

. divided

the following grou]is:

canon of HPR I gen c

No. of patients

to healthy control)

S^%

(Almost Normal)

7(C-08, 11, 14, 15,21,22, 23)

(Moderately Mnlal /d)

8 (C-06, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24,25)

(Mutated)

3 (C-Q9, 10, 12)

(Highly Mutated)

2 (8)7, 13) '

observed that the maximum number of cases (8) had moderate mutations (75-90 /o
wnc expression) while 7 cases showed almost normal amplification (>90 %) indicating the
jesec: cf morations. Out of the remaining 5 cases 3 were reasonably mutated (50-75 %

while 2 cases were highly mutated (<50 %).

■

t SLl- Quality Control
1 de
i

collected by field workers, was comparable with JRF and Medical Officer for

csniemiciccca! study. Testing for quality control of 10 samples of water (ground (3).

■ setasi ',5). tap (2)) along with one sample each of vegetable and fodder was conducted at
’

Hcr.icultural Post harvest Technology Center, Punjab Agricultural University,

s

: wfaim for cross checking the results of testing laboratory. Quality control was done for

■ '-^r- metal and pesticide residue analysis.

Cf agreement for pesticides in effluent, ground and tap water was found to be
^w^nnbiy comparable in testing and quality control laboratory. Similarly the percentage of

for heavy metals in effluent, ground and tap water was also reasonably

annaracie 80-100%).

72

1

k

6. Possible source of drain water pollution
wise laboratory sampling for individual sample for differe

The results of drain and village
parameters are given in Annexure-4.

6.5 Buddha Nallah
Tim study .oveaiud that ovumli eonucntrutton of Cadmium and Sden.um was loan to
Zim- in Midpoint area, tt may he because oh the presence of too . ymg. bra .

Mustrios in the near by areas which discharge their effluent into the near by dram.
Copper, Mera®, Lead. Chromium concentration was found to be maximum m own rea

area may be because of leather, tanning, metal industries in the downstream area, vet
■ Zlation ofWD and COO was reported to be maximum in midstream area, may 1
because of municipal sewage.
Figure 14: Mapping of main industries along Buddha Nallah

I

Buddha Nallah

r
i

I

nawanshahar

hoshiarpur

JALANDHAR

rupnagar
prafap Sinqliwala

Hainbqwfil Kalan

Zainptnd
firozpu
Bcsami
\
/
*
Mclldkpllt
N—Z
\
• 3"'
* Malakpin
Chat/iispurSalctnpui
r
• h.>j’ ■
LUDHIANA \
L

M

—4

^rdrmnui

..I’n.M; •

LUU

•f PharovA-ii

* Bh.-sHan Khur 1

Khaira Bet

Raipur (ongm)

z

• ® Btiddhewal
Bha-nuin K?naj Bl’.nki’.khelan

Municipal waste

'' o

C

of Ludhiana

I

f'

MONGA

I?

FATEHGARH SAHIB

$

SANGRUR

■ li

I

©
*

t
is
I?

0

Municipal
Plastic ‘
Chemic
Textile
Paper
<
Leathei
Food
Foundry

I

73

(
(

•

a I s of sampling area
. .be drain revealed that mid-point area (Chandan Nagar)
Analysis of sampl t
a c.sninn. Arsenic Nickel. COD and BOD
shows higher eoneentration of Codm.um, Lead. Selemum, Arsenic.

(oZ.
I

o-004-0 003'"950'815) me/L rc’eC,,Ve'y “

10

downstream drain area.

I
or ,,aJ. . ...d
eo- — «— or Uad. Se.en.uo.
I r. K£UK „„,u IV in environmcnl... is also present in pirate fevers. Sdennun ,s u. n.

r - metal aS (Nu. & Bolt). Arsenic and Nickel are naturally present tn so.l and fbo s u
» ' respect,W Cado.

J

and Cino

.1,. ._~S.

,

eoneentration is because of dyein8 on., prescnl.

Concentration of COD and BOD c™ found to be h.gher in Chandan nagar (nud-str^n

ifirlnt) because municipal svasie of! udbiana city fads before .bis stream (oe. m.d po.nt), . .e ►

sewage of the villages falls inio this drain. Also effluen. of the near by .ndustries fall mto .las

•

drain, which contain higher conccnlralion of organic and inorganic matter.
observed to be higher in downstream area of
Concentration of Copper and Mercury were
found to be higher as compared to midstream and
Buddha Nallah. Concentration was
metal, tube and dying Industries are present near the
upstream of Buddha Nallah because

lbwnstream area.

Concentraiion of Mercury. Copper. Chromium was found to be above MPL m ownstmam

because of presence of meiai. mho and dying units present tn near by areas <« lages). BOD
^.observed to be above MP! in midpoint stream because municipal waste of Ludhtana c, y
falls near this point.
The village wise laboratory pam.ne.ers in water along Buddha NaUah is shown ... Table-4,

.

Effluent water of Khera bet has higher eoneentration of Heptachlor. p-Endosu.phan,

.

copper. Chromium. Niclv'l.
N.U.m This
I his pattern
pattern was found during all three seasons of the
year. Heptachior

—d to
be more
more than permissible lun.1 m samples o
observed
to be

effluent and ground waler in Khera Bet.

74

•

t

•

Greater proportions of' laboratory parameters of effluent water in Khera Bet were^

observed to be more than the permissible limit than Chandan Nagar and Raipur.

•

Noteworthy among these parameters include physical and chemical parameters lik^
Ca, Mg. Cl. I;. BOD and COD; heavy metals including Fe. Hg. As. Cd, Cr and

pesticides including Beta cndosulphan and l lcptachlor.
6

w5;

;w■ ^'uj.' .

r

6
»

fe
%

i

r
B

f
£
€
6
€
€
6
€
€

)

15

€
€
.. —

;r,—--•

'i*®’

si

•mwmm MM

WM.WWCTOTi*i>i '.iw—■■■»

MM

Table - 49: Village wise laboratory parameters in water samples along Budhha Drain
Area - .

Sample

I_______

Detected

I
Khera
Bet

i

EW

Ca,Mg.NHKP.Fe. .
Cl.F.Cu.Cd.Cr.
Hg.Ni.Se.As.COD

BOD, P-Endo.
Heptachlor-HCH

Chadan
Nagar

EW

Ca.Mg.NH-.P.Fe.
Cl.F?Cu.Cd.Cr.
Hg.Ni.Se.As.
1
COD.BOD -Endo

>MPL

Detected

Mg.Fe.COD.
BOD.F, pEndo.
Heptachlor

Ca.Mg.N
H3.P.C1.F
Cu.Cd.Cr,
Hg,Ni.Se.
Fe.As.CO
D.BOD

Ca.Mg.N H-„P.C1,F

EW

j Raipur

I
GW

Chadan

I Nagar

GW

Raipur

GW

Khera
Bet

SW

Khera
Bet

GW

Chadan
Nagar

_____

Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni,
Se.As.COD,
BOD.Heptachlor
Ca.Mg.NH-,.P.Cl,
F.Cu.Cd.Cr,
Hg.Ni.Se.
As,Heptachlor
Ca.Mg.NHr.P,Cl,F

Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni,
Se.As.Hepiachlor
Ca,Mg.NHr.P,Cl,
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni,
Se,As. Heptachlor.
•
q-HCH
Ca.Mg.N! h.P.Cl.F
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.
Ni.Se.As.uHCH.DDE
Ca.Mg.P.CI.
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.
Ni.Se.As.Heptachl
or

Cr

Mg,F

Mg,F

F.
Heptachlor,
F

Detected

Fe,CO
D.BOD
.F

Cd,Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni,Se,As
.COD.BOD.Ca.Mg.NH
S.P.Cl.F.Heptachlor.
p-Endo

>MPL

Detected

>MPL

>MPL

Detected

>MPL

Detected

hT”
COD,BO
D.F.Ni,

P-

Endo.He
ptachlor

Cd.Cr.Hg.S
e.As.COD.B
OD,Ca.Mg,
NHS.P.CI.F

Fe.COD,
BOD.F.H
9

Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.CO
D.BOD.Ca.Mg.N
H3.P.CI,F.Se,As

Cu.Cd.Pb.Se
.As

Mg,Fe,COD.
BOD.F.Hg

Hg

I

Mg.COD.
BOD.F.
p-Endo

>MPL

December

October

July

May

March

February

Ca.Mg.N
nj.r.vi.r 1
H3.P.C1.F
Cu.Cd.Cr. :
v: <■ .
!• ftHg.Ni.Se
.
' Fe.As.CO
: d.BOD

Cr.Hg.As. j
Ca.Mg.N
H3.P.C1.F
,Se,COD.
BOD
Cd.Hg.Se.
As.Ca.Mg
.NH3.P.CI
.F
Cr.Hg.As.
Ni.Ca.Mg,
NH3.P.C1,
F,Se
Cu.Cr.Ni.
Sc.As.Ca.
Mg.Fe.N
H3.P.CI.F

Cd.Cr.Pb.Ni.Se.As.Hg
.y
' .COD.BOD.Ca.Mg.NH
U-oULJ I
O
D m C r. uru R_
3.P,CI.F,a-HCH.
BHCH.b-HCH, g-Endo
i|

..

Cd.Cr.Hg,Ni
Ca.Mg.C
,Pb.Se.As.C
Mg.COD.
BOD.F, ; OD.BOD.Ca I OD.BOD.
F.Hg
.Mg.NH3,P,
p-Endo
Cl.F

As

. Cd,Hg.Pb,As.COD.B
| OD.Ca,Mg.NH3,P,CI,
F,Dieldrin,Malathion,a
-HCH.y-HCH, p-HCH,
_______ p-Endo______

Ca.Mg.C
OD.Hg.
p-Endo

Cd.Hg.Pb.S j
e.As.COD.B
OD,Ca.Mg,
NH3.P.CI.F

F.Hg

Cd.Cr.Hg.Se.As.Ca.M
g,NH3.P.CI,F.4,4DDT.a-HCH

F,Hg

Cd.Cr.Hg.S
e,As,Ca.Mg,
NH3.P.CI.F

F.Ni.H
g

Cd,Cr,Hg,PB,Se,As,C
a,Mg.NH3,P,CI,F.Hep
tachlor.o-HCH, PEndo

Fc.F

Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.SeAs.C
a.Mg.NH3.P,CI,F.4.4DDT.a-HCH. P-Endo

Endo.He
ptachlor

Mg.F.Hg.
p-Endo

!

Ca.COD.BO
' Cd.Cu.Hg.P
D.F.Hg.Chlo
b.Se.As
rpyriphos

I

Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.Ca,
Mg.NH3.P,CI,F.
Se.As

Mg.BOD

Cu.Se.As

Mg.F.Hg

Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.Ca,
Mg.NH3,P.CI,F.
Se.As

Mg.F.Hg

Cu.Cd.Hg.P
b.Se.As

Hg,Ca.Mg.N
H3,P.CI,F

F.Hg

Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Ca.
Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Se.As

Mg,F,Ni,Hg

Cu.As,Se

Cu.Hg.Se.C
a,Mg.NH3.P
.Cl.F

F.Hg

Hg.Ni.Se.Pb.Ca,
Mg.NH3.P.CI,F,
Se.As

F.Se.Hg

Cu.Hg.Se.A
s

Ca.Mg

Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni.Se.
Ca,Mg.NH3.CI.F,
Se.As.yHCH,Malathion

Ca.Mg.Ni.H
g

Cu.Cd.Pb.Sc
.As

Mg.F.Hg

Cd.Cr.Hg,Pb.Ni,"
Se.As.Ca.Mg.NH
3,P,CI,F.Se,As,a
-HCH,Heptachlor

Ca.Mg.F.Cd.
Ni.Hg.Pb

Cu.Cd.Pb.Sc
.As

Mg.F.Hg,

P-

Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Pb,
Se.As.Ca.Fe.Mg,
NH3.P,Cl.F.Se,A
s.p-HCH.6HCH.vHCH.Malathion.
Phospmid^--’

I

Cd

Ca.Mg.Pb

Cd.Cr.Hg.
Pb.As.Ca.
Mg.NHJ.
Cl.F.Se

Ca.Hg

Cr.Pb.As,Ca.Mg,NH3.
P.Cl.F.Heptachlor.AADDT.a-HCH. P-Endo

Ca.Mg.F

Cd.Cr.Hg.
Pb.Ca.Mg
• .NH3.P.C1
.F.As.Se

Ca.F.H
g

Cd.Pb.Hg.Ca.Mg.NH3
,P, Cl, F, Dimethoate, he
ptachlor,4.4-DDT.aHCH.5-HCH. p-Endo

Ca.Mg.

P-

Cu,Hg.Se,C
a.Mg.NH3.P
•Cl.F

Ca.Mg.F.
Heptachl
or

Hg.Se.Ca.M
g.NH3,P.CI.
F

Endo.He
ptachlor

M

6.5 Hudiara Nallah
The study revealed that eoueeutration „! Cadmium. Chromium. Mercury. Nickel. COD and

BOD was observed to be maximum in mid-stream area. Concciilration of Chromium
found to be maximum, may be because of textile mill in .he near by area. Chromium ,s also

used to make mo.ds for lhe tirmg of bricks. Couc.utr.tion of COD and BOD may be because

of municipal waste of > .nritsar city, which Mis into Hudiara Nahah. and effluent ofkhasa
distillery. Effluent ol Tune Dhab I train also falls into Hudiara drain.
in industries along Hudiara Nallah
Figure 15: Mapping of main

Hudiara Nallah
Heir (origin)
Khiala Kltut<1

r
Bhoma /^-z

Hudiara Na ll a In

Ma jitl u r^

•

\

Nangal Papuan
^4<iddan 4
GURDASPUR
AchintTot "—Mil an Koi R
Tungd.hab Drain
Meh w atLa h o r i n i a I

I

Bhajni RajputanX* Rajatai

Daonke^tend)

Municipal waste
of Amritsar—

----- "--a

—

AMRITSAR

V

Tr

kapurthala
PAKISTAN

5
K
Textile

7 firozpur

Brick
Distiller/

Plastic

The village wise laboratory parameters in water

along I ludiara Nallah arc shown in

Table-50.
.

All villages along .he Hudiara Nala recorded more than permissible Hunt of
.nercury and Ouoride in effluent, ground and tap water.

77

L

h

-■*

ir
K

I'ffliicnt water of l.aliori Mai has more than permissible concentration of
Dimethoate. Ueptachlor. 4.4-DDT, Alkalinity and Nickel. Tap (tap) water of '

Lahori Mai has higher concentration of Cadmium, Chromium. Lead. Selenium.
Flouride and its ground water has higher concentration of Hardness and Copper.

•

fa' has higher concentration of oc-HCH, P HCH.,

Endosulphan, Malathion and its ground water has higher concentration of DDu .

1
*

Effluent water of P.ij;

•

Effluent water of Bhoma has higher concentration of p-Endosulphan, y-HCH,

Wx.'.... ( ,Chlorpyriphos, Lead, 1'louride and Arsenic its ground water has higher

fcfg '

concentration of Hardness.
. .»_

I

rw

r'
■»

T

78
‘"T

,/

■

i Samp
le '
EW

EW

G\v
I • ___

1 able 50: Village wise laboratory parameters

I

I
EW

in water samples along Hudiara Drain

ill

CI,F

GW

I

<*

Village -------------;_____ Feb
_______ March
.
_________ May
______ Detected_____
>MPL
Jui?
Detected
Lahori
>MPL
_______
October
Ca.Mg,NH3.P,Fe,C ~mFcod:
_____ Detected .
>MPL
Detected
December
Cd.Cr.Hg.P
>MPL
Mai
Mg.COD,
______ Detected
I.F.Cu-.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni,
Cr.Hg.Pb.NiAs,
>MPL
Mg.COD.
bod.f.h
Detected
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.
b.As.COD,
Mg.C
BOD.F.H
Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.COD.
“Ca,Mg.COD.
COD.BOD.Ca.M
Se,As.COD.BOD,
BOD.F.H
Cd.Hg.Cr.Pb.’
i g.Dimeth
As.COD.BOD,
BOp.Ca.Fe
OD.B
BOD.Ca.Fe.Mg.NH3 ’
9
Dimethoate, Heptac ! o?te.Fgp
g,NH3.P,CI.F.He
BOD.F.Hg
9.
3Se.As
Ca.Mg,NH3.P.
,Mg.NH3.P(
OD.F.
P.CI.F.Se.As
ptachlor,4,4hlor,
Endo.He
tachlor i
CI.F
CI.F,Se
Hg
/' DDT. 0-HCH
\
g-HCH
He
ptachlor
f
!
Raja FCa?Mg.NH3.P,Fe.C 7 M^HgTOi i Cu.Cd,Cr.H~
-I-----Ta!
Mg
Cu.Cd.Hg.Se.As,
: '/'CU'Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni, ; methoate; g.Ni.Se.As ‘
Hg, 3- T Hg.Pb.Ni.As.C ~
:
g.Ni,Se.As,
i Cu.Cd.Hg.Ni.Se.As.C
I COD.BOD.Ca.M
eAs.CODBOD.H
Heptachlt; cod.BOD,
Mg.Hg
I OD.BOD.Ca.
Endo
Cr.Hg.Pb.Se. I
| OD.BOD.Ca,Mg.NH3,
1
g.NH3.P.CI,F,4.4
eptachlor
or
7. Ca.Fe.Mn
n
As
: Mg.NH3.P.CI. •
Ca.Fe.Mg.N
P,CI.F.Se.As,
pI -DDT.q-HCH.yF
H3.P.CI.F
I HCH, P-HCH, pEndo,Dimethoate,Mal
H
I
Shoma
athion,y-HCH
_
_______
Endo
Ca.Mg.NH3.P Fe.C
Mg.F.Hc
Cd.Qr.Hg.P
Ca.F.As.
LF.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.
HgPb.Se.As.CO i Mg,F.Hg,‘
3■ Cu.Pb.As.CO
o.As.COD,
F
Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni,Se.As I
Hg
Se.As.COD.BOD.
D.BOD.Ca.Mg.N
pCa.Mg.F
3Enoo.he
Cd.Cr.Hg.As
D,BOD.Ca.Mg
BOD,Ca.Mg
COD,BOD,Ca.Mg,NH
3-Endo,Heptachlor
^
’
P-CLFF
16
^
3
'
Bndo.He
i
ptachlor.
;
Se
,NH3,P,CI.F
.NH3.P,CI.F
3.P,CI,F.Se,As
'
chlor.a-HCH.
0:
-HCH,
ptachlor |
Chlorpyri
,Se
;
Endo
Y-HCH
phos
Lahori ; CaMg,NH3,P,CI,F,
|
i
Mg.F
Mai
i Cu,Cd,Cr.Hg.Ni.Se,
^uMnF' I CtJ'H9.Pb,Ca. ’j Ca.Mg
mTmv '
i
o-i M9»NH3 P.CIF
Hgy
■>Cu,hg.As,Se-!-W:-

I

sw

»

Ca.Mg.F. i Cd.Cr.Hg.A
Ca.Mg, F,'
i Cutd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se. |
I Hg, p. I s.Ca.Mg.CI,
Cd.Hg
As. PEndo
I
F.As.Se
----- ^o. Heptachlor j
. Lahori
Ca*1g,NH3.P.CI.F, '
F Cd.Cr.Hg.P
F.Hg
i Mai
Mg.F.Cr.
Cu£d.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
b.Se.As,Ca.
Hg
AsHeptachlor.aMg.NH3.CI.
___ _ HCH
i
F
Lahori
^^NHS.P.Fe.C"
Mg,COD ~Cd.Cr.Hg.P'
Mai
Mg.COD,
LFXu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni
BOD.F.H
b.As.COD,
^As.COD.BOD,’
BOD.F.H
g,Dimeth
BOD.Ca.Fe
I Dnethoate.Heptac
9
oate.Hep -Mg,NH3.P.
l___jyoco-HCH
tachlor
CI.F.Se

NH3.P,Cl,F

4-DDT,a-HCH,yl
HCH, p-Endo

Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
Ca,Mg,NH3,P,CI
.F,Heptachlor,4,
4-DDT.q-HCh'

Cu.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se,
As.Ca,Mg,NH3.P
• CI.F.Heptachlor,
a-HCH
~CLHg,Pb7hFAsF

COD.BOD.Ca.M
9.NH3.P,Cl.F,He
ptachlor.4.4, DDT, p-HCH

________

; Hg.He
’ ptachl
I
or

Ca.Mg,F, “ Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb, |
Ca.Mg
Hg
Se.As.Ca.Mg,
• F.Hg
NH3.P.CI.F

Ca,Mg,F

Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb,
Se.As.Ca.Mg,
NH3.P.CI.F

Ca.Mg
.F.Hg

Mg.COD. ^Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.
BOD.F.H
As.COD.BOD.
9. 3Ca.Mg.NH3.P.
Endo.He
CI.F
ptachlor

Mg.C
OD.B
OD.F.
Hg

s.Heptachlor,a-HCH.
3-Endo.Malathion,.yHCH,Heptachlor,Phos
1 pmidan
Cd,Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni,Se.C
a,Mg,Cl,F,Se.As

Cu.Cd.Hg.Pb.Ni.Se C
a.Mg.Cl.F.Se.As.pEndo.Malathion.y_______ HCH
Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.COD,
B0D,Ca.Fe,Mg.NH3
P.CI.F,Se.As

Endo.Chlorpy
riphos

Ca.Mg.F.Hg,
Ni

Ca.Mg.F.Cd,
Ni

He

Cu.Hg,Se.As j
I

Cu.Hg,Se.As

Cd.Hg.Cr.Pb,
Se.As

Hg

•

IB 6.5 Tung Dhab Drain
Slhe study revealed that concentration of Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Selenium, BOD and

ECOD was observed to be maximum in midstream area. Concentration of Cadmium, Chromium,
Stead was observed maximum which could be because of paper mills, food industries, dying
Ktextile and metal alloy industries in the near by areas. BOD and COD was observed to

K maximum may be because 'l ung Dhab drain mid stream receives outfall of sewers and effluent

jl ofverka milk plant and also municipal waste of Amritsar city.

■ Concentration of Cadmium and Mercury was observed to be more than MPL may be because
|| of dying, pharmaceuticariiealth aid near by Tung Dhab dram. Domestic effluent of military
X Cantt. and Guru Nanak Dev University also falls directly into Tung Dhab dram. Industrial area,

» which includes 126 industries, includes 81 dying houses, 2 vanaspati, 5 pulp and paper mills
S and 31 pickup and electroplating units, 3 dairy units, 1 distillery and one chemical industry,

m Out of 126’industries, 34 discharges their waste water directly into Tung Dhab drain which
K ultimately falls into 1 ludiai^r Nullah
Figure 16: Mapping of main industries along Tung Dhab Drain

JL

Tung Dhab Drain

4

I

//
o

o
X.
0
R.-Anil
Deep^nclnvc^^.^

t ijel Avenu/J
•___ •Syr aj Avenue

ill <

Vet k;

f*

Medial

Bopari baj Singh
Bopari FShurd,

On! I--'H A.

O

Ohupsari

Ann its; tf

i Sewer outfall

TUNG DHAB DRAIN

GNDU Sewer oul i.'H
Khiola Ka|uf‘ • /
(End)
/

Mr

I

I
I

AMRITSAR

"SUiankarpura

(origin) (
*

Metal
Leather

©

Food

0

Chemical

•<®

Textile
Dye
Paper
Municipal waste

80

T’T!jW^’r,'^T!TZ:

I ,
I *

The village wise laboraloi \ parameters in water along 'l ung Dhab drain is shown in Table-

I
II < '

51.
•

I *

Mahal village had more than permissible concentration ol Mercury. Dimethoate in

effluent water while it recorded concentration ol ct—Endosulphan and Malathion more
than permissible limits in ground waler.

•

Effluent water of Boparai Baj Singh has higher concentration of Oc-HCH, Heptachlor,

Dimethoate; Nickel. Selenium. Arsenic and hardness. Its tap (tap) water has higher

Alkalinity, SM'fOT. Aldrin, (.'hroniium and Lead concentration and its ground water has
' .......

....

-higher'Cadmium, 44-DD I

•

Effluent wafer of Shankarpura has higher concentration of p-Endosulphan, (3-HCH and
Chlorpyriphos and its ground waler has higher concentration ol y— HCH.

j

Ii
I6

II 6*
I*
I fc
I4

I€

k*

hr: *

[•fc
€

iG
i’

6
. 4

6

81

£
€
Q-

K*n*>**5«*

f
Table - 51: Village-wise laboratory parameters in water samples along Tung Dhab

Sample
EW

EW

__________ 1 Feb
Detected ,

Milage
Shankarpu
ra

Mahal

EW

Boparai B
Singh

GW

Mahal(

GW

Boparai B
Singh

Ca.Mg. NH3.P;Cl. F,
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se,
As.COD,BOD,Hepta
chlor, p-HCH.a-HCH

. Ca,Mg.NH3.P.RCI,F
e.Cl.F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.
! Ni Se.As.COD,BOD.
Heotachior

__________ March
Detected
Mg.F.Hg
Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
.Chlorpy
COD.BOD.Ca.M
riphos
g.NH3,P.CI.F.Se

■_______ May

>:mpl

i

>.MPL j
Detected
Mg.F.H
Cr.Se.As.COD.B
OD.Ca.Mg,NH3,
9
P.Cl.F.a-HCH.
p-Endo

.0-

. Ca.Mg.C
> OD.BOD
.F.Hg.Di
I methoat

i HCH,Heptachlor
.4.4-DDT.y-HCH
j Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb,As,
; COD.BOD.Fe.C
a.Mg.NH3.P.CI,
F.Se

>MPL
F, p-Endo

I_______ _
I Ca.Mg, I| Hg.Se.COD.BO I Ca.Mg.COD.
I COD.B I! D.Ca.Mg.NH3.P, 1
BOD.F.Hg
■ OD.F.H I
CI.F
g
'

_______ July_______
Detected I >MPL
Cu.Cd.Cr. I Mg.F
PbAs.CO
D.BOD.Ca
,Mg.NH3.
P.CI.F

__________ October •
Detected_____ [ >MPL
Cu.Cr.Cd.Hg.Ni.Pb. I Ca.Mg,F.H
COD.BOD.Ca.Mg,
9
NH3.P.CI.F,Se.As

_____ December
Detected
>MPl.
Cu.Hg.As,
Se

Hg

I Cd.Cr.Hg, I Ca.Mg.
' PB.Se.As, I Fe.CO
’ COD.BOD ! D.BOD.
' Ca.Mg.N
F.Hg.H
H3.P.CI.F
eptachl
or

Cu.Cd.Hg.Pb.Ni.Se
Ca.Mg.CO ' Cd.Hg.Pb. |
D.BOD.F, I
.As.RCl.COD.BOD.
Se.As
Ca.Fe.Mg.NH3.P.C
Hg
•
i
I.F.Se.As.p' Endo.Malathion.aHCH.AIonn.Heptac
J________ hior________ [
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.Fe.CI. ; Ca.Mg.C . Cu.Cr.Ni.As.CO
Mg.CO I Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni.Se, i Ca.Mg.COD
Hg.Pb.CO
Ca.Mg.
Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.As.
Ca.Mg.CO • Hg.Po.Se.
D.BOD.Fe.Ca.M i
F Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
OD.BOD
D F
| As,COD.BOD.C ‘. BOD,F.Hg.He , D.BOD.Ca
-Hg
COD.BOD.Ca.Fe,
D.BOD.F. :
As
e.As.COD.BOD, P.F.Hg.Di ! g,NH3.P.CI.F.Se I
j a.Mg.NH3,P.CI. I
piachlor
i .Mg,NH3. I
, Mg.NH3,P,CI.F.Se.
Hg 6Endo, Heptachlor
methoat
F.Heptachlor,a- i
P.CI.F
,
As
i
Enco
e
HCH
i
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.Fe.CI.
Mg.F.Hg
Cd.Cr.Hg,Se.As,
Mg.F.H
Cd.CR.Hg.Pb.S
Ca,Mg.F.Hg. jI Cu.Cr.Hg.
Ca.F.H
Cd.Hg.Pb.Ni.Se.Ca
Ca, Mg.F.H
Cu.Hg.Pb.
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
.□-Endo
Ca.Mg,NH3.P,Cl
e.As.Ca.Mg.NH
Heptachlor
Pb.Ca.Mg,
9
.Mg,NH3.P.CI.F.Se
g.Chlorpyri
Se.As
9
e.As. a-Endo.a.F
3,P,CI,F.Heptac
NH3.P.CI.
.As.aphos
HCH.6-HCH
hlor,4.4-DDT.aF
HCH,Malathion,Ph
_______ HCH
ospmidan
Ca,Mg.NH3.P.Fe.CI.
Mg.F.Hg
Cd.Cr.Hg.Ca.Mg
Mg.F.H
Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
Mg.F.Hg. pCd.Cr.Pb.
F.Hg
Mg.F.Hg
Cu.Cr.Hg,Ni.Pb.Se,
Cu.Hg.Pb, |
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
.NH3.P,CI.F,As,
Ca.Mg, NH3.P. Cl
9
Endo
Hg.As.Ca.
As.Ca.Mg,NH3,P.C
Se.As
I
e.As.Heptachlor.aSe
,F.Heptachlor,4.
Mg,NH3,P
I.F.Se.As
HCH
4-DDT.a•CI.F
I
HCH.b-HCH. p_______ Endo_____
Ca.Mg.NHS.P.Fe.CI,
Mg.F.Hg
Cd. Hg.Pb. Se.As
Mg.F.H
Cr.Pb.Se.As.Ca.
Ca.Mg.F
Cu.Cr.Hg.
F.Cu.H
Cd.Hg.Ni.Se.Ca.M
Ca.F.Hg
Cu.Cr.Hg,
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
.Ca.Mg,NH3.P.C
Mg.NH3,P.CI.F.
9
Pb.Se.Ca.
g.NH3.P,CI.F.Se.A
Se.As
9
e.As. PI.F
Heptachlor.aMg.NH3.P
s
Endo,Heptachlor,yHCH.y-HCH
.01,F
HCH.g-HCH
Ca.Mg,NH3.P,Fe.Cl,
Mg.F.Hg
F.Cr.Hg ' Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.Ca
TA,Mg,F.Hg.
Cd.Cr.Hg,
TA.Mg.
Cr.Hg. Ni.Pb.Se. As.
Mg.F.HgA
Hg.Pb.Se.
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
.Heptach
,Mg.CI,F.As.Se
,Pb
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI
P-Endo
F.Hg
PB.Se.As.
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Idrm
As
lor
e.As.Heptachlor.a.F.Heptachlor.aCa.Mg.NH
Se.As. P-Endo,aHCH
HCH.6-HCH. p3.P.CI.F
HCH.6Endo
HCH.Malathion.Ald
rin.4.4DDT.Phospmidan
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Mg.F.Hg
Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
Mg.F.H
Cr.Se.As.COD.B
F. p-Endo
Cu.Cd.Cr.
Mg.F
Cu.Cr.Cd.Hg.Ni.Pb.
Ca.Mg.F.H
Cu.Hg.As,
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
.Chlorpy
COD.BOD.Ca.M
OD.Ca.Mg,NH3.
9
Pb.As.CO
COD.BOD.Ca.Mg.
Se
9
As.COD. BOD. Hepta
riphos
g.NH3.P.CI.F.Se
P.Cl.F.a-HCH.
D.BOD.Ca
NH3.P.CI.F.Se.As
chlor. P-HCH.a-HCH
.3P-Endo
,Mg.NH3.
HCH.Heptachlor
P.CI.F
.4.4-DDT.y-HCH

II

e

' !______ I

Hg

Hg
i

I

L

GW

Shankarpu
ra

SW'

Boparai B
Singh

EW

Shankarpu
ra

Ob
■

♦JI** *

1

•

Hg

Hg

Hg

6.5 Rast Bein Drain

S'U?' ''C''C:"Cd

. .....................

Cadmi1”"- C»PP»- Selcni.,,,,. Arsenic. COD an(1

BOD (0.003, 0.03. 0.004. 0.004. 0.01 339 77? 1
/r
272)
nig/L
respectively were observed to be
, . .
icspcctively
higher in mid stream area of l:asl Bein drain i.e.
Khun Khun village.
)

Nickel is source of foundry, foodstuff etc.
certain soils and grains, cereals and meat

Arsenic and Selenium are naturally present in

rcspecti vcly. S61 enipm- ds present in phosphate
fertilizer. Chemical industries arc present in Phagwara. Cadmium
and Chromium
concentration was found to be maximum in midstream
area may be because of presence of
spinning mill in Nasrala Choc. Also Arsenic
used as insecticide applications on farmland.
Excessive fertilizers and pesticides reach
water systems through tap runoffs. Majo:t crops
grown in Hoshiarpur are rice, wheat.
maize, sugarcane and sunflower.
Figure 17: Mapping of main industries along East Bein Drain

East Bein Drain

hoshiarpur

J

L

(
KAPUR7 I IAI. A

(X /
KAPURTHALA

JAUA^DHAR [

Kalasinpha IDiairi

Mundi Kalan (end)

1

Lf

N a s /;a 1^

ad It. i I i .(111 >| n

>

- -gladii, tn.i 1 | jik kn >3)

l^’lTbi-lcrCJudo'wai *

-

Kalol

1 l';,/
FIROZPUR

nawanshahr

r-

- Maheru
Barna la Kalan
___
__Di-ain
":n (origin)
z-^ta*Wwara‘6rainO ®
*

LUDHIANA

o

83

Municipal wash
Plastic
Chemical
Textile
Paper
Leather
Food
Foundry

-J

r noi> ,„d coll was observed to be maximum in midstream
■*V'“Xre7e"ause’of'Eas. Bein .crewed municipal waste of Nawanshahar. Pathiaw.

i

Zmajor sources of pohmion in East Bein. This samied the effluent of M/s

S**

I:»

7;

ar

Kbu* Pbugwar,.

besides carrying domestic effluent from Pbagwaru

“ Zarrying'induslrml effluent u, too. mu,™ mdustr.es at Pbagwara via. Mis Oswa,

h

I*

M s sunk stureb, Mis ICf ....

PtmJab bone mih. Discharge of Pbagwara dram ts

by East Bein drain.

.&

If

PI 'X.t from Kala Sinsha drain was also received by EaS! Bern drain. Coneen.ranon o

I
J

-•

Cadmium. Cbromium. Lead was observed to be above MPL might be because oi

i

! srf. plastic, paper, tanning, spinning and leather industries present tn East Beta dram.

*

tevillage wise laboratory paran,e.ers in water along East Bcm drain is shown in Table-52.

2

. Mercury, fluoride, calcium and magnesium were found to be more than permissible

S'

limit in effluent water of all the villages along East Bein drain.
Effluent water of Khun-Khun has greater than MPL of Cadmium, Nickel, Selenium.

' w^ '

4S I

Arsenic. a-Endosulpban. Malathion. Clrlorpyriphos and Alkalinity and its ground water

fw

,x^

has higher concentration ofU Imdosulphan. fl-HCH, 6-HCH and Aldrin .
Effluent water of B.rnala Kalan has higher concentration of «-HCH. Heptachlor, 4.4-

r " *
DDT, DDE and Mercury.
. Ground water of Phul Ooddowal has higher concentration of Aikaiimty. hardness and
"IK" ■

■Copper.
ii

' w2

3

nW

1

"MB

84

rT

Si^ii.^

--------

I
*

I

■ .

.

■t

.

I

Table - 52: Village-wise laboratory parameters in water samples alobg East Hein

r

r
Sample
EW

E\\

Village

I

_____________ Feb
Detected
|~

Khun

; Ca.Mg,NH3.P,Fe.R
i Khun
CI.Cl.P.Cu.Cd.Cr.H
g.Ni Se.As.COD.B
OD, a-Endo.PEndo.aHCH,Heptachlor
Phul
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.Fe.C
Guddow I I.F.Cu,Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.
............................
al
Se.As.COD.BOD,

3-

i
EW

GW

GW

GW

sw

I
F.w

I

1

j.
*i
j
;

;
i
i
!

__________ March
| >MPL

>MPL
Detected
Mg.F.Hg.o
Cu.Cr.Hg.Ni.
Se.As.COD.B
-Endo. 3Endo.Hept ! OD.Fe.Ca.Mg
achlor
I .NH3.P.CI.F

Mg.F.Hg

:

Endo.Heotachlor.o________ HCH________
Barr..'.: a
Ca.Me.NH3.P.CI.F.
Ca.Mg.F H
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
•3
As.COD.BOD
Heotacmor

Khun
Khun

Ca,Mg.NH3.P,CI.F.
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se. ,
As.Heptachlcr. pHCH

Mg.F

■
:

Mg.F

i______________ i
1 Cu,Cd.Cr.Hg. ; TA.Mg.F.C
i Pb.Se.As.CO ;
r.Hg
i D.BOD.Fe.Ca i
I Mg.NHS.P.CI I
i
,F
Cu.Cr.Hg.Ni.
Ca.Mg,F.H
Se.As.COD.B
3. 3OD.Ca.Mg N
Enoo.HeDi
H3.P.CI.F. Bachlor
Endo.Malathi
on.DDE.o: HCH.&-HCH_____________
■ Cd.Cr.Hg.Se. ' Ca.Mg.F.H
Ca.Mg.NH3.
g
: CI.F,As.Hept
■ achlor,4,4i
DDT
i

T

Endo.a-

j

Cu.Hg.Ni.Se.As ' . Mg.F.Hg
COD.BOD.Ca.M
9.NH3,P.CI.F
i

HCH.Heptachlor

__________ July
Detected
>MPL
Cd.Cr.Hg,
Pb.COD.B
OD.Ca.Mg ,
.NH3.P.CI.
F

I

1

7■ ^d,iviy.,r
Ca.Mg..P.Fe.C!.F.C
Phul
.re.ui.r.u I Mg.Fe.F.C : Cd.Cr.Hg.Se. i •Ca.Mg.F.H
gllddow ! u.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.A
........
| u.Ni.Hg. pAs.Ca.Mg.NH j
g
al
s. PEndo
3.CI.F
] Endo.Heptachlor.oHCH.6-HCH
Bamaln I Ca.Mg.NH3,P.CI.F.
Mg.F.Hg | Cd.Cr.Hg.Se. i Mg.F.Hg
Kalan I Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
As.Ca.Mg.NH I
! 3.P.CI.F.0- '
As.Heptachlor
:
!
HCH
|
i Bainala
Ca.Mg,NH3.P.CI.F.
Mg.F.Hg ■ Cd.Cr.Hg.Ca.
Mg.F.Hg.
I Kalan
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
Mg.P.Cl.F.As,
3As.Heptachlor
I Se. p-Endo • Endo.Hept
I _____
achlor
Khun
I Ca.Mg.NH3.P.Fe.R
Mg.F.Hg.a
Cu.Cr.Hg.Ni. I
Mg.F
Khun
Cl.CI.F.Cu.Cd.Cr.H
-Endo. Pi
Se.As.COD.B
I g.Ni.Se.As.COD.B
Endo.Hept
OD.Fe, Ca.Mg
i
OD, a-Endo.Pachlor
.NH3.P.CI.F

J

__________ May
Detected___ >MPL

/ 4

r,

;H

Mg.F.Hg

Cd.Hg.Pb.COD
3OD.Ca.Mg.NH
3.P.CI.F

TA Ca Mg.
F He

!
I
I
'

>MPL

■Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni.
COD.BOD.Ca.Fe.M
g.NH3.P.CI.F.Se,As,

Ca.F.Hg

3-

Endo.Ch
I Icrpyriph
Endo,Malathion.Pho
os
spmidan_
Cu.Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni.CO I Ca.Mg.F
D.BOD.Ca.Mg.NHS. •i
-Hg
P.CI.F.Se.As!

Cu.Hg.Pb.
As.COD.B
OD,Ca.Mg
.NH3.P.CI ,'
F

Ca.F.Hg

Cd.Or Hg
As.COD.B
OD,Ca.Mg
NH3.P.C!
F

Mg.F.Hg

Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.CO
D.SOD.Ca.Mg.NH3
o.CI.F.Se.As

Ca.Mg F |

Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.Se
As.Ca.Mg.NH3,
P.Cl.F.AIdnn.cHCH.6-HCH

I (Ca.Mg.F.H 1 Hg.Pb.Se. ■ TA.0„.7.;; 1 ‘
'—, Mg.F.Ni,
TA.Ca.F.H ' Cd.Hg.Ni.Se.Ca.Mg.
'
9
As.Ca.Mg. g.Heptachlu. ; . r NH3.P.Cl.F,Se.As. i Hg.Aldn
C— fa <4 or,
r>
NH3.P.CI,
or
j
p-Endo.
3-Endo.an, pi
F
; HCH.Malathion.Aldri ' Endo.Ch
n.Heptachlor.4.4, orpyriph
DDT.Phospmidan
I
os
Cd.Cr.Hg.As.Ca
TA.TH Ca.
Cr.Hg.Ni.S’ i TA.Ca.Mg.
Cd.Cr.Hg.Se.Ni.Ca. ■ Ca.Mg.F
Mg.NH3.P.Ci. .
Mg.F.Hg
e.Ca.Mg.N
F.Hg
Mg.P,Cl.F,Se.As
■Hg
I
H9
Aldrin.Heptachlo
H3,P.CI.F I
r,4.4.DDT,aHCH.6-HCH
Hg.As.Ca.Mg.N
F
Cd.Cr.Hg. i Mg.F.Hg
Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.Ca.
Ca.Mg.F
H3.P.CI.F
Se.As.Ca. '
Mg.NH3.CI.F.Se.As.
.Ni.Hg
Mg.NH3.P j
p-Endo,Malathion
.CI.F
|
Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
Ca.Mg.F.H
Cd.Cr.Hg.
Ca.Mg.F.H
Cd.CR.Hg.Ni.Se.Ca. j Ca.Mg.F
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI
Pb.As.Ca,
9
9
Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.Se.A I .Ni.Hg
,F
Mg,NH3.P
s
■CI.F
Cu.Hg.Ni.Se.As.
Mg.F Hg
Cd.Cr.Hg, I Ca.F.Hg
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.Ni, I Ca.F.Hg
COD.BOD.Ca.M
Pb.COD.B i
COD.BOD.Ca.Fe.M
g.NH3.P.CI.F
OD,Ca.Mg j
g.NH3.P.Cl.F.Se.As. j Endo.Ch
.NH3.P.CI. |
lorpynph
3F
Endo, Malathion, Pho
os
spmidan

I

ii

December______ j
■Detected | >MPL~ '
" II
.Cu.Cd.Cr.H
g.Pb.Se.As 1

Hg

Cr.Hg.Pb.S
e.As

ng

:

3-

i________________ >_

Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.As, I
COD,BOD,Ca M i
g.NH3,P,CI,F,a- i
HCH

I

■ ft. *

Ca.f.Hg

:______ October
i Detected

P-

Cu.Cc Hg
Se.As

Cu.Hg.Se.
As

Cu.Cd.Cr.H
g.Pb.Se.As '

Cu.Hg

Cu.Hg.Se.
As

|

Hg

Cu.Hg.Se.
As

I

Cu.Cd.Cr.H '
g.Pb.Se.As |

Hg

I

I

I

6.5 Kala Singha Drain
The study revealed that concentration of Cadmium, Chromium. Mercury, and Lead was

observed to be maximum in its midstream area may be because of tanning, forging metal and
:
*

food industries present near by areas which discharge their effluent into the Kala Singha
drain. Concentration of BOD. COD was found to maximum in midstream area because of
Jalandhar municipal waste which falls into East Bein before mid point area and also because
of dairy effluent which falls into East Bein drain.

a

Figure 18: Mapping of main industries along Kala Singha Drain

Kala Singha Drain
(origin)
Nanga I ?
DhokdiX)

■

>...
Qadoipi
■
I U1
>I ' ' I I ,
KAPURtHALA

Ort.

Bulan

N o o rp u r
Buddho Munder«
Baler Khanpur
Kala Singha

JALANDHAR
Municipal waste
^ofJalandhar

PHAGWARA DRAIN

.‘J:

Fatehpur
Bastiwala
Basti ban Chanda
Lahara Jhakda

Sandhu Zandu •!
(End)

PHAGWARA
f

tl'-'

NAKODAR

Metal
Leather

©

I

Food

The village wise laboratory parameters in water along Kala Singha drain is shown in lablc-

53
Mercury, calcium, magnesium and fluoride were found to be more than permissible

limit in effluent water samples of all villages. Mercury and fluoride were observed to
be more than MPL in ground and tap water samples of these villages too.

s

86
/

I

•

Elllucnl waler of l aluhpur has higher concentration of Hardness and [3-Endosulphan

and its ground Water has higher concentration of Arsenic and Mercury .
i j-t

•

Effluent water of Kala Singha has higher concentration of a -HCIL 4,4-DDT,

Chlorpyriphos, Nickel and Selenium.
•

Effluent water of Nangal has higher concentration'of Copper. Alkalinity and its ground

water has higher concentration of'Aldrin and Heptachlor.

F
i-

■

ft

r

Ii
I

k
i.

*7
■

I
t
■t

i
1

87

i]

Table
Sample

EW

:-.'A

j Village [ ____________ . Feb

Ii Nangal(J)

.
•

Kala
Singhadi

>•1

I
I3
I

:i\\

.•■aienpun j

Detected_____ [
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
As.
COD.BOD.Heptachl
or

5J: Village-wise laboratory parameters in waler samples along Kala Singha drain
>MPL

_____March
Detected

>MPL I

Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.As.C
OD. BOD. Ca.Mg.
NH3.P.CI.F

Mg.F

' Ca.Mg.NH3.P.Fe.CI. '
Cj.Cr Hg.Ni.Se A
RCI.F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.
Mg COD BOD F
i sCOD.BOD.Fe.C
Nt.Se As.COD.BOD
Ho
: a.Mg NH3 P C! F
rieptacmcr

TA Mo
COD B
OD F H

Ca Mg.NHS P Fe.Ci
F Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
' e.As.COD.BOD. B!
Endo.Heptacnlor

Mg.FHg

Mg F hg. 3Enao

Cu.C.' Hg.N; As.C
"A Ca
’ OD.BOD Fe.Ca.M
Mg.F.H
; g.NHS.P.Cl F.Se I
G

I

GW

I

GW

GW

sw

EW

Kala
Singha(J)

Fatehpur( J

)
Naneal(J)

Kala
Singha(J)

Nangal(J)

Ca.Mg.P.Fe.Cl.F.Cu
.Cd.Cr.Hg,Ni.Se.As,

______ May
I >MPL
Detected

Jah
Detected
>MPL
Cd.CR.Hg,
PbAs.CO
TA.Ca.
D.BOD.Ca,
Mg.F.H
Mg.NH3.P.
9
CI.F
!

Cu.Cr.Ni.C
OD.BOD.C
Ca.Mg,
a.'-.1g.NH3,
F
P.Cl.F.Se.
I
As
1 Cd.Cr.Hg, I
I Pb.Ni.SE.A
Pb.Ni.SE.AI i Ca.Mg.
I
Cd.Cr.Pb.Se.C i
1 s.COD.BO
s.COD.BO| I COD E
! Cd.CrHg
Mg.CO
OD.BOD.CaM
i
D.Ca.Fe.M I OD.F.H
i D.BOD. : PbC0D;B I COD.B
g.NHS.P.Cl.F.
g.NH3.P.CI: I g. 0' OD.Ca.Mg j OD.F.H !*
. F.Hg,He
Heptachlor.on,arhlrtr • NH3.P.CI.
F,Se.As
■ Endo.C
ptachlor
9
:
HCH
hlcroyn
3Endo.Pbos
ones
omiaan
Cd.Cr.Hg
C-HcPp
Pb.Ni.Se.C
Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni A
Ca Mg
7A.Ca
SeAsCO
;
s.COD.BOD.C
. COD.B
Mg.F.H
D.BOD
Ca
!
TA.Ca.F
j
a.Mg.NH3 P.O!
' OD.F.H
9
.F
■ C|P
: Se.As.pi
9
1
1
'
Endo.oHCH

Hg.As.COD.E i Mg.F.H
OD.Ca.Mg.NH
9
3.P.CI.F

Ca.F.Hg. pEndo

Cd.Hg.Pb.As.Ca.
Mg.P.Cl.F.Se

Ca.Mg.
F.Hg

I Cd.CR.Hg.Pb.
j As.Ca.Mg.NH3
.P.CI.F

Ca.Mg.
F.Pb.Hg

Hg.As Ca.
Mg,NH3.P.
CI.F

Ca.Mg.
F.Hg

Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.
As. Heptachlor.aHCH

Mg.F.Hg

Cd.Cr.Hg.Pb.As.
Ca.Mg.Cl.F.Se

Mg.F.H
9

Cd.Cr.Hg.As.C
a,Mg.NH3.P.CI
.F

F.Hg

Cr.Ni.Se.A
s.Ca.Mg.N
H3.P.CI.F

Ca.F

Ca.Mg.NH3,P.Fe.CI.
F.Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.S
e.As.Heptachlor

Mg.F.Hg

Cd.Hg.Pb.As.Ca.
Mg.Cl.F.Se.
Aldrin.a-HCH

Mg.F.H
g.Hepta
chlor

Hg.Ni.As.Ca.M
g.NH3.P.CI.F

Mg.F

Cd.Cr.Hg.
Pb.As.Ca,
Mg,NH3.P,
Cl F

F.Hg

PEndo.Heptachlor,aHCH_______ !

Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se,
F.Hg. pAs. PEndo.Heptachlo
Endo.Heptachlor.o_______ HCH_______
Ca.Mg.NH3.P.CI.F.
Cu.Cd.Cr.Hg.Ni.Se. i
As.
Mg.FHg
I COD.BOD.Heptachl |
I
or

______ October
Detected
>MPL

Cd.Cr.Hg.As.Ca.
Mg.P.Cl.F.Se.He
ptachlof.4,4-DDT

Mg.F.H
9

Hg.Ca.Mg.NH3
.P.CI.F

Cr.Hg.Ni.Se.As.C
OD.BOD.Ca.Mg.
NH3.P.CI.F

Mg.F

Hg.As.COD.B
OD.Ca.Mg.NH
3.P.CI.F

Mg.F.H

9

Mg.F.H

9

Cd.Cr.Hg.
As.Ca.Mg.
NH3.P.CI,
F
Cd.CR.Hg.
Pb.As.CO
D.BOD.Ca, ‘
Mg.NH3.P.
GIF

F.Hg

TA.Ca
Mg.F.H

9

Cd.Cr.Hg.
Pb.Ni.Se.C
a.Mg.NH3.
CI.F.Se.As
Cd.Cr.Hg,
Ni.Se.As.C
a.Mg.P.CI.
F,Se.As
Cu.Cd.Hg.
Pb.Ni.Ca,
Mg.NH3.CI
.F.SeAs

December
Detected 1 >MPL .
Cu.Hg.Se
As

|
1
i
!
■

Cr.Hg.Se
As

!

•
!

Hg.Se As

i

Ca.F.Hg

Cu.Cd.Hc
Se.As

Ca.Mg.
F.As.Hg

Cu.Hg.Se.
As

Ca.Mg.
F.Hg

Hg.Se.As

Cd

Hg

--------- 1

Hg.Ni.Se.C
a.Mg.NH3.
CI.F.Se.As
.P-Endo

F.Hg

Cu.Hg.Se
As

Cu.Cr.Ni.C
OD.BOD.C
a.Mg.NH3.
P.Cl.F.Se.
As

Ca.Mg.
F

Cu.Hg.Se.
As

Hg

88

5

Discussion
The present study was conducted in the area of five major drams m Punjab to

ascertain the effects of effluent pollution on human health and water quality. A total of 5371
and 2018 person were selected by a systematic random sampling from reference and control
area respectively and interviewed to elicit information on various morbidities. Samples ol

1 ip. ground'and effluent water: vegetables: fodder: bovine and human milk; blood; urine and

J

l.uccal smcarA were collected from 1 ebruary 2006 to March 2OO7.Waler samples were tester
far physical and chemical parameters: concentration of heavy metals and pesticides and

I’vcls of organic pollution by estimating BOD and COD values.

Overall distribution of persons in the reference and control area revealed that the

smdy population in two areas was similar in terms of socio-dcmographic characteristics;

smoking and alcohol consumption habits. A higher prevalence of utilization of drain water
for irrigation in fields (p<0.()5) was observed among residents of reference area. Significantly

Ifghcr proportion of study subjects from reference area had an industry discharging its waste

I y>a2>LV

I

in' close proximity to its source of drinking water (p<0.05). Statistically significant

association for occurrence of gastrointestinal problems, water related vector borne diseases
(malaria, dengue), skin, eye and bone problems was observed among persons residing in

reference area (p< 0.005).
I

i

Higher occurrence oh skin allergy, gastritis, hypertension, joint pains and respiratory

piahicnis has also been reported dHring an assessment of impact of industnal elllncnt on
h.man health in Noyyal river basin area in Tam.lnadn which is affected by the effluent
di icharge from dyeing and bleaching lactorics in firupur. a major hosiery center in South
In lia. The city of Ludhiana also has numerous industrial including hosiery units involved in
dyeing which discharge (heir effluent into Buddha drain. Drain wise stratilled analysis for
morbidities also reaffirm this finding, which shows a significantly higher association ol

gadrointcstinal. skin. eyes, and bone problems among residents of Buddha drain. A similar

study conducted in Noyyal river basin in Coimbatore. Erode and Korur districts to study the
nature and impact of effluent outer pollution on human health among households in 31
villages organized three health camps Io perform aa primary survey for health stums. It was
)

89

i

7
.. -z-»-,-«rrrT;.Tr’.'.wi” W®

s observed from all (he three eamps lluii du c were symptoms of skin allergy, gastritis and
of the villagers attendingrespiratory problems among villagers. On an average, one forth
:
. (i)

these camps had one of the symptoms ol \\ater borne diseases

b

A survey of prevalence of general health problems in the present study revealed that

P hair and fingernail loss was obserx ed to be significantly higher among residents of reference

■ ) area (p<0.05). A case study to observe the environmental pollution of paper and pulp
|)f industry with respect to human health problems conducted in Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh,

E India) reported higher occurrence of hair loss form hand and fingers and other dermal

problems among mill workers and residents ol village situated within a radius of half

kilometers of mill

Occurrence of mottling of teeth which was observed to be significantly higher in the
[

residents of reference area correlates well with average fluoride level of tap and ground water

k more than the permissible limit set by W HO ,’1 High levels of fluoride in the ground water is
also validated by W11() analysis which reports that 16.2% samples tested in Punjab had

!> fluoride level in ground water in excess of 1.5mg/l. High fluoride levels were also reported in

F district Bhatinda (1 1.7mg/I). Punjab is known as an endemic state for dental and skeletal

<

flourosis.

Another study from Punjab rcporied fluoride levels in Jalandhar, Amritsar and
Ludhiana as 0.55ppm. ().45ppm, and (). ’..’ppm respectively. Present study however repoitcd
1 ■>

higher average lex'cl of fluoride w,lh

and 69% samples of ground and tap watci

respectively having fluoride level more lhan 1.5mg/l. No significant diffeiencc in fluoride
levels of ground waler was observed bciwecn areas affected by effluent pollution and those
not affected. These high fluoride levels arc due to excessive tapping of ground water lor

irrigation purpose and other sources, w hich leads to leaching of fluoride in earth's surface

into the water.
jP

'•

tw

All the systemic and general health problems were observed to be higher among
ill
females. Eye, bone, kidney7 problems alonu
w ith hair/nail loss and numbness of fingers were

90

’

’

observed to be significantly higher among the females (p<0.05). Men-have larger average
lean body mass and higher water content, resulting in higher distribution volume lor water
soluble substances, thus more dilution. Women on the contrary have larger relative fat mass,

thus larger distribution volume for fat-soluble substances. Most environmental chemicals arc
lipophilic. Many of them pass readily through skin/dermal route which is important for

formal and informal occupational exposures, as well as exposures from cleaning agents,

cosmetics and other products applied to skin l>] Another study observed that women arc more
vulnerable to cadmium and lead. Cadmium accumulates in tfe renal area and in the bone,

causing renal dysfunction and osteoporosis ,<,J1

Besides fluoride, ground and lap waler in the study area had higher than permissible

limit of pH, caleium and magnesium w ilh ffir-siginficant difference between reference and
control areas.

)

The present study revealed higher than permissible levels of BOD and COD in

effluent water from reference area. Si mi lai results have aho been reported by another study,
which found the BOD level in Buddha drain water in the range of 233 to 960 mg/L. Four

major industries in Ludhiana have been reported to be discharging their wastes into the

Buddha drain without an}’ effective treatment. Ibis high level of BOD and COD indicate
indiscriminate discharge ol domestic sewage, industrial waste and diary dischaiges into the
drain without any treatment ,'S| Another study conducted in the Buddha diain aica to assess

(he quality of ground water for domestic purpose along Buddha drain in Ludhiana city has
also reported higher than permissible COD level

I his is also an indicator that organic

pollution in the form of high BOD and COD level of effluent drains is contaminating the

adjoining ground water sources. The influence is more towards right hand side than left hand

side
)

}
Mercury levels were lound to be more than permissible limit in ovci 80/o samples of

ground water from both reference and control areas. Mean concentration of mercury was also
observed to be higher than maximum permissible limits in both areas. Mercury primarily
affects the central nervous system causing tremors, emotional lability, insomnia, memory
loss, headache and polyneuropathy"’

91

Study population in reference area had significantly

-JO
<xmpioms like headache, numbness of finger (paracsthesias). Other

excessive mcreun on human health include gastrointestinal symptoms like
marrhea. renal toxicity, redness and burning ol eyes and conjunctiva.
■

^oHniing.

-fines ucre

observed among the study population in the present study.

ll'12. gastrointestinal symptoms l3,
afar studies have also observed neurotoxicity
,■
15-16 due to excessive exposure to mercury,
t32L-.usi=r-i
’■ irritation and sensitization
IL-^-TC-rnn include broken thermometer and BP apparatus, electrical switches.

bulbs, batteries and paints. It is also used as a fungicide, insecticide and
The city of Ludhiana where the Buddha drain passes has 400

unns. Amritsar and Jalandhar also have units involved in electroplating,
> - : ' ■'' - i ■

i^rorrnv switches and bulbs and also metal industry. Waste from these, together with
and BP apparatus from hospitals and households and broken electric

arirnfas could be culpable causes of heavy mercury contamination of ground and tap

IVSH,.; Mercury being more than permissible limit, water samples also detected
.such as Cadmium. Chromium, Copper and Lead. Cadmium compounds are

jyienuused in re- chargeable Nickel- Cadmium batteries. These products are rarely
mien dumped together with household waste. Recent data indicate that
^... cmects of cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels then
I73SXE-V asjapated. primarily in the form of kidney damage but possibly also bone effects

ms-re-, ’.lanv individuals in 1’uropc already exceed these exposure levels and the

,s for large group l7. Although Arsenic was detected in 70% of effluent,
.s ••-er iar:\
i sane and 50% of tap water samples, however its levels were within maximum
i G.01 mg/IJ.

■

'

-le-r

sm-vey on adult men (20-40 years) belonging to low-income groups from
Buddha drain reveals that intake :
and.tube well irrigated areas in Ludhiana city near
3-6 times than that in tube
and nickel by men in sewage irrigated area was
-2=--c

Dietary lead intake was 116% of the maximum tolerable limits while

92

■1

, __ __ _

cadmium intake being four limes (lie maximum permissible limit. Mercury concentration was .

not analyzed by this study ls. Other studies have also noted deleterious effect of heavy metal
contamination of Buddha drain water on aquatic life and enhanced human consumption of*

heavy metals in Ludhiana and Jalandhar

Metal industries and electroplating units, which

are'in abundance in the study towns, arc noteworthy incriminating sources of heavy metal (

pollution. Besides these, industries involved in manufacture of batteries could be responsible
for heavy metal pollution ol w aler bodies.

•
The potential adverse impact of the chemicals and heavy metals depends oh many

factors, including the level and mirition of exposure, the potency of chemical, the mechanism
of action, and interactions among those chemical and heavy metals 2I. This makes .1 difficult t

to identify the relative contributions of individual substances to the physiologic alterations

and to determine the degree of toxicity present in the environment that contains diverse
mixtures and various concenlralions ol substance and pollutants.

%

Ilcptachlor, [J-Endosulphan and Chloryriphos pesticides were found in concentrations

exceeding the maximum residue limit among 22.5%. 21.5% and 16.1% samples of ground '

and tap water samples. Other pesticides whose concentrations in ground and tap water were

observed to be more than the permissible limit in the present study included Aldrin (8.6%
samples) and one sample each of I’.ndosulphan and Malathion. Other studies done elsewhere (
in the country have not detected such high pesticides levels with a study from Jaipur

;

reporting all drinking water samples to be contaminated with various organochlorine *

pesticide residues of DIM and its metabolites, 1ICII and its isomer. Heptachlor and its
epoxide and Aldrin. However only a few exceeded the permissible limits2’. Another study, ,

which analyzed organochlorine insecticide residues in drinking and ground water, detected

'

' their presence, although below maximum contaminated level prescribed by Wl IO .

A study from Punjab done lo

I

DUf concentration in the range

of (),8 to 4.42 mg/L in drain water. The concentration of

various parameters in the ground waler sample was

standards" .

f

usscss the water quality of East Bein drain in 1998 reported

found to be well within the prescribed

,

Ic
s
i

93

€
€
______ ______ —

J

|

High pesticide level in ground and tap water enters the human food chain through vegetables

I

grown in such soil. Pesticide contaminated fodder consumed by milch cattle leads to

increased secretion of pesticides in milk. Monitoring oi human and bovine milk is important

A

from two standpoints. Firstly, pesticides tend to accumulate in the fat and arc relatively easy
to isolate and measure; and secondly to evaluate their potential risk to infants, who rely

solely on mother’s milk for a substantial period28. Residues of these compounds in human
milk have been extensively reported in India and elsewhere.

i

>Tw6 out of five bovine milk samples tested in the present study revealed Chloropyriphos ,

residues in excess of tolerance limit. Dieldrin was found to be in excess of maximum residue

limit in one sample. Any one organoehlorine or organophosphate or both pesticide residues
Were detected in all the five samples tested at 0.05 mg/kg (2,4 DDT, Malathion and 4,4 DDT)

and 0.005 mg/kg (a-HCH. y-HCH, 8-HCH, Chlorpyriphos, Dieldrin, P-Endosulphan)
detectable limits for respective pesticides. All the fodder samples (10) tested in the present

study revealed one or more pesticide residue with Dieldrin being the most commonly

delectable pesticide.

A multicenlric study to assess the pesticide residue in selected food commodities collected
: *

from different states of the country showed that DDT residues were found in about 82% of

the 2205 samples of bovine milk collected from 12 states of India. About 37% samples
contained DDT residues above the tolerance limit of 0.05 mg/kg (whole milk basis). The

proportion of samples with residues above the tolerance limit was maximum in Maharashtra
(74%) followed by Gujarat (70%), Andhra Pardesh (57%), Himachal Pradesh (56%) and

Punjab (5I%)29.
An assessment of Organoehlorine pesticide residue levels in dairy milk and buffalo milk

from Jaipur city during 1993-96 revealed that these milk samples were contaminated with

DDT, DDD, HCI-1, heptachlor and Aldrin. Seasonal variation of these pesticides was also
reported with maximum residue levels in winter season30.

94

Another

study

concentration

in

in

Blicj il,

Madhya

Pardesh

milk

exceeded

the

-HCH.

conducted

breast

y

revealed

that

chlorpyriphos

endosulphan

and

malathion

concentrations by 3.5. 1.5 and <S. I fold respectively. Through breast milk, infants consumed
8.6 times more endosulphan and J. I limes more malathion than the average daily intake level

recommended by the World Health Organization31.Other studies in India have also shown
contamination of dairy milk and its products with high residues of persistent organo chlorine
insecticides, like DD I and I K ’H ‘ '* especially prior to.imposition on ban of their use.

A study was conducted in Ludhiana. Punjab from February-1994 to December 2001 to assess
status of contamination of milk w ilh pesticide residues, particularly after the imposition of

bans on the use of DD1 and IK II in agriculture and public health programs (Malaria
control). The study results clearlv indie ited a change in contamination of liquid milk with
r

significant decline in DDT and IK II residues. Lindane residues predominated in liquid milk

samples, which was present in 53.3% out of total 92 samples32.

Health hazards posed by pesticides include acute toxicity manifesting in the form of
gastrointestinal effects (nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite), skin and allergic reactions.

Chronic exposure to pesticides leads to delayed neurotoxicity (peripheral neuritis and

behavioral changes), carcinogenic and oncogenic diseases, reproductive toxicity (abortion,
still birth, neonatal death, congenital birth defects), lung and kidney damage and effect on
immune system33.

i
1
F
8
6
S
F

Gastrointestinal and skin manifestation:

were significantly higher in the reference area

c
€

population of the present study Although only 5 cases of diagnosed cancer were detected

from the reference area as against none in the control area, micronuclei analysis in buccal

f

smears revealed a significantly (p* ().O5) higher proportion of individuals with micronuclei in
reference area (31%) than control area (25%). Mean ground water pesticide concentration
were observed to be higher in reference area for eight out of twelve pesticides which were

<

$

detectable. Similarly lap waler showed ten pesticides with higher concentration in reference

area.

€

€
€

95

c

have been used to evaluate the
Micronuclcus lest of exfoliated cells in epithelial tissue
' ; substances or -carcinogenic
produced by . low doses of carcinogenic
«•’ genotoxic effects
p'1'35. It detects injuries that survive at least
to which human populations are exposed
rIW. mixtures, t_
which identifies repairable injuries or alkali(W one mitotic cycle as compared to comet assay,
.
36
label. sites'
”.

-

•i

A ■ tudy done among ten battery renovators (exposed to lead) and ten cor painters (exposed to

9

pamieun, sub-producls) and ten age matched controls for bod. group respectively revealed

flt:
A

significantly higher mean cells with micronuclei among the two exposed gtoups co p
teir respective control groups. There was also variation in individual results on each

[ "' exposed group which control group was gui.e homogenous”. Tobacco consumption in every

form and alcohol has been implicated to be causing DNA damage manifesting in the form of
micro nuclei’* However present study had two study groups with similar habtts of tobacco

and alcohol consumption thus strengthening the hypothesis of environmental water pollution
in form of pesticides and heavy metals to be causing mutagenic changes among the
population. Limited DNA adducts studies has also shown varying degree of mula.tons m

-

[

65% subjects in reference area.

I

A study conducted among residents of Mahal village situated 0.5 km from the Tung Dhab
drain in Amritsar. Punjab has shown statistically significant and higher DNA damage in

peripheral blood lymphocytes as detected by come, assay. The study attributed this DNA

damage to higher content of heavy metals including Ph. Cd. Ni. C. and Zn which could have

f't

reached the ground waler of Mahal village through seepage and l.lera! movement of water

Pl
H
■ i

from Tung Dhab drain reported to have high contents of these heavy metals fhc present
study has also reported higher content of Cd. Cr. Hg. Ph and Se beyond the permissible bums

%

in reference area. Another epidemiological study ol cancer cases reported from vrllag

Talwandi Sabo block in district Uhathinda, Punjab observed higher prevalence of cancer

nil
its

Tj

eases and cancer related deaths in the area attributable probably to the higher consumptton of

pesticides, tobacco and alcohol

J

96

*3

Il 1

I

I *

With tohaeoo and nlnohoi .................

io........ . ..... .

1 *

between Ute n o

I-

heavy metal, and'peatie.des poHm....... ..... .......
-P «>“
10 *
eanse for the pre-eaneerons cellular activity au.oog study population. A study conduct
—............. .............. —»

I

Q

-

I

geographic distribution

Other studies have also demonstrated carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of pesticide
eXre«* The difference
—
.acted among study popu.auon o reference

and eontro. area oouid a.so be due to higher ievo.s of eddmium. >ead and memory demoted m

r

'reference area. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and nickel are heavy meta s no
fausing ONA damage leading to mutagcnecity”. It is difficult to pinpoint one srmple cans
but is more likely duo .0 an interaction of both heavy metals and pestterdes.

? SrestiLs exposure is known to have reproductive toxicity. Dau on reproductive mxW
, f
1106 couples where males were associated with spiaying o pes i
I was collected ion
coHected from 1020 unexposed
(OC’1OP led"and soeZZmc status. Analysis of reproductive performance

gave X Mowing incidonee rates for the former and the iatter groups respect,vely. ahoruon
26% vs 15%, still birth 8.7% vs 2.6%. neonatal deaths 9.2% vs 2.2% and congenita

ee

3% vs'O 1%46 A cytogenetic study revealed a significant increase tn chromatic
Xin'ch.— in the peripheral Mood in
exposed to
pesticides .

ne presOTl

on —,

significant (p<0.05). Ih- ,
in reference area. Delayed nnlcstones among clnldt

Q.

significantly

€

’higher in reference area (OR 3.6: ()5n«( I I.’-10.3).

97
H9b.

Jc

j ,. ^-u-iicluded Ihat inorganic and orgam pollution

is an important problem in all major drains

ported by higher BOD; COD, heavy metals (Ug, Cu
-

Cd, Cr, Pb) and pesticides residue

oc-Endosulphan, plleplachlor.
I Cwphan) in reference as compared m control area. I Ins ts also reflected by higher level

Malathion.

Di.neil.oaLe,

Aldrin,

Cu Cd I'b Cr> besides pesueides residue (Chlorpynpho •s. Malathion,
It -Sr
! metals (Hg, ^Ll' ca’ 11 *
ground and tap water
; ,^e. Aldrin, Heptachlor. a-Endosulphan, ^ndosulphan) m
reflected by higher concentration of
, has affected the food chain and human health as
vegetables, fodder, bovine and human
| |
heavy metals and pesticides seen in samples ol
pared to control area. Mercury and fluoride
I ^.nrinc and, blood in reference area as com
in referencejmd control
to been found to be consistently more
1 f
more than permissible limits
I
There is an evidence of genotoxicity as reflected by higher mean micronuclei per cell evidence of genotoxicity
i I A scfcrencc population
which is significant in subjects
as f-nmnared
compared to
to control area,
DNA adduct ...studies has shown
- "■“'Si?'■'
I 'verging to reference area of Hudiara Nallah. Limited
compared to controls.
|
varying degree in 65% of blood samples as
association for occurrence of •
is
reflected
by
significantly
higher
of water pollutiorn is
£
born diseases (Malaria, Dengue), skin . eye
water
related
vector
^itrinteslinal problems,
abortion rates among women and
reference
population.
Average
k -x<m. oene problems in the
ignificantly higher in reference area. There is no
milestones among children arc si%
- W
al present of hiBher ebrome health problems due to genotoxieity since
evidence al present of higher chronic
»■
. ammema, pu.iutiou takes Kmg time even In decades to reflee, m chrome drseases.
’’ a

•'1

s
1

1

Is

13

98

j

!k

Conclusions

J

p""a *1:
Dra,n)'

i e

»- “d fo‘m-"’ —r-Bcsidc ,bis

.v w

; cppe.. — .. .......... . ch— and W were a>s»

X-X:-...— ... ... .............. n-pa^
industrial sources.
2. In villages along

g^,,
L>

r

C«hn». Magnesian,. Flooride. Me™,. 0-

.|hlJJha

„C1C Inund 10 be more rhon MPL in efltoenl. ground and tap

Endosulphan, I leplaclilor
tvside those ellluent water has higher COD and BOD, Ammonia. Phosphate.
water, t
chlorpyripbos. which were found to be more than
Chloride
Of Nickel and Selenium whereas tap
MPL Ground walci lias also nig
oore, has higher eoneenrretion of I sad. Nickel and Cadnr .mw
*

3. *, villages alongJ ludiani Nah;.!.;

„

be higher than MPI u, emuenl g'o™ “
bigbe. COD and BOO. O.me.hoate, Hop acbi

p.nnd„sl,lpban and Chlorpyripbos.
b
....

K£

Ground water has also higher eoneenuanon o! Cadmmt

5

........... . Ml,ttlKS,urn. l lom.de. Mercury and P-

HePtaehlor.CidmPO.pims.
t

4. In villages along Kala Sntg.a

r‘

'

Enditsulphan were Pound to be log er ra,
this, effluent water lias higher (OD and BUI

s
5

cmuenl. ground and lap water. Beside
Gr0„d

1

ri (‘Gfl Arsenic and Cndmium.
water has higher conccnlia ion o
piouridc were observed to be
5. In villages along l^t Hein Drain. Culeiutn. MagneMU.
atcr has highcr

Z—A.. COPPCB-^-"...
Tap water has also higher eonccntiationo

Mcrcurv. llcptachlor and p-

a

t

»

6

villages along lung Dhah dra.n. J^s.
Endosulphan were round to he hu-.hci tld”
effluent water has higher eoneentration o! < OD

t:
99

Als0

Calcium. Chlorpyripbos and

5

Dimethoate. Ground water has higher concentration ol (X-Endosulphan and Coppci
whereas tap water has also higher concentration of Chromium and Lead.

7.

There, is high concentration of heavy metals in drinking water supply based on canal
water viz. mercury, copper, cadmium, chromium and lead which was found due to
hospital waste, untreated or partially treated effluent discharged from the industries,

domestic sources and tap run off. There is a evidence of these metals entering into food
chain as reiiccted by these metals found in samples of fodder, vegetable and urine

.

8.

samples tested.
Fluoride in water has been found to be consistently more than permissible limits (1.5
mg/L). Dental-and skeletal llourosis has been found to be an important public health

-■

problem None of the water sample had fiouride level below 0.5mg/L.
9.

Heptachlor, p-endosulphan and Chloripyriphos pesticides were found in concentrations
exceeding the maximum residue limit in 25%, 21.5% and 16.11% samples of ground and
canal waler based drinking water supply. Pesticides were also detected in fodder,

vegetable, blood, bovine and human milk samples. . This shows that pesticides have
entered into food chain. The possible reasons for detection of these pesticides may be due
to agricultural run off and irrigation of fields with drain water.

10. Gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, vomiting etc), water related vector borne diseases
(malaria, dengue), skin, eye and bone problems were significantly higher among persons

residing in reference area as compared to control area (p<0.05). Neurotoxicity is also
being manifested in reference area.
11. Delayed milestones among children and abortion rates among women were significantly

higher in reference area.
12. Total-coliform and E. coll counts were found to be higher in drinking water in some of
the reference areas (East Bein. I ung Dhab).

13. Prevalence of Micronuclci indicating genetic damage was

significantly higher in

reference area of Hudiara Nallah as compared to control area, DNA adduct analysis
which is also an indicator of genetic damage detected non specific varying mutations in
6^% of blood samples

100

(

<

.i

RccommciKiations

l

Mwicul con.UB.Lee eon,prising o. unde,signed n.en.He.s held i.s n.ee.ing on 14/09/2007 a.

IJ'-'

sehooi of rublie llenl.l,. D-i-unen, of Con.n.nni.y Med.einc. KHMER. Chandigarh .0
review (he report of the l-K'X s.ndv on iirfce. of efflueuf disposal on wa.e,

.y and

human beal.h among people living in close prosin.,,/ .0 ma.ior was.e wafer drams of Punjab.
.The committee recommended that

I

There is a need for regular nmniforing of water qualiiy of drams, industry and municipal

,

4

bodies for organic and inorganic pollution. The Municipal Committees and regulatory
■

bodies need to strictly enforce the relevant rules for waler pollution.

HZT^rv9 '"r ’

Water Supply and Sewage Hoard. Punjab should undertake steps for provision of safe

Rr

ill

2Z

drinking water and proper disposal of sewage. Rural development and PonehayUti raj .
department should encourage panchayats in rural area to plan, construct, manage and

■s

maintain their own waler supply and sanitation facilities as a model, which ts successfully

r"

being implemented in Gujarat.
The local bodies department should support Mumeipal Corporations committees of major

Mr i
3.

towns in Punjab to setup sewerage/solid waste treatment facilit.es. Similarly, industry
should treat their effluent before discharging into water bodies and it should be strictly

4.

enforced by regulators.
Water Supply and Sewage Board should also do regular monitoring of drinking water
quality II should Im hide monitoring of physical & chemical parameters, heavy metals,
pesticides and bacteriological testing: Strict action should be milialed against defaulters.
The board should also setup or idcnlily regions! laboratories in the state in publtc or

private sector to undertake tests for water quality including heavy metals and pesuetdes.
5

The Health Departmeut should establish a surveillance system to tdemily acute and
chronic effects due to heavy mends and pesticides. Regional laboratories it, government

>1
r>|

or private sector should be idemilied to monitor hom y metals and pesticides m urme and

Stood

$

Local health amhori.y designated by health deportment should undertake

monitoring the level rd homy mends and pest,rides in the food. Similarly Biomedical

Waste Manugemem rules

. be strictly followed in Oil health insmutions of the state

to prevent possible eoimmrn.mion of drinking water with mercury.

•1
I

q'

101

' 30

10zt2G

)M■ 4’,//

I'
6

Agriculture and dairy dove

department slnndd undertake reguiar monitoring of

pesticide and heavy moral love!s in hard grains, vegetables, irmts and mdk.

(

7. Environment or Cooperative department should promote voluntary acuon or re
(

of water quality of major drams as demonstrated by experience o emment eo
working on Buddha Noliah and Rost Bein. Cover

out should extend full support

people carrying out such vohrmmv ««es
8

Further studies lor identification ol DNA adduct
' , navy metals and pesticides

Srmilarly, source idem,neutron .

water pollution Iron, industry and numieipal committees should be undertaken.

•

*

-sd-

3b

Mr Yogesh Goal, Chairman. I’unjah l-olluiion Conlrol Board, Patiala

Hr. Birmderji. Singh. Member Secretory. Punjab Polhuion Centro! Board. Patiala

’I

n

Dr. (Mrs.) H.K.Parwana. Scn'mr Scicnlillc Ollirx-r. Punjab

I

Pollution Control Board,
£

] •’atiala
Prof. B.D.Gupta, Former Professor

and Head, Department of Radiotherapy, PGIMER,

Chandigarh.
,)r Arun Tandon, Nodal Offieeo Representative of Director Health Services. Punjab

4

a.K. Soni, Superintending. ) ogmeer. Water Soppiy and Sanitation Board. Ludhiana.

*

Mr. I. S. Kahlon, Representative ol'Dcputy Commissioner.Ludhiana.
Mr. Kuideep Singh. Assll. Commissioner, Representative

of Deputy Commissioner,

~v: ;

Jalandhar.
Mr. Gunrum Singh. Kcpmsvm.unc oiDepuly Commissioner, Hoshiapur.

i:
fl
®l

B

Bi

ft
•?) -•

.1

s

102

c

)

References
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Environment & Forests. Govt, of India. Vol 3; No. 1. April-June 2005.

2. Sharma V, Industrial Waste fcrlili/ers spoiling Punjab’s Water: Tribune news service;

3

2006 Aug 31.
httD://wwvv.rhincbeckhcalth.coni die huavyir^^

Steven J. Bock, diagnosis and

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J

6. Tiwana N S.. Jerath N.. Saxena S K. Nangia P. and Parwana U.K. State of Environment.
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(passer domestics), .1. Environ Monil. 2006, 8, 209-2lo.

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$

1

11. Water Quality States of I ludiura Nullah: A case study. 1998. Punjab Pollution Control

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103

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13 Tiwana N S. .Ictalh N. Singh G. Itoelee,, Heavy metals twllution in Punjab nvers. Emms

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science and t echnology.
.
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(
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large, Norwalk. Connectiat (1994).
. Hzumcu M, Skinner M K. Epigenetic transgcncrational action of
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. Science. 2005: 308 (5727): 1466-9.
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limits for lead and its inorganic
Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure

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I

j

Chawala I. S, Pollution of Buddha Nallah, Ludhiana.

21. Singh D, Aulakh K S,
Bxporl Committee appointed by PSHRC. Ludhitma.2006.
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Kendra M. Quality of Ground water for domestic purposes along
22
Ludhiana city. Thesis: Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhtona. 199 .
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.
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chron,c dcnlcn,al mercury intoxication:

24. Yang Y J. Huang
-.
■
Oecuoalional and Environmental
clinical and field studies in lamp socket manufaclur s.
P
Medicine. 1994; 51 (4): 267-70.

, Brondun J, Brightwell W S, Hudson P J cl al.
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€

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26. ATSDR- Toxicologic;.
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Health and Human Services

<

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• Mr mercury (update). Atlanta. G A. US Department of

Public Health Service. Agency for loxic Substances and

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27. Kang-Yum E. Oransky S II. Chinese patent medicine as a potential source of mercury
•

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poisoning.
poisoning. Veterinary
Veterinary and I Inman Toxicology. 1992; 34 (3); 235-8.
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----- 28. Schwarlz I G, Sindcr T E.

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J Emergency Medicine. 1992: 10 (3); 258-61.
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WC

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I’

’

Elemental mercury vapour toxicity, treatment and prognosis alter acute, unknown
eXpOsure in chloral kali plant workers: Part 1 History, neuropsychological findings and

|

chelator effects. Human and Experimental T oxicity. 1992; 11(3); 201-10

'

* I

30. Jarup L. Hazards of ; ■ o m-tal contamination. British Medical Bulletin. 2003; 68:167-

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31. Hira C K, Ahuja A K. Kawatra B L. Mineral intake by low-income group men in sewage

e

and tube well irrigated areas around Ludhiana city. Indian J Ecol. 2000: 27 (1); 61-7

:a

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32. Kansal B D, Kumar R. Sikka R. Contamination of soils and plants With sewage irrigation.
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1996, Adelaide. Australia.
33. Brar M S, Arora C I . Concentration of microelements and pollutants in cauliflower.

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: Indian J Agricultural Science. 1997; 67(4); 141-3
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factor approach. Environ Ilcallh (Perspective) .1 9)8. 106.1051 8.

/’

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ft
£.,w- - < -

Bhatnegar
35. Bakore N, John P Ja,inking waler samples lr.»n Jaipur. Rajasthan. India. Environ Monil Assess. 2004; 98
(1-3): 381-9
36. Mukherjee I, Gopal M. Organochlorinc insecticide residues in drinking and ground water
in and around Delhi. Environ Mon Assess 2002. Ki (-)■ 185

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37. Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB). Water Quality status of East Bein, PPCB,

Patiala 1999, 33-46.
38. Indian
Mrfcal itaeard, (ICMR). 1CMR Bulletin. 2001 New Delhi ICMR;
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* «

&W-'

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39. ICMR Survclliancc of food coiitainiiuinl.s in India. Rcpuii ol an 1CMK task loicc stud}

c

(Part I). Tokeja G S. Dasgupla .1. Saxena B N. Kalra R L eds. ICMR. New Delhi 1W3.

4

10. ’

40. John P .1, Bakorc N. Bhatnagar I’. Assessment of organoehlorine pesticide residue levels

c

in dairy milk and buffalo milk from Jaipur city. Rajasthan, India. Environ Int. 2001 26
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pesticide residue in breast milk from Bhopal. Madhya Pardesh. India. Ileum Exp. Toxteol
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milk in India, India. Pcslic Res J. 1996: S.32-7.
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€
r
to
to

Pestic Res J. 1997; 9:235-7.
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mieronuelei and eh,on,os.,,.,al ubemnion in V79 evils. >998, Mui Rai, 397,149.59.

45 Mamrsw. Erdlman B. Evaluation oi neeupational risk in a Brazdian hospial. Gove. Mol

€

Single eell gel elecirophoresis assay lor detection of DNA damaging agent’s genotox.e

effeeis orcobal. powder, tungsten carbide and eobali-lungsien carbide. Mui Res. 1997.

Martino

Viegrts

evaluation

through the

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el
Incidence of
J,
J.
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Nair J.
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mieronuclci in oral mucosa of users ol' tobacco products singly or in various

I
>•'.

r
r
f

Biol. 2000;23:485-8.
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risk
I 47. 392: 31-43.Roth M O.
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1 48. Kayak J comet
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al.
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Dave
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Nair
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f

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cc
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€
P

r

combinations. Environ Mol Mutagen 1990; 15(3). lu6-44.

49 Gandhi G. Kumar N. DNA damage in peripheral . ....... lyupboeytes ol md.v, u.

r

residing near a wasiewater dram using underground water resources. Envuonmenial an

>

Moleculra Mutagensis 20(1-1: 43:235-42.
£
<
■

'll-.

106

c-

c
c

>
50 Thakur J S. Kumar K. Kaivuushi a' Au epidemioiugiual s.udy of cancer cases reported

*

from villages of Talwmrdi Sul,.. Block. Dis.rief Bathinda. Punjab. School ol Public

Health. I’GIMER. Chandigarli.200'1 p.2.
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I I
ft

organochiorine residues in food stuffs from India and their implication on human dt.tary

exposure. T Agric food chem 1W.; 40:518-24.
52.Baltu R S, Singh 13. Kang B K Contamination oflipuid milk and butter with pesticide
■

J’'
J

residues in the Ludhiana dislriel of Punjab stale. India. Ecotoxicity and Envtronmenlal

safety. 2004; 59: 324-31.
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'

Health Association of indi;i. New Delhi; 2003. P o3.

k
I

54. Mathru V, Bhatnagar .MShanna

*

and exposure to pcslici<icsaaim?nTg

R (i. Acharaya V. Saxena R. Breast cancer incidense
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?
!

pesticide waste conlaminatutl soil and its lea chate. Biomed Environ Sci. 2004; 17(3):

*

'

56. 257-65.
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Ecotoxicol Environ Sal. 2005: 61 (j). 404-12.
57 Jamil K. Sharik AP. Muhb.mh M. Krishna D. Effect of organophosphorus and

r

organochiorine pesticides tMonuurolnhos. Chlropyriphos, Dimethoate and endosulphan)
on human lyopltocylus i„-v,h„. Drug <'hcm Toxicol. 2004; 27(2): 133-44.
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for genomic DNA. the rt-suhs and some ullucts of nutritional intervention. .1 Nutrmonal
• and Environmental Medicine. ’’OO?.: 12. 19-31.
59. Rup. D S. Reddy P P. Heddy ■ > S. Reproductive performance in population exposed to

' ;3 •
■

pesticides in cotton fields in India. Environ Res. 1991; 55:123.
•6O.Rita P. Reddy P. Reddy S V. Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to pesticide
in grape gardens of Andhra Pardcsh. Environ Res. 1987: 44:1.
>
a*

>

>

>

107

i

C
(

Annexurc-1

I

-

Peiforina

4

EFFECT or EFFUIENT mSPOSALON ««
health among Pl -OP1^ Ln at/ah east bein drain, kala
DUDDHS1NGHAA»MN & TUNG DHAB DRAIN IN PUNJAB.

school of PubHc Heahh, Department OfCommunity Medicine,
PG1MER, Chandigarh
PUNJAB POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Date of Survey

EZEJ

6
i

Section (A) GENERAL INFORMA PION

l.IDNo.
2. Name of the Respondent-----3. Address: House No:.

4
i

Street/Mohalla Name

-----Town/Village:

Local landmark —

I?

PIN Code

Tehsil /Distt. ,
L

Telephone No.

*

4. Total Family Members:
; (Per Month) in Rs5. Per capita Family Income
2. 840-2499
1. =Below 840
5. =8400-16,799
" 4=4200-8399

6. Housing Details:
6(a) Type of Locality

(

3 =2500-4199

6. 16,800 or above

2.=Industrial 3 = Commercial
1. - Residential

4.= Farm 1 .and
6(b) Number of years residing

5.= Other. Specify.---------

in the present place:

108

SOCIOECONOMIC
Name

Mem.
IT)

■ \|\|) ()( ( DI’.VnONAL STA 1 US

Relationship
With
Respondent
(Code i )

Sex
(Co(le2)

\<’C

Thai
Marital
Status
(Code 3)

Occupation
(Code 5)

bevel of
education
(Code 4)

^Occupational
exposure due
to chemicals &
fumes
l=Ycs,2=No
9=N.A._____

-■

id";
■\..

.

■■■■

__

■■■

i

■

I
>

r

...

I:

1= Self2

10

2:
3:
4i

109

l ather i

Mollici I

llusbandS

Wiled

Brother? - Sister <S Son 9-Daughtcr

Other, Spec if)

l=Malc

2 leniale

Widowed 4 Divorced
z| Middle 5 Metric
Mlliteratc 2
I ilcraic '< I’mnary
Professional degree. I lonoi - I 'uttee

1-Married 2 I Inmari i . d

’

6-Sccondary 7-

IX-g.ee,

PG,

5: l=Professional 2 -Scnn-piulessional. clerical, shopkeepers. 3= l ann owner 4

l anner

5= Farm Labourer 6 Skilled worker 7 Semi-skilled 8- Unskilled 9= Unemployed
SECTION (B) ASSESSMENT' ()l V\ A TER QUALITY

a) Drinking water pollution
Source of Drinking Water I

2 = Deep Hand pump

Shallow Hand pump

3. = Tap (Municipal supplies) -I.

Shallow Well 5 = Deep Well

6 = Others, specify
Do you think water is polluted

Yes 2

No

l-Ycs 2

No

1

If No, Skip lo Q.3
If Yes 2(a) Is it colored?
(b) Is it turbid?

I Yus 2 No

(c) Is it biller in laslc?

1 : Yes 2 r No

(d) Does it stains the utensil? 1 Yes 2
(c)Any foul smell?

No

1 Yes 21 No

3.

For how long have you been consuming this water ?(yrs)

4.

Do you provide any treatment to waler before di inking. 1

Yes 2=No

If no. Skip lo b)
If yes, purification method used: I Boiling 2 — 1 iltci
3. Chlorination 4 - Others, Specify

b) Industrial water pollution
Is there any industry elosu (o drinking waler source. 1
1.

\ es 2 No

If no. Skip lo c)

1

If yes la. Specify type of industry

ftI

I

............

lb. App. distance of industry from your water source. (Kms)------ - ------

lc. Do industries dispose oil solid waste in open space? 1

Yes 2 No

ld. Do industries dispose olT waste water in open drain? 1=. Yes 2 = No

If. Is that waste from industries coming lo your field
(if occupation is Agriculture)

1= Yes 2= No

110

lite
__ ;

■r

>

1
C) Solid Waste/Saniluti
Do you have aeeess 10 a loilel faehlly I. Yes -■ No

Type ori oile. Iheih.y: I

2.

1

Sep.ie tank 2- Dry ph 3'0pen an- defcannn

BEaNMBSESEaBKSSQKMnABSSx^KZIRk

4= Sanitary latrine
ether. Specify---------- ---------------------Is there a public toilet iaeiiity in your area l'= Yes 2 = No

•

i

»

3.

1

A

Do you have access to a re fuse/garb age disposal facility: I-Yes 2=-No

4,

(i) Is there wastewater stagnation near your area l=Yes 2=No.

5

Industrial waste waler 2= Ram water

(ii) Source
of stagruHcd
stagnated water
(ii)
Source ol
wulci. 11

■

i

Y

,

r

/

6

t

d)

Iw

3--Scwagc/wastc
3=Scwage/waslc water.
waler. -II Other. Specify---------------(iii) If yes. how inair, das s does (he inundation remains
(iii) If yes. how man') da\
Do you have prohk... whhmseets/ rats/ other disease vectors : l^Ycs
2=No

Agricultural Practices
JL.1 Are you involved in agricultural practices? 1

IB

Yes 2-- No

i<

if no. Skip to c)
2. Do you use inscclici<4e pesiicidc in your fields? 1

'1

3. Do you use waste waler naliah waler for irrigation? l=Yes 2-No

I

.) Hoosol- . ................... . On I,

Probkm in .he Lneah^
Ranking (l=No pollution,
2=Po 1 lution, 3=Scvcrc pollution)

Enviroiinicutnl Problem
1. Industrial water pollution

2. Ground water pollution

&

3. Waste water pollution
.4. ^olid waste pollution

5. Any other (Specih )

a
111

“w'"
:

Yes 2. No

___________
.......... •■7' ■'
n

•

Ie
4
C

SLCTION -(C)
HEALTH ASSI.SSMi.M FOR ADULTS (12 yrs. or more)

3
1

1) GENERAL INFORMATION

Member ID

Code

1. Proxy/Dircct Interview

I -Proxy, 2=Direct

2. Member’s name

Rill Name

3. Age

In years

4. Sex

I-Male, 2=Female

5. Smoking habits
If no, skip to Q6. -_______
5a. If yes, Type of Tobacco
Smoke

1—Yes, 2=No

1
4

1-Cigarette
2=Bidi, 3=Hukka
4 Others_______
Frequency (sticks
per day)

5b.Smoking history

3

Duration (in yrs)

6. Any habit of Tobacco
chewing________________
6a. If yess Specify Duration

RYcs2-No
if no, skip to 7.
Duration (in yrs)

7. Alcohol Habits

l-~Yes2=No 9=N.A.
if no skip to Q2.
Freq.(No. of days
per week)

7a. If yes, frequency &
duration

£

4

4

Duration (in yrs)

*1

4

r
■

I-I

2) GASTROINTESTINAL ASSESSMENT

Do you suffer from any of following Symptoms?
Give Detail as 1= Persistently 2

c.,

Member ID

hi

r- I

1. Cramps____________
2. Nausea_______
3. Constipation _______
4. Do you pass loose stool
frequently

I

Frequently 3= Occasionally 4= No

r

Code

C
I Yes, 2 -No
(if yes go to 3a.
otherwise skip to 4.)
112

■

i

■'

c
r
4
€
i
C

4a.Watery stools

I Yes. 2 No

4b.With mucus

Yes 2:-;No

4c. With fever

1 Yes. 2r-No

4d. Accompanied with blond

1 Yes. 2 No

1 Yes.
Noyellowness
5. Have
you2had
of eyes?,________
I Yer 2--No
6. Do you experience
frequent loss of appetite?
3) WATER RELATED VE( K)R BORNE DISEASES
L..

.

Member ID

i

('ode

Have you suffered from any ol following diseases?
1 Yes 2~No______
1) Malaria
7
Yes 2 No
2) Dengue
4)

SKIN PROBLEMS
Member ID

»

1. Do you experience any
skin problem? (II no. Skip
to Q .6)________________
2. Is there any
redness/itching 01 skin?
3. Any other
lesion on skin?
__
3a.If yes, specify

.... z

is

5)

!

( Ode

I Yes 2-No

1

Yes 2- No

I

> es 2 No

1 On exposed areas
2 I )istribilled evenly
on exposed surface
3 Patchy/ linear

EYE PROBLEMS

e?SSSBK5!BEEBBas.-

Member Id

I
k

'

I

I

■

Code

1) Do you suffer from any
eye problem?
la. Is there any
irritation/itching in eyes?
lb. With redness

I Yes 2 No
If no. skip to Q7.
1 Yes 2 No

■ lc. With watery discharge

I Yes 2 No

-.

113

Yes 2 No

s

>76) BONE PROBLEMS
Member ID

•I

Code

1 .Are you suffering from
Bone problems? (11 no. Skip

l=Yes2 No
If no. skip lo Q8.

to Q- 8)________ _________
la. Pain in Bones

1 - Yes 2-No

lb. Are they getting
fractured easily?

”1 Yes 2-No

_____

kidney problems

H?)

Member ID

la. Do you suffer from any
kidney probleth? (List 1)

1

Code

1= Yes 2 No If no,

Skip to Q9.

lb. If yes, specify

(List 1 =Puffmess offace,

A FOR EVER MARRIED FEMALES)
8) OBSTETRICAL PROBLEM (ONI
Member ID
I '■

1 Have you ever been
pregnant?
_
2. No. of pregnancies

i

£

H
I. •
1
I 1

■

■

■

1= Yes 2=No
If no. skip to Q10.

3. No. of live births

11
‘

Code

4. No. of still births

I

5. No. of abortions

i

6. No. ofpremature births

9)

miscellaneous
Member ID

Code

»

1. Mottling of teeth

2. Discoloration of teeth
3. Hair / fingernail loss
4 -Numbness in finger or

4

1 = Yes 2=No

T7* Yes 2 -No
Yes 2 'No

~ ■ Yes 2. No
114

i ices_____________________
. S Mental retardation
tCancer -________ _
j
’
Ifves, Specify site

------------- -------

y 7. Thyroid Problem
|;7a. If yes, specify (1 Tst 2)

1
T

cs
\ us 2 No

1

Yes 2 No

r‘it 2 - Goiter, Loss/Gaiii of wt.)
ILLNESS IN LAS I I WEI A E MONTHS
Member 11)
________________ -

Code

L.How was your health
over the last 12 months'.’

1 very good, 2- good,
3 average, 4 -poon^gg
5 /cry poor

■*. During the past 12
hiHjnths, have you had any
rilness?

I

j:
If yes. What was the
| illness?

Spccily

‘ 2b. How many times?

Mention frequency

£______________ _—

Yes 2 No

SECTION- D
HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR CHILDREN (LESS THAN 12 YEARS)

1?

Member ID_____ __
l.Proxy/dircct interview

('ode_____________
I Proxy. 2 Direct

i 2. Name

Hi,I Name

! I.Sex

5

j 4.Age

~

Exact no. of years

GENERAL HEALTH S r A l l S

: Member II)

M

M 1.1' 2

« i.How would you rate
I :he child’s health as
f compared to other
children of his/her age'?
i 2. Had the child born

( 'ode ____ ____ __
\ Good 2 Average
3 Poor

I Yes 2 No

with low birth wt. (Less
han 2.5 kg)
- 115

B

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r
r

3*
2a. If yes, specify

| Pre-term 2-Term

3. Is child born with any
congenital disorders ?

1- Yes 2 No

3a.Ifyes, specify

1 -Single delect
2- Multiple defects

r
r

3b.Specify the defect/s

I
"I

W'
'iarf

i
i

4. Does the child suffer
from developmental
disability/delayed
milestones?
4a. Was the child cried
. normally at birth?
4b.Was baby turned blue
at the time of birth?

1 -Yes 2- No

4c. Language delay

l=Yes 2- No

4d.Mcntal Retardation

1- Yes 2-; No

1-Ycs2

1 Yes 2 No
t

4e. Specify any physical
features (List 3)
Polvdcu^FSymdactyly)
(List 3 = Simian crease,

health problems
gastrointestinal problems

1 Yes 2 No

2.Nausea

1 - Yes 2 No

. -J

3. Do you pass loose
stools fj-equently?

3a.Watery stools

l=Yes 2=No______
l=Yes 2=No

;z

i
■>

s

*

Member ID
I Cot^-------------- —"Record incidence of any of the follo'v.ng condU.ons.

1 I

J

f

1 .Cramps

_______

3b. With mucus
3c. With fever
3d. Accompanied with
blood_________
4'.Constipation

1= Yes 2~No
If no, skip to Q. 4

l-Yes 2’=No
1-Yes 2 “No

l=Ycs 2 No

116

w
ni

*

r’
3

MISCELLANEOUS
Record incidence of any ollhe following conditions:
LMottling of teeth

1 Yes 2 No

2. Blue line on gums.

1 Yes 2 No

________
k

3. Pain in bones

I 7 Yes 2 No

4.1rritation/itcing in eyes

I Yes 2 No

5. Headache

I Yes 2 No
T'feU.—...

6. Malaffa

1 Yes 2 No

-

7. Dengue

I Yes 2 No

S.HepatitisV Jaundice

1 Yes.' N.)

ILLNESS IN PAST THREE MONTHS

l>
J*
•i

Member II)

(’ode

1. During Past three
mpnths have you had
any illness?__________
2. What was the illness?
"Jr r Y”

I

Yes. 2 No

Specify

3. If it was diarrhea then
no. of episodes of
diarrhea in last 3
months.

CONSENT

Er
*

I have been explained about all the aspects ol this study and I hereby give my consent to

•

participate in the study.

I;
J

Signature/Lcfl 'fhumb Impression
,of the Interviewee

Name of Investigator

Date

Signature
of' Investigator

: ■ y ^LTWf!

iSBl

Sr*

Aniieuxic-2
Laboratory Requisition Form

tg’’

E

School of Public Health
Deptt. of Community Medicine
PGIMER Chandigarh

p' EFFECT OF EFFLUENT DISPOSAL ON WATER QUALITY & HUMAN
fe' Hl< Al TH AMONG PEOPLE
IN CLOSE
PEOPLE LIVING
LIVING IN
CLOSE PROXIMI1Y .I O BUDDHA
i koaiivu i i

InALLAH, HUDIARA NALLAH, EAST BEIN DRAIN, KALA SINGHA DRAIN
B
TUNG DHAB DRAIN IN PUNJAB

8-1

&

Sample No:

Sate:

I

CONSENT

r”-i

Khava been explained about all the aspects of this study and I hereby give mj consent to

participate in the study.

Date

iignature/Left Thumb Impression
[Name of Investigator

1

Name:_____________
Age:_____________
Sex:________
Address:
Phone No.
Name of specimen:
Examination requirech
Collected on

1

Signature of Investigator

........

Date

Time

■

- I
1
1J

IREPORT:

j
■

118

Il

Anneuxre-3

1

4

Pesticides in Blood

"i - ?
i£

Buddha Nala

jI
4

s?4
&1

TI

s-<11

Pesticides.;
-

: •

Jg -

■ "■'i.1

4.4-DOT

4.4-D#

Aldrin

Referent

■

r-

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Hiidiara Nala
—------------ ^Refe^nce
Control

0

East Bein Drain

Kala Singha drain

Reference

Control

Reference

0

0

0

0

0.0035

0

0.00008

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

■

$

P -Endosulphan

4,4 - DDE

Heptachlor
ct-HCH

[MICH

0

0.0013

0

'

•o'

Control ■

0

0

0

0

0

0.0005

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

I

0.00195

0

0

0

0

0

0.001375

0

0

0

0

0

0.00072

0

0.0005

0

0 000375

0

0.00041

0.00066

0

0.000135

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.000025

0

0.00006

0

0.00156

0 000555

0

0.000665

0.00007

0.00126

0

0.00077

0

I ■o >

ii

H

II

'i.OIHH

o UIHI VI

0

IHlis((i

0

II

H lill(/(/^

II

0.000477
0.00016
- —■ ...X----------------------------------.

x in n

Control * Reference
0

-t

Chlordane

Tung Dhab Drain

IMHIUlM

IHiHHlK
’■

....
Il HIM i

II hllli^

•gig

al

ill

b,..
? r

Mil

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