CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Item
- Title
- CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- extracted text
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CONTENTS
1.
2.
Introduction
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, The Gazette of
India
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Modernization of Solid Waste Management practices in India with NGO, public
and private sector participation
- P.U. Asnani. Urban Environment Infrastructure Representative, India, US
AEP / US AID
Karnataka Compost Development Corporation - A Brief Note on the Working of
the Plant
Experience in collection and composting of urban waste
- SHOW, Waste Wise and TIDE
Vermitechnology
- Dr. Umesh M. Shagoti, Kasturi Ecofarm & Vermitech
Whither Urban Compost for Crop Production
- Dr. K. Shiva Shankar, APOF
Vermicompost- Replicable technologies/Models
- Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology, New Delhi
Penalisation of Indian MSW: Experience ofRDF plant, Mumbai
- Dr. Pawan Sikka, Department of Science technology. Govt, of India, New
Delhi
Vermiculture: City Level Environment Management
- Prof. Radha D. Kale, Department of Zoology, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore
Composting of Urban Solid Wastes-A Comparison of Different Methods
- Radhakrishna D. & Raghavendra Rao S., Department of Agricultural
Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Burnt Soil: Traditional Method of Waste Management
- Vasudeva and Venkatesha M., Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Combined Application of Urban Compost and Sewage Sludge for Tomato
- Dr. V.C. Reddy, Shyamala Krishna & S.B. Yogananda
Urban Solid Waste Compost - Maturity Indices & Quality Standards
- Dr. V R Ramakrishna Parama, Dept, of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas and Need for Classification, Evaluation
and Quality Standardisation of Solid Urban Waste
- Dr. H R. Prakash, Dept, of Agriculture, Bangalore
Capacity Building Approach to a Sustainable Community Level Solid Waste
Management Strategy by Empowering Municipal Pourakarmikas to a new role of
Local Solid Waste Managers
- Leo F. Saldanha, Ranjini Thomas & Shamanna T.J. Benekal, Environment
Support Group
Doorstep Garbage Collection System: A Private Venture
- Shivakumar Hosamani, Samarpana
SWM Initiatives by CEE South
INTRODUCTION
India occupies 2.4% of the world’s total area and supports 17% of the total world
population in that area. There are 25 ‘Million Cities’ (population exceeding 1
million), 6 metros and about 4,000 towns in the country. Urban Solid Waste
Management still remains one of the neglected areas of urban management. The
magnitude of the problem, the financial and infrastructural constraints including
the paucity of land, safe disposal of waste generated, lack of awareness and
apathy at all levels have come in the way of safe and efficient management of
solid waste
The city of Bangalore is the 6,h largest and one among the fast growing cities of
India having a population of nearly 6 million. Besides, the city has a floating
population of over 5 lakhs. While Bangalore city is being considered as one of
the finest and livable cities of India and is considered as a city of choice by the
elite as well as industrial entrepreneurs, the city is facing a serious problem of
environmental degradation on several counts; one of them is inefficient and
outdated system of Solid Waste Management. According to an estimate, 2,200
MT of solid waste is generated in the city everyday.
The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, the principal agency responsible for solid
waste management in the city, until recently did not have any site identified for
the disposal of waste. However, Bangalore city is blessed with 3 big composting
units that are at present processing nearly 500 MT of city garbage.
Bangalore is no stranger to the subject of garbage composting. About ten years
ago, when awareness about the mounting garbage problem became palpable,
the resultant public pressure to improve garbage collection services culminated
in a number of schemes being started by neighbourhood groups. Assisted by
NGOs, these residents organized themselves to collect waste at the doorstep
while at the same time providing a livelihood to poor rag pickers who could now
earn money from the sale of recyclables in addition to a salary for running and
supervising the scheme. About 40 such schemes exist today. Several of these
schemes also involve composting at the neighbourhood scale, usually in public
parks. The primary focus of these schemes is on changing the attitudes of
citizens to achieve the result of environment improvement, resource recovery
and participation of stakeholders in rendering an important civic service.
^F-33004/99
REGD. No. D. L.-33QO4/99
(The (Baxette of Jjlndia
EXTRAORDINARY
wn n—Tsui 3—(U)
PART n—Section 3—Sub-section (ii)
wftWK
TOiftra
________ PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
ttn?RR, WRpT 3, 1000/3nfrSH 11, 1922
NEW DELHI, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 3,1000/ASVINA 11,1922
Ums]
No. 64S)
t
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA: EXTRAORDINARY
24
lp>^Tn^Sac.3(H)]
ministry of invtronmknt and forests
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 25th September, 2000
S.0.908(E).—Whereas the draft of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and^
Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under Ae notification of the Govarimait of
India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests number S.O. 7p83JE)’Jat{7J°t
27* September, 1999 in the Gazette of India, Part II, Section 3, Sub-secfion fu) of
the same date inviting objections and suggestions from the pcrao™
affected thereby, before the expiry of the period of Sixty days from the
which the copies of the Gazette containing the said notification are made fcvauame
L. ..
to the public;
And whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public On
the 5* October, 1999;
....
And whereas the objections and suggestions received from the public in
respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central
Government;
Now therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 3, 6 and 25
of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government
hereby makes the following rules to regulate the management and handling ot the
municipal solid wastes, namely
1. Short title and commencement
(1) These rules may be called the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000.
(2) Save as otherwise provided in these rules, they shall con.e into force on the date
of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2.‘ ApplicationThese rules shall apply to every municipal authority
responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and
disposal of municipal solid wastes .
In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires
3.
Definitions.—
co
“anaerobic digestion” means a controlled process involving microbial
decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
[HH II—3(ii)]
HTFI
: aranTOT
(ii)
“authorization” means the consent given by the Board or Committee to the
“operator of a facility” ;
(iii)
“biodegradable substance*j” means a substance that can be degraded by
micro-organisms;
(iv)
“biomethanation” means a process which entails enzymatic decomposition
of the organic matter by microbial action to produce methane rich biogas;
(v)
“collection” means lifting and removal of solid wastes from collection points
or any other location;
(vi)
“composting” means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition
of organic matter;
(vii) “demolition and construction waste” means wastes from building materials
debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modelling, repair and
demolition operation;
(viii) “disposal” means final disposal of municipal solid wastes in terms of the
specified measures to prevent contamination of ground-water, surface water
and ambient air quality;
1
(ix)
“Form” means a Form appended to these rules;
(X)
“generator of wastes” means persons or establishments generating municipal
solid wastes;
(xi)
“landfilling” means disposal of residual solid wastes on land in a facility
designed with protective measures against pollution of ground water, surface
water and air fugitive dust, wind-blown litter, bad odour, fire hazard, bird
menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emissions, slope instability and
erosion;
(xii) “leachate” means liquid that seeps through solid wastes or other medium and
has extracts of dissolved or suspended material from it;
(xiii) “lysimeter” is a device used to measure rate of movement of water through
* or from a soil layer or is used to collect percolated water for quality analysis;
(xiv) ‘‘municipal authority” means Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Nagar
Palika, Nagar Nigam, Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council including notified
area committee (NAC) or any other local body constituted under the relevant
f statutes and, where the management and handling of municipal solid waste is
entrusted to such agency;
(xv) “municipal solid
waste” includes commercial and residential wastes
' generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form
G’iL^ocu'-^
25
26
.THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY[Part II—Sec. 3(ii)j
excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical
wastes;
(xvi) “operator of a facility” means a person who owns or operates a facility for
collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
municipal solid wastes and also includes any other agency appointed as such
by the municipal authority for the management and handling of municipal solid
wastes in the respective areas;
(xvii) “pelletisation” means a process whereby pellets are prepared which are small
cubes or cylindrical pieces made out of solid wastes and includes fuel pellets
which are also referred as refuse derived fuel;
(xviii)“processing” means the process by which solid wastes are transformed into
new or recycled products;
(xix) “recycling” means the process of transforming segregated solid wastes into
raw materials for producing new products, which may or may not be similar to
the original products;
(xx) “Schedule” means a Schedule appended to these rules;
(xxi) “segregation” means to separate the municipal solid wastes into the groups
of organic, inorganic, recyclables and hazardous wastes;
(xxii) “State Board or the Committee” means the State Pollution Control Board
of a State, or as the case may be, the Pollution Control Committee of a Union
territory;
(xxiii)“storage” means the temporary containment of municipal solid wastes in a
manner so as to prevent littering, attraction to vectors, stray animals and
excessive foul odour;
(xxiv)“transportatioi? means conveyance of municipal solid wastes from place
to place hygienically through specially designed transport system so as to
prevent foul odour, littering, unsightly conditions and accessibility to vectors;
(xxv) 4<vadose water” water which occurs between the ground, surface and the
water table that is the unsaturated zone;
(XXvi) “vermicomposting” is a process of using earthworms for conversion of
bio-degradable wastes into compost.
!
4. Responsibility of municipal authority
(1) Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality,
be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any
J
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[ tjprj H—tgug 3(ii) ]
HRfl
_____________________________
infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
(2) The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in
Form-I, for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal
facility including landfills from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply
with the implementation programme laid down in Schedule I.
(3) The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation
schedule laid down in Schedule I.
(4) The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report in Form-II,(a) to the Secretary-incharge of the Department of Urban Development of the
concerned State or as the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a
metropolitan city; or
(b) to the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case
of all other towns and cities,
with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of June
every year.
Responsibility of the State Government and the Union territory
Administrations
5.
(1) The Secretary-incharge of the Department of Urban Development of the
concerned State or the Union territory, as the case may be, shall have the overall
responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these rules in the metropolitan
cities.
p
♦
I
(2) The District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner of the concerned district
shall have the overall responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these
rules within the territorial limits of their jurisdiction.
Responsibility of the Central Pollution Control Board and the State
Board or the Committees .—
6.
(1)
The State Board or the Committee shall monitor the compliance of the
standards regarding ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the compost
quality including incineration standards as specified under Schedules II, III and IV.
(2) The State Board or the Committee, after the receipt of application from the
municipal authority or the operator of a facility in Form I, for grant of
authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills,
shall examine the proposal taking into consideration the views of other agencies
like the State Urban Development Department, the Town and Country Planning
Department, Air Port or Air Base Authority, the Ground Water Board or any such
other agepey prior to issuing the authorization.
♦
28
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
[Part II—Sec. 3(ii)]
(3) The State Board or the Committee shall issue the authorization in Form-Ill
to the municipal authority or an operator of a facility within forty-five days
stipulating compliance criteria and standards as specified in Schedules II, III and
IV including such other conditions, as may be necessary.
•3?-
(4) The authorization shall be valid for a given period and after the validity is
over, a fresh authorization shall be required.
(5) The Central Pollution Control Board shall co-ordinate with the State Boards
and the Committees with particular reference to implementation and review of
standards and guidelines and compilation of monitoring data.
7.
Management of municipal solid wastes
(1)
Any municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town, shall be managed
and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down
in Schedule-II.
(2)
The waste processing and disposal facilities to be set up by the municipal
authority on their own or through an operator of a facility shall meet the
specifications and standards as specified in Schedules III and IV.
8. Annuaf Reports .—
1
(1) The State Boards and the Committees shall prepare and submit to the Central
Pollution Control Board an annual report with regard to the implementation of these
rules by the 15th of September every year in Form-IV.
(2)
The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare the consolidated annual
review report on management of municipal solid wastes and forward it to the
Central Government alongwith its recommendations before the 15th of December
every year.
9.
Accident Reporting
When an accident occurs at any municipal solid
wastes collection, segregation, storage, processing, treatment and disposal facility or
landfill site or during the transportation of such wastes, the municipal authority shall
forthwith report the accident in Form-V to the Secretary in-charge of the Urban
Development Department in metropolitan cities, and to District Collector or Deputy
Commissioner in all other cases.
[HH II—3(H)]
HRn
29
Schedule I
[see rules4(2) and (3)]
Implementation Schedule
Serial
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Compliance Criteria
Schedule
By 31.12.2003 or
earlier__________
Monitoring the performance of waste processing and Once in six months
disposal facilities_____________,_________________
Improvement of existing landfill sites as per provisions of By 31.12.2001 or
these rules ________ _________________________ earlier__________
Identification of landfill sites for future use and making By 31.12.2002 or
site (s) ready for operation
earlier
Setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities
Schedule -II
[see rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)]
Management of Municipal Solid Wastes
S.
no
Parameters
1.
Collection
municipal
wastes
Compliance criteria
♦
of 1. Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in
solid cities, towns and in urban areas notified by the State
Governments. To prohibit littering and facilitate compliance,
the following steps shall be taken by the municipal authority,
namely :(i) Organising house-to-house collection of municipal solid
wastes through any of the methods, like community bin
collection (central bin), house-to-house collection,
collection on regular pre-informed timings and scheduling
by using bell ringing of musical vehicle (without exceeding
permissible noise levels);
(ii) Devising collection of waste from slums and squatter
areas or localities including hotels, restaurants, office
complexes and commercial areas;
(iii) Wastes from slaughter houses, meat and fish markets,
fruits and vegetable markets, which are biodegradable in
nature, shall be managed to make use of such wastes;
(iv) Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be
mixed with municipal solid wastes and such wastes shall
follow the rules separately specified for the purpose;
(v) Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be
I
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
30
[Part II—Sec. 3(ii)|
transferred to community bin by hand-driven containerised
carts or other small vehicles;
(vi) Horticlutural and construction or demolition wastes or
debris shall be separately collected and disposed off
following proper norms. Similarly, wastes generated at
dairies shall be regulated in accordance with the State
laws;
(vii) Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt,
1
(viii) Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around
waste storage facilities or at any other place in the city or
town and shall be managed in accordance with the State
laws.
2. The municipal authority shall notify waste collection
schedule and the likely method to be adopted for public
benefit in a city or town.
3.
It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to
avoid littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance
with the collection and segregation system to be notified by
the municipal authority as per para 1(2) of this Schedule
2.
3.
Segregation of
municipal solid
wastes
Storage of
municipal solid
wastes
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall
organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes
and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials.
The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme
to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For
this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be
arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of
local resident welfare associations and non-governmental
organizations
Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage
facilities in such a manner as they do not create unhygienic
and insanitary conditions around it. Following criteria shall
be taken into account while establishing and maintaining
storage facilities, namely
(i) Storage facilities shall be created and established by
taking into account quantities of waste generation in a
given area and the population densities A storage facility
shall be so placed that it is accessible to users,
(ii) Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or
any other agency shall be so designed that wastes stored
are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be
;■
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31
[ HH II3(ii)]
aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly,
(iii) Storage facilities or ‘bins’ shall have ‘easy to operate’
design for handling, transfer and transportation of waste
Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted
green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be
pointed white and those for storage of other wastes shall
be pointed black,
(iv) Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited.
If
unavoidable due to constraints, manual handling shall be
carried out under proper precaution with due care for
safety of workers.
4.
Transportation
of municipal
solid wastes
Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.
Waste should not be visible to public, nor exposed to open
environment preventing their scattering. The following
criteria shall be met, namely:(i) The storage facilities set up by municipal authorities shall
be daily attended for clearing of wastes. The bins or
containers wherever placed shall be cleaned before they
start overflowing;
(ii) Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple
handling of wastes, prior to final disposal, is avoided.
5.
Processing of
municipal solid
wastes
Municipal. authorities shall adopt suitable
ogy or
combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as
to minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be
adopted, namely:(i) The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by
composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or
any other appropriate biological processing for
stabilization of wastes. It shall be ensured that compost
or any other end product shall comply with standards as
specified in Schedule-IV;
(ii) Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall
follow the route of recycling. Incineration with or without
energy recovery including pelletisation can also be used
for processing wastes in specific cases.
Municipal
authority or the operator of a facility wishing to use other
state-of-the-art technologies shall approach the Central
Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down
before applying for grant of authorisation.
6.
Disposal of
municipal solid
wastes
Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert
waste and other waste that are not suitable either for
recycling or for biological processing. Land filling shall also
32
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
[Part 11—Sfc. 3(ii)|
be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as
well as pre-processing rejects from waste processing
facilities. Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided qnless
the same is found unsuitable for waste processing. Under
unavoidable circumstances or till installation of alternate
facilities, land-filling shall be done following proper norms.
Landfill sites shall meet the specifications as giveij in
Schedule -III.
I
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1
i
Schedule III
[see rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
Specifications for Landfill Sites
Site Selection
1.
In areas falling under the jurisdiction of ‘Development Authorities^ it shall be
the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identify the landfill sites
and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority for
development, operation and maintenance. Elsewhere, this responsibility shall
lie with the concerned municipal authority.
2.
Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental
issues. The Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union
territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisations for obtaining the
necessary approvals and clearances.
3.
The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation of
a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan.
4.
The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing
facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned as an integral
part of the landfill site.
5.
The existing landfill sites which continue to be used for more than five years,
shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this Schedule.
6.
Biomedical wastes shall be disposed off in accordance with the Bio-medical
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and hazardous wastes
shall be managed in accordance with the Hazardous Wastes (Management
and Handling ) Rules, 1989, as amended from time to time.
•J
’l
II—Tcps 3(ii)]______ HRH
7.
The landfill site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water
bodies, monuments. National Parks, Wetlands and places of important
cultural, historical or religious interest.
8.
f
9.
10.
I
The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years.
.1
A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and
shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans.
Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessai.s approval
of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the landfill site shall
be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within 20 km of an
airport or airbase.
Facilities at the Site
!
11.
Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to
monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation.
12.
The landfill site shall be well protected to prevent entry of unauthorised
persons and stray animals.
13.
Approach and other internal roads for free movement of vehicles and other
machinery shall exist at the landfill site.
14.
The landfill site shall have wastes inspection facility to monitor wastes brought
in for landfill, office facility for record keeping and shelter for keeping
equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring equipments.
15.
Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at landfill
site, fire protection equipments and other facilities as may be required shall be
provided.
16.
Utilities such as drinking water (preferably bathing facilities for workers) and
lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations when carried out in night
hours shall be provided.
17.
Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill site shall
be periodically made.
!■
Specifications for land filling
18. 1 Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using landfill
compactors td achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall areas where
heavy compactors cannot be used^altemative measures shall be adopted.
I
33
/
________________ THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
34
[Part II—Sec. 3^ii)j
19.
Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day with
minimum 10 cm of soil, inert debris or construction material till such time
waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy recovery are
set up as per Schedule I.
•
20.
Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 4065. cm thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper
compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper
drainage berms shall be constructed to divert run-off away from the active cell
of the landfill.
21.
After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize
infiltration and erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications,
namely
(a)
(b)
(c)
i
The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cms of
clay or amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10
cm/sec.
On top of the barrier soil layer,there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.
On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm
to support natural plant growth and to minimize erosion.
Pollution prevention
22.
In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the-following
provisions shall be made, namely
(a)
Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation and
prevent pollution of surface water and also for avoiding flooding and
creation of marshy conditions;
(b)
Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of
waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of waste processing
facilities or mixed waste or waste having contamination of hazardous
materials (such as aerosols, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils,
paint products and pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a
composite barrier having 1.5 mm high density polyethylene (HOPE)
geomembrane, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay or amended
soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1x10 cm/sec
The highest level of water table shall be at least two meter below the
base of clay or amended soil barrier layer;
(c)
Provisions for management of leachates collection and treatment shall
be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards specified in
Schedule- IV;
I
(d)
Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake
or pond
i
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HKcT
35
Water Quality Monitoring
23
I
I
Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the
area shall be collected and kept in record for future reference. The ground
water quality within 50 metres of the periphery of landfill site shall be
periodically monitored to ensure that the ground water is not contaminated
beyond acceptable limit as decided by the Ground Water Board or the State
Board or the Committee. Such monitoring shall be carried out to cover
different seasons in a year that is, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon period.
24. Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purpose (including
drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality. The
following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply for monitoring
purpose, namely
S.No. Parameters
t
Ii
5J
1,
2.
3
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16,
17.
Arsenic _____________
Cadmium_____________
Chromium____________
Copper______________
Cyanide_____________
Lead______________
Mercury______________
Nickel ___________ ___
NitrateasNOs_________
PH__________________
Iron
___________
Total hardness (as CaCO3)
Chlorides_____________
Dissolved solids________
Phenolic compounds (as
CsHgOH)
_______
Zinc_________________
Sulphate (as SO4)
IS
10500:
1991
Desirable limit ( mg/1
except for pH)_______
0.05_______________
0.01______ _________
0.05_______________
0.05_______________
0.05_______________
0.05_______________
0.001
45,0
6.5-S.5
0.3__
300,0
250
500
0.001
5.0
200
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
25. Installation of landfill gas control system including gas collection system shall
be made at landfill site to minimize odour generation, prevent off-site
migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the rehabilitated landfill
surface.
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
36
[Part II—Sec, 3(ii)]
26. The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not exceed 25
per cent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
27. The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be
utilized for either direct thermal applications or power generation, as per
viability. Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed
to directly escape to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting
shall be allowed if its utilisefion or flaring is not possible.
;
28. Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored to
meet the following specified standards, namely
S.No.
(0
(H)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
29.
Parameters___________ '
Sulphur dioxide__________
Suspended Particulate Matter
Methane
Ammonia daily average
(Sample duration 24 hrs)
Carbon monoxide
Acceptable levels
_______
120 pg/m3 ( 24 hours)________
500 [ig/m3 (24 hours)________
Not to exceed 25 per cent of
the lower explosive limit
(equivalent to 650 mg/m3)
0.4 mg/m3 (400 pg/m3)
1 hour average : 2 mg/m3
8 hour average : 1 mg/m3
The ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out by the concerned
authority as per the following schedule, namely:(a)
Six times in a year for cities having population of more than fifty lakhs;
(b)
Four times in a year for cities having population between ten and fifty
lakhs;
(c)
Two times in a year for town or cities having population between one
and ten lakhs.
Plantation at Landfill Site
30.
A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in accordance
with the
following specifications, namely
(a)
Selection of locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are
resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be allowed to grow;
i
HRn ^1IFTO :
3(ii)]
(b)
The plants grown be such that their roots do not penetrate more than 30
cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilised;
(c)
Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with
minimum nutrient addition;
(d)
37
Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion.
Closure of Landfill Site and Post-care
The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen
years and long term monitoring or care plan shall consist of the following,
namely :-
31
(a)
32.
Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making repairs
and preventing run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise damaging
the final cover;
(b)
Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the
requirement;
(c)
Monitoring of ground water in accordance with requirements and
maintaining ground water quality;
(d)
Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet the
standards.
Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can
be considered for human settlement or otherwise only after ensuring that
gaseous and leachate analysis comply with the specified standards.
Special provisions for hilly areas
I
33.
I
»
Cities and towns located on hills shall have location-specific methods evolved
for final disposal of solid wastes by the municipal authority with the approval
of the concerned State Board or the Committee. The municipal authority
shall set up processing facilities for utilization of biodegradable organic
wastes. The inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be used for building
roads or filling-up of appropriate areas on hills. Because of constraints in
finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable for road-laying or
filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed landfills.
i
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
38
[Pari- II -Shv 3(ii)|
Schedule IV
(see rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)|
Standards for Composting, Treated Leachates and Incineration
1.
The waste processing or disposal facilities shall include composting,
incineration, pelletisation, energy recovery or any other facility based on
state-of-the-art technology duly approved by the Central Pollution Control •
Board.
2,
In case of engagement of private agency by the municipal authority, a
specific agreement between the municipal authority and the private agency
shall be made particularly, for supply of solid waste and other relevant terms
and conditions.
In order to prevent pollution problems from compost plant and other
processing facilities, the following shall be complied with, namely :-
a
3.
(i) The incoming wastes at site shall be maintained prior to further
processing. To the extent possible, the waste storage area should be
covered. If, such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided
with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and
surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate treatment
and disposal facility.
(ii) Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimise nuisance of odour,
flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard;
(iii) In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be
stopped and anangements be worked out for diversion of wastes to the
landfill site;
(iv) Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the
processing facility on regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at
the site. Recyclables shall be routed through appropriate vendors. The
non-recyclables shall be sent for well designed landfill site(s).
(v) In case of compost plant, the windrow area shall be provided with
impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or compacted
clay, 50 cm thick, having permeability coefficient less than 10~7 cm/sec.
The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 per cent slope and circled by
lined drains for collection of leachate or surface run-off;
(vi) Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out particularly
for checking odour nuisance at down-wind direction on the boundary of
processing plant.
(vii) In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following
specifications for compost quality shall be met, namely:-
39
I HTH 11—3(ii)J
Parameters
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
C/N ratio
Concentration not to exceed *
(mg/kg dry basis , except pH value
and C/N. ratio)___________________ _
_______________ 10.00
5.00
50.00
300.00
100.00
~
0.15
50.00
1000.00
_____________
~
20-40____________ _
5.5-8.5
0
♦ Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall
not be used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than
growing food crops.
4.
The disposal of treated leachates shall follow the following standards,
namely:-
S.
No
Parameter
Standards
( Mode of Disposal)
Public
Inland
sewers
surface
water
Land
disposal
200
2100
1.
2.
600
2
5.5 to 9.0
50
5.5 to 9.0
350
100
0.2
0.01
1.0
10
2.0
0.2
Suspended solids, mg/1, max_______ 100
Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/1, 2100
max.___________________________
feH value___________________ 5.5 to 9.0
Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/1, 50
4
max.___________________________
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N), 100
5
mg/1, max.__________ ___________
Biochemical oxygen demand ( 3 30
6
days at 27° C) max,(mg/1)_________
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1, 250
7
max._________________ _________
Arsenic (as As), mg/1, max________ _ 0.2
8
Mercury (as Hg), mg/1, max_______ 0.01
9
10 Lead (as Pb), mg/1, max__________ 0.1
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/1, max_____ 2.0
11
I
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/1, max? 2.0
12
2100
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
40
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Copper (as Cu), mg/1, max._______
Zinc (as Zn), mg/1, max,__________
Nickel (as Ni), mg/1, max
_____
Cyanide (as CN), mg/1, max.______
Chloride (as Cl), mg/1, max._______
Fluoride (as F), mg/1, max________
Phenolic compounds (as CdHsOH)
mg/1, max,__________ __________
3.0
3,0
5.0
15__
3,0
2.0
100(7
1 5
5.0
3,0
0.2
1000
2.0
1.0
[Part II—Sec. 3(ii)]
0.2
600
i
Note : While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of
leachates being discharged and the quantity of dilution water available in
the receiving water body shall be given due consideration.
5.
The incinerators shall meet the following operating and emission standards,
namely:A. Operating Standards
(1) The combustion efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00%.
(2) The combustion efficiency is computed as follows :
%CO2
X 100
C.E. =
%CO2 + %CO
B. Emission Standards
Concentration mg/Nm3 at (12% CO^ correction)
Parameters
150
(1) Particulate matter
450
(2) Nitrogen Oxides
50
(3) HC1
(4) Minimum stack height shall be 30 metres above ground.
(5) Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%.
Note :
(1) Suitably designed pollution control devices shall be installed or
retrofitted with the incinerator to achieve the above emission limits, if
necessary.
(2) Wastes to be incinerated shall not be chemically treated with any
chlorinated disinfectants
(3) Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.
(4) Toxic metals in incineration ash shall be limited within the regulatory
quantities as specified in the Hazardous Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended from time to time.
Only
low sulphur fuel like L b O, L S H 5 Diesel shall be used as fuel in
(5)
the incinerator.
43
: SUTINKwi
HK3
(iii)Total quantity of wastes processed for:
(a) Composting
(b) Vermiculture
(c) Pellets
(d) Others, if any, please specify
(iv)Total
quantity
of
disposed
waste
landfilling.
by
(a) Ko. of landfill sites used
(b) Area used
(c)Whether Weigh-bridge
facilities available :
Yes
No
(d) Whether area is
fenced
Yes
No
(e) Lighting facility
on site
Yes
No
(f) Whether equipment
like Bulldozer,
Compacters etc. available. (Please specify) :-------
(g) Total Manpower
available on site
(h) Whether covering
is done on daily basis :
Yes
No
(i) Whether covering material
is used and whether
it is adequately available
i
-I
(j) Provisions for gas
venting provided
Available
(Yes/No)
(k) Provision for
. leachate collection
Provisions
made
Not available
Provisions not
made
It)
44
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
2.
[Part II—Sec. 3(h)]
Storage facilities
(i) Area covered for
collection of wastes
(ii)No. of houses covered
(iii)Whether house-to-house
collection is practised
(if yes, whether done by
Municipality or through
Private Agency or NonGovernmental Organisation)
/
(iv)Bins
Specifications
P
* ’
Existing
Proposed
(Shape & Size) Numbers for future
(a) RCC Bins (Capacity)
(b) Trolleys (Capacity)
(c) Containers
(Capacity)
(d) Dumper Placers
(e) Others, please specify
(v)Whether all bins/
collection spots are
attended for daily
lifting of garbage
(vi)Whether lifting of
garbage from dustbins
is manual or
mechanical i.e. for
example by using of front
end loaders
(Please tick mark)
specify
Yes
Manual
Loader
No
Others,
please
45
HTW
[HH II—3(ii)]
3. Transportation
Existing
number
Actually Required/Proposed
(i) Truck
(ii) Truck-Tipper
(iii) Tractor-Trailer
(iv) Refuse-coIlector
(v) Dumper-placers
(vi) Animal Cart
(vii)Tricycle
(viii)Others (please
specify)
4. Whether any proposal has been made to improve solid wastes management
practices
5. Are any efforts made to call for private firms etc. to attempt for processing
of waste utilising technologies like :
Waste Utilisation
Technology
Proposals
Steps taken
(Quantity to be processed)
tb Composting
(ji) Vermiculture
uip Pelletisation
(iyi Others if any.
Please specify
6. What provisions are available and how these are implemented to check
unhygienic operations of:
d> Dairy related activities
lii) Slaughter houses and
unauthorised slaughtering :
(hi) Malba(cfinstruction
IQ
[Part II—Sec. 3(ii
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
46
debris) lifting
(iv) Encroachment in Parks,
Footpaths etc.
7. How many slums are identified and whether
these are provided with sanitation facilities :
8. Are municipal magistrates appointed for
"taking penal action
[ If yes, how many cases registered &
settled during last three years
(give year-wise details)]
/
Yes
No
9. Hospital waste management
(y How many Hospitals/Clinics under
the control of the Corporation
(ii) What methods are followed
for disposal of bio-medical wastes ?
(iii) Do you have any proposal for
setting up of common treatment facility
for disposal of bio-medical wastes
I
(iv> How many private Nursing Homes,
Clinics etc. are operating in the city/town
and what steps have been taken to check
disposal of their wastes
Dated :
Signature of Municipal Commissioner
[HH II—3(ii)]
47
Form -III
(See-rule 6(3)]
Format for Issue of Authorisation
File No..
Date:
To,
J
Ref:
The
Committee
authorises
Your application number
dt.
_State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control
examining
the
proposal
hereby
having
their
administrative
office
at
to set up and operate waste
processing/waste disposal facility at
on the terms and
conditions (including the standards to comply) attached to this authorization letter.
after
1
The validity of this authorization is till
renewal of authorization is to be sought.
. After the validity.
2The
________________ State Pollution Control Board/Pollution
Control Committees may, at any time, revoke any of the conditions applicable
under the authorization and shall communicate the same in writing.
3.
Any violation of the provision of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Managemeant
and Handling) Rules, 2000 will attract the penal provision of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 ofl 986).
Date :
Place :
(Member Secretary)
State Pollution Control Board/
Pollution Control Committee
i
10
THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY
48
[Part II—Sec. 3(ii)]
Form - IV
[see rule 8(1)]
Format of Annual Review Report to be submitted by the State Pollution
Control Board/Committees to the Central Pollution Control Board
To,
I
The Chairman,
Central Pollution Control Board,
(Ministry of Environment and Forests)
Government of India,
‘Parivesh Bhawan’, East Arjun Nagar,
DELHI- 110 0032.
1.
Name of the State/Union territory
2.
Name & address of the State Pollution Control
Board/Pollution Control Committee
3.
Number of municipal authorities responsible for
management of municipal solid wastes in the
State/Union teiritory under these rules
4.
A Summary Statement on progress made by
municipal authorities in respect of implementation
of Schedule I [rule 4(3)]
Please attach as
Annexure-1
5.
A Summary Statement on progress made by
municipal authorities in respect of implementation
of Schedule II [rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)]
Please attach as
Annexure-II
6.
A Summary Statement on progress made by
municipal authorities in respect of implementation
of Schedule III [rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
Please attach as
Annexure-III
7.
A summary statement on progress made by
municipal authorities in respect of implementation
of Schedule IV [rules 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
Please attach as
Annexure-IV
Date:
Place :
Chairman or the Member Secretary
State Pollution Control Board/
Pollution Control Committee
[HH 11—IsPS 3(1!) ]
49
Form - V
|see rule 9|
Accident reporting
1.
Date and time of accident
2.
Sequence of events leading to accident
3.
The waste involved in accident
4.
Assessment of the effects of the accidents
on human health and the environment
5.
Emergency measures taken
6.
Steps taken to alleviate the effects
of accidents
7.
Steps taken to prevent the recurrence
of such an accident
i
Date :
Signature
Place:
Designation
IF. No. 17-2/95-HSMD]
V. RAJAGOPALAN, Jl. Sccy.
i
Printed by the Manager, Govt, of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-) 10064
-and Published by the Controller of Publications. Delhi-110054.
Modernization of Solid Waste Management practices in India
with NGO, public and private sector participation.
By P. U. ASNANI, Urban Environment Infrastructure Representative, India
USAEP/US AID
Member, Supreme Court Committee on Solid Waste Management in Class-1 Cities
in India,
Member, Technology Advisory Group on Solid Waste Management Government of
India.
Chairman, Core Group on Appropriate Technologies Research & Development
(SWM), Government of India
Solid waste management is an obligatory function of Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) in India. However, this service is poorly perfonned resulting in
problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. With over 3.6%
annual growth in urban population and the rapid pace of urbanization, the
situation is becoming more and more critical with the passage of time.
Infrastructure development is not in a position to keep pace with population
growth owing to the poor financial health of most of the urban local bodies.
Solid waste management is one among the essential services, which suffers the
most in such a situation. Lack of financial resources, institutional weakness,
improper choice of technology and public apathy towards solid waste
management have made this service far from satisfactory.
Present scenario of present solid waste management services.
Waste generation
Waste generation ranges from 200 gms to 500 gms per capita per day in cities
ranging from 1 Lac to over 50 Lacs population. The larger the city, the higher is
the per-capita waste generation rate. The total waste generation in urban areas
in the country is estimated to exceed 39 million tonnes a year by the year 2001.
Composition of Waste
Indian mixed waste has a large proportion of compostable material and inerts.
As per NEERI studies compostable matters range from 30% to 57% and inert
materials from 40% to 54 %. The component of recyclable material is between
5% to 10%.
Technology adopted for storage, collection, transportation and disposal of waste:
The prevalent SWM practices in the country are highly deficient. Generally no
storage of waste is being done at source and instead domestic, trade and
institutional wastes including bio-medical and industrial waste, are thrown on
the streets, footpaths, drains and water bodies treating them as receptacle of
waste. Recyclable waste material is also not segregated at source and is
disposed of on the streets, along with domestic, trade and other wastes.
Construction and demolition wastes also pose a serious problem as these wastes
are also deposited on the roadside or open spaces, obstructing traffic and
causing nuisance.
Primary Collection
There is no system of primary collection of waste in most cities in India. The
waste thrown on the streets is; therefore, collected from the streets and/or from
the street bins, which are inadequate in number and ill designed.
Waste Storage Depots
Open sites or cement concrete bins metal bins, masonry bins and structures are
used for temporary bulk storage of wastes. These bins are very unhygienic and
necessitate multiple handling of wastes. Waste is more often seen outside the
bins than inside them. They are not cleared daily.
Street Sweeping
Street sweeping is not carried out regularly. Several streets are occasionally
swept or are not swept at all. No sweeping is done on Sundays and public
holidays in many cities. The tools used for street sweeping are also inefficient
and out-dated.
Transportation of wastes
Transportation of waste is done through a variety of vehicles such as bullock
carts, three-wheelers, tractors and trucks. Some cities use modem hydraulic
vehicles. Most transport vehicles are loaded manually and utilized in one shift
only, although the number of transport vehicles is inadequate. The fleet of
vehicles is thus not optimally utilized. Inefficient workshop facilities deplete
the fleet of vehicles. The transportation system also does not synchronize with
the system of primary collection and bulk waste storage facilities. Multiple
manual handling of waste becomes necessary.
local body must provide and has given technological options in the detailed
report which the local bodies may consider while choosing the technology
suitable for their cities.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MODERNISATION OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ARE BRIEFLY AS UNDER
Ban on Throwing of Wastes on the Streets
No waste shall be thrown on the streets, footpaths, open spaces, open drains or
water bodies.
Storage of waste at source
Waste shall be stored at source of generation in 2 bins/bags, one for food/biodegradable wastes and another for recyclable waste. Domestic hazardous waste,
as and when produced, shall be kept separately from the above two streams.
Multi storeyed buildings, commercial complexes and group housing shall
additionally provide community bins for storage of waste generated by their
members. Community bins shall also be provided in slums by the local body
for the community storage of waste by slum dwellers.
Doorstep Collection of Waste
Both the streams of waste, organic/ biodegradable waste as well as recyclable
waste, shall be collected from the doorstep. Containerized handcarts or
containerized tricycles or small-motorized vehicles shall be used for daily
collection of food/ biodegradable waste from the doorstep through public
participation using a bell, whistle or horn as a means of announcing the arrival
of the collection staff.
For collection of recyclable waste from the doorstep NGOs may be encouraged
to organize the rag pickers. They may allot them the work of collection of
recyclable material from the doorsteps instead of picking it up from the streets,
bins or dump-yard, thereby upgrading their status. This waste can be collected
once or twice a week according to the convenience of the households, shops or
establishments.
Hazardous toxic waste material, which is occasionally generated, shall however
be disposed of by the citizens in special bins to be provided in the city at
suitable locations by the urban local bodies.
Processing and Disposal of Waste
Generally no processing of waste is done in the country except in a few cities
where de-centralized or centralized composting is done on a limited scale.
Disposal of waste is done in a most unscientific manner. Generally crude open
dumping is adopted for disposal of waste in low-lying areas. Most local bodies
deposit waste at the dump-yard without ascertaining the suitability of the land
for waste disposal and do not bother to cover the waste with inert material.
These sites emanate a foul smell, become breeding grounds for flies, rodent and
pests, and pose a serious threat to underground water resources. Thus the entire
system of waste management in the country is out-dated, unscientific and
highly inefficient.
Institutional Arrangements
Institutional arrangements are inefficient. There is lack of professionalism in
administration in this service, resulting in poor levels of service. The laws
governing the urban local bodies do not have adequate provisibfts to deal with
the situation effectively and local bodies do not have the necessary powers to
punish defaulters. Filing cases in the court for sanitation offences have become
cumbersome, takes a lot of time and energy does not give the desired results.
Community Involvement
There is total apathy on the part of citizens in the matter of handling their waste
and in keeping the city clean. Citizens expect the local body to keep the city
clean despite their non-involvement.
NGOs and the informal sector of rag pickers are not optimally utilized in
tackling the ever-growing problems of waste management in urban areas.
65% of India’s urban population lives in 300 Class I cities having a population
above 100,000. These cities have been facing serious problems of solid waste
management but no sincere efforts were being made to improve the situation. A
public interest litigation was, therefore, filed in the Supreme Court of India and
having realized the gravity of the situation, the Hon’ble Supreme Court
constituted an expert committee to look into all aspects of solid waste
management and make recommendation to improve the situation in class-1
cities (30 cities).
The Committee so formed has carefully considered various options to improve
solid waste management practices in these cities and, looking to the present
state of SWM practices in urban areas in the country, the institutional
capabilities of local bodies, their financial health and other priorities, the
Committee has recommended a minimum level of services as under that each
Sweeping of Streets on All Days of the Year
Sweeping of streets and public places having habitation or commercial
activities on one or both sides shall be done on all days of the year irrespective
of Sundays and public holidays. Arrangements for rotating weekly rest-days are
to be made by the local bodies.
Work Norms for Sweeping of Streets
Work norms ranging from 250 to 750 running meters of road length have been
recommended, depending on the density of the area and local conditions.
Giving a demarcated "pin point" area for street sweeping and waste collection
is also recommended for optimum utilization of manpower.
Provision of Litterbins at Public Places
♦
Provision of litterbins at railway stations, bus stations, market places, parks,
gardens and important commercial streets may be made, to prevent littering of
streets.
Abolition of Open Waste Storage Sites and other Un-hygienic Street Bins
The pathetic condition of street bins must be corrected by the provision of neat
mobile closed body containers into which waste can be directly transferred
from the containerized hand carts or tricycles and all open waste-storage sites
as well as cement concrete or masonry bins must be abolished in a phased
manner.
Transportation of Waste to Synchronize with Waste Storage Facility - Dispense with
Manual Loading of Waste
€
For the transportation of waste, a system which synchronizes with both primary
collection and bulk waste storage facilities may be introduced. Manual loading
and multiple handling of waste may be dispensed with and instead, hydraulic
vehicles for lifting the containers may be used in larger cities and tractor
trolleys or a tractor container combination may be used in smaller cities.
Transportation of waste shall be done on a regular basis before the temporary
waste-storage containers start over-flowing. For economy in expenditure, the
vehicle fleet should be used in at least two shifts Workshop facilities may be
optimized to keep at least 80% of the vehicle fleet on road. Transfer stations
o
may be set up in cities where the distance to waste-disposal sites is more than
10 KMs.
PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE:
Conversion of Organic Waste/Bio-degradable Waste into Bio-organic Fertilizer
(Compost)
With the availability of land for processing and disposal of waste becoming
scarce and the food and bio-degradable component useful to agriculture going
waste, measures for conservation of land and organic waste resource shall be
taken and Organics shall be returned to the soil. To meet these objectives, all
food waste and bio degradable waste shall be composted, recyclable waste shall
be passed on to the recycling industry and only rejects shall be landfilled in a
scientific manner. Decentralized composting with public and NGOs/CBO
participation, may be encouraged wherever possible, and centralized
composting of the rest of the waste may be done. Microbial or vermi
composting processes may be adopted. A variety of composting options has
been given in the report and their processes are explained.
Caution against using unproven technologies
Local bodies are cautioned not to adopt expensive technologies of power
generation, fuel pelletisation, incineration etc. until they are proven under
Indian conditions and the Government of India or expert agencies nominated
by the Government of India advises cities that such technology can be adopted.
Land to be made available on priority for processing and disposal of waste
Availability of land for setting up processing plants and for disposal of waste is
a major problem faced by urban local bodies. Government wasteland must
therefore be given on top priority for this purpose free or at nominal cost, and if
such land is not available or not found suitable, private land should be acquired
or purchased through negotiated settlement. A Committee at the district level
should identify suitable land and State Governments should form Empowered
Committees to give speedy final clearance and prompt possession of suitable
land to the ULB.
Criteria for Site Selection, Site Development and Landfill Operations
Criteria for site selection, development of land fill sites and scientific landfill
operations may be adopted. Remediation of old abandoned landfill sites should
also be done as suggested in the detailed report. Bio-medical waste, industrial
waste and slaughterhouse waste may be managed as per the relevant Rules and
guidelines of the Government of India and/or Central Pollution Control Board.
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building
Institutional strengthening is the key to success of the SWM system.
Professionalism in administration, decentralization of administration,
delegation of financial and administrative powers, induction of
environmental/public health engineers in the solid waste management sei vices
and fixation of work norms and proper supervisory levels are recommended.
Human resource development through training at various levels needs to be
taken up. Municipal Commissioners and Chief Executives should not be
transferred frequently and should have a tenure of at least 3 years to perfonn
effectively. Inter-city meets for sharing of experience are recommended.
Adequate safe-guards for the supervisory staff against abuse of the Schedule
Caste/Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities ) Act 1984 may be provided
through suitable amendments in the law to enable the Supervisory staff to
perform their duties fearlessly.
NGO/Private sector Participation in SWM Services
/
There is a need to improve accountability and the level of services through
NGO/Private sector participation in SWM services to improve overall
performance without harming the interests of the existing staff. Suitable
amendments in the Contract Labour ( Regulation and Abolition ) Act 1970 may
be done by the Govt, of India to permit private sector participation in this
service.
Enforcement
cleaning charges from
A system of levy of administrative charges or special
:
those who litter the streets or cause nuisance on the streets may be inlroduced
and powers to punish offenders may be given o the local bodies through
suitable additions to the Municipal acts & rules.
Management Informatior System
MIS is the key to monitoring the performance of n anpower and machinery and
to help in planning for the future. Detailed management information systems
suggested in the report may be introduced.
Financial Aspects
The poor financial health of ULBs is major constraint in improving SWM
systems. The financial condition of local bodies may first be improved by
setting the house in order and a series of measures towards financial discipline,
avoidance of wasteful expenditure, prioritizing the expenditure on essential
services, as recommended in the report may be taken. Taxes, user charges and
fees should be raised and linked to the cost-of-living index. Area-based
property-tax reforms may be taken up to improve the finances of the ULBs.
Health Aspects
Improper SWM practices give rise to problems of health and sanitation.
Twenty-two types of diseases are associated with improper SWM practices.
Proper management of processing and disposal sites, special attention to
cleaning of slums, provision of low cost sanitation facilities to prevent open
defecation, prevention of cattle nuisance, proper training to the workforce and
use of protective clothing are some of the measures the local body should take
immediately to protect the health of the citizens and the work force.
Legal Aspects
Citizens' active participation may be ensured through massive public awareness
campaigns. Simultaneously, adequate provisions may be made in local State
laws governing the local bodies to ensure public participation and action
against defaulters. Legislative provisions to be made by each State have been
suggested in the report.
Public Awareness Strategy
Public awareness campaign using information, education and communication
(I-E-C) techniques may be used. Waste Reduction, Reuse, Recycling (R-R-R)
may be advocated to reduce the burden on the local body and citizens may be
motivated to store waste at source in a two-bin system, co-operate with the
doorstep primary collection system and keep the city litter-free. Hygienic Solid
Waste Management needs to find a place in the National Agenda.
NGO, public and private sector participation.
The entire report of Supreme court committee and the manual for the solid
waste management lay emphasize on active involvement of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) in creating awareness among the people, in organizing
the rag pickers for collection of recyclable material and in organizing door step
collection from households, shops and establishments.
A lot of emphasizes is given on public participation, without which no system
would ever succeed. Public participation in the area of storage of waste at
source, & at the community level and in the primary collection of waste is
highly advocated and insisted upon. Legal provisions are also suggested to take
action against the citizens if they fail to comply in spite of repeated instructions
through awareness campaign to cooperate in the system.
Private sector participation is the key to success in the areas where higher
technologies are involved and where personalized services are proposed to be
given. With ever increasing cost of manpower and relatively lower efficiencies
of public sector undertakings, it has been strongly recommended that private
sector should be involved in the area of door step collection of waste from
hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, restaurants, commercial complexes,
households, etc. as well as in the area of transportation of waste and setting up
solid waste treatment and disposal facilities in the urban areas.
Municipal solid waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.
The Government of India, Ministry of Enviromnent have framed rules under
the Environment Protection Act for the handling and management of municipal
solid waste. These rules are binding to all the urban local bodies in the country.
Each city government is, therefore, required to comply with the provision of the
rules in the given time frame. However, implementation of laws remains on
paper if a proper machinery is not created for the implementation of law and
the community as well as community organizations are not actively associated.
The Ministry of Urban Development, has for the first time come out with a
detailed manual on solid waste management to guide the urban local bodies in
improving solid waste management practices and has strongly suggested the
involvement of community and the NGOs. All efforts are, therefore, required to
be made by the urban local bodies to mobilize the community, motivate them
with the help of the NGOs, CBOs and implement the provisions of the
aforesaid rules in an environmentally acceptable and Eco-friendly manner to
give the desired results of the legislation that has been made to improve the
solid waste management practices in the country.
URBAN SOLID WASTE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Almitra H Patel, 50 Kothnur, Bangalore 560077
Thft.Rrgblftim
India uses her streets for dumping waste around the clock and collecting it more or
less frequently or not at all.
India uses her low-lying areas, Ideal for ground-water recharge, as open dumps for
city waste, in rural areas or along highways just outside the city limits.
The Solution:
» The best way to keep streets clean is to not let them get dirty in the first place.
» The best way to minimize dumping problems is to treat waste as'wealth and
recycle as much as possible. This has been done since Vedic times but now
forgotten.
These solutions are spelt out in India's latest national policy tor handling garbage.
The Ministry of Environment in September 2000 issued "Municipal Solid Waste
(Management & Handling) Rules 2000" under our Environment Protection Act.
Some highlights:
» It applies to all towns and cities over 20,000 population.
All their local Solid Waste Management (SWM) Plans will now have to be framed
in conformity with these Rules.
» Every Municipal Authority shall be responsible for the Implementation of
these rules and for Infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation,
transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
» The DM or DC of each district has overall responsibility for enforcement of
rules within the territorial limits of their jurisdiction.
For metropolitan cities (over 10 lakh population), the Secretary Urban
Development of the State IUT has overall responsibility.
» The State Pollution Control Board will grant authorization for setting up
waste processing and disposal facility including landfills, and will monitor air and
water quality and compost quality.
Waste Segregation:
“Municipal authority shall organise awareness programmes for segregation of
wastes and shall ancourage recycling I reuse of segregated materials.
The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure
community participation In waste segregation."
z
t
Waste Collection:
To prohibit littering, municipal authorities should take the following steps:
(i)
Organising house to house collection of municipal solid wastes through
any of the methods... like bell ringing of musical vehicle
(ii)
Devising collection of waste from slums and squatter areas or localities
including hotels, restaurants, office complexes and commercial areas
(III)
Wastes from slaughter houses, meat and fish markets, fruits and
vegetable markets, which are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed
to make use of such wastes
(iv)
Biomedical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed with
municipal solid wastes..."
(V)
Collected waste from residential areas shall be transferred by hand-driven
containerized carts or other small vehicles
(Vl)
Horticultural and construction or demolition wastes or debris shall be
separately collected ..Wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated
(vll)
Waste (garbage, dry leaves shall not be burnt
<vili)
Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste..
Waste Handling:
“Manual handling of waste shall bo prohibited. If unavoidable due to
constraints, manual handling shall be carried out under proper precaution with due
care for safety of workers."
Waste Transport:
“Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.
(i) Storage facilities set up by Municipal authorities shall be daily attended for
clearing of wastes.
(il) Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple handling
of wastes, prior to disposal, Is avoided."
Waste Processing:
Make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill...
(I) The biodegradable wastes...shall be processed by composting,
vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological
processing for stabilization of wastes.
(ii)
Recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling.
» Waste processing & disposal facilities must be set up by 2003 or earlier.
3
Dlsposfll of Compost Rejects and Debris:
Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other
waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing... and
residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-processing rejects...
Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided.
» Existing landfill sites must be improved by 31.12.2001 or earlier.
» New waste processing and disposal sites must be identified and made
ready for use by 2002 or earlier.
Landfill Siting;
Developmant Authorities tp identify ths landfill sitss [largo enough to last for
20-25 years] and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority [after
SPCB clearance]
Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental
Issues
away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water bodies, monuments,
National Parks, Wetlands, places of important cultural, historical or religious interest.
Prior approval of airport or airbase authorities is necessary if the site is to be
located within 20 km of an airport or airbase.
Dept of Urban Development shall coordinate with concerned organizations for
obtaining the necessary approvals and clearances.
A Buffer Zone of No-Development shall be maintained around ths landfull
site and shall be incorporated in the town Planning Department’s land-use plans.
The Rules also describe Facilities required at the site, Specifications for land
filling, Pollution prevention, Water quality monitoring, Ambient air quality
monitoring, Plantation at landfill site, Closure of landfill site and post-care, and
Standards for Compost and for disposal of treated leachates.
i
I
< i
KARNATAKA COMPOST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED
A BRIEF NOTE ON THE WORKING OF THE PLANT
Karnataka
Compost Development Corporation Limited, a subsidiary
of Karnataka Agro Industries Corporation Limited, was,
established during 197 5 with a subsidy of Rs.29.62 lakhs by
Government of India towards capital cost. The Share capital
(authorised) is RJ.lOO lakhs and the paid up capital is
rj.50.00 lakhs.
Karnataka Agro Industries Corporation Limited,
contributed Rs.26.00 lakhs and Bangalore Mahanagara Palike and
Karnataka State Co-operative Marketing Federation Limited
contributed Rs.12.00 lakhs each. The office and plant are
situated in its own land of 15 acres and 10 guntas at
Haralakunte.
OBJECTIVE: The main object is hygienic disposal of solid
wastes of Bangalore City in a semi mechanised compost plant
and obtain the compost the end
development and for maintaining
product, for agricultural
soil fertility.
Solid Waste Management and setting up of compost
plants in various Cities in India was started on the
recommendation of the Committee on Urban Waste Management
headed by Sri B. Sivaraman. The Government of India gave
capital subsidy to start 24 compost plants in major Cities
by the Agro Industries Corporation or Municipal Corporations.
Only 10 plants were started in Ahmedabad, Bombay, Bangalore,
Baroda, Delhi, Calcutta, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Kanpur and
Vijayawada around 1975* Due to technical snags and financial
losses, all of them were closed down except the Karnataka
Compost Development Corporation Limited, Bangalore.
GENESIS:
KCDC was started in 197 5 at Bangalore
and its main semi
mechanised plant was commissioned in 1978.
Due to technical
snags, it became inoperative and the repair costs were un
economical. Since then, composting process is carried out
with the help of smaller screening plants whose designs
were improved from time to time and now Vibrator Screening
Plants are used to obtain fine Organic Manure.
PROCESS: KCDC adopted aerobic decomposition windrow
method. When Organic
ma erial are decomposed in the
..2..
7
.. 2. •
i
presence of oxygen, the process is called aerobic.
The
garbage received is arranged in windrows after segregation of
contacraries , on the concrete platform. A nitrogen fixing
innoculent is sprayed on the garbage to speed up decomposition
and to reduce odours.
I
|
i
The windrows are turned with Che help of Auger and Front end
loaders for areation once in 5 days so that aerobic process
i
i
continued un-intcrupted. Water is sprayed as and when
required depending on the? moisture content. Compoatlng
is completed
within 3 to 4 weeks and the degraded
i
Compost
is feeded to the Screening Plants to produce different grades
of Organic Manure. Organic Manure obtained is in two forms
viz. (1) Organic Manure(Pure) (2) Organic Manure(Enriched)•
The latter has more micro
nutrients
stage of
They are marketed as ‘BIOAGRO’ and ’Bit;
decomposition.
'BIOAGRO RICH.”
free from
with enrichment at the
The oroduct
product does not have
offencive odour and
pathogenic organisms and weeds.
PERFORMANCE: The
Corporation has turned around in 1994-95.
BIOAGRO RICH has established its superiority in quality and
price wise it is highly cpmpetitive to similar products in
the market. Presently, BIOAGRO RICH is sold in the States
of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu .and Kerala through its dealer
network.
with its expertise in simplyfing
the process, is offering consultancy services for setting
up of compost plants in the States of Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, Sikkim and Karnataka at a nominal charge.
KCDC is proud that it is the only oldest
compost plant in Public Sector surviving in India and now
we are starting one more compost plants of capacity of 300 M.T
per day in Bangalore and there will be increase in the intake
of Solid Wastes and production of organic manure.
22-2-22J2-1 The technical team of the Department of
Agriculture,.Government of India, in its report of 1993, have
rightly observed that organic farming is an alternative to
the present system of farming solely dependent on the chemical^
The quality of the compost of KCDC is very good and as per
the recent analysis the percentage of NPK ranges from 1 to 2%.
J3 IOAGRO
RICH is available in HOPE bags of 25 Kgs and 50 Kgs.
■■i
Experiences in collection and composting of urban waste
SHOW, Waste Wise and TIDE
The organic and the inorganic materials produced by the
households, commercials, institutions and industrial activities that have lost their
values in the eyes of the first owner are termed as solid waste. To find a solution
for the urban waste, three groups namely Scientific Handling Of Waste (SHOW),
Waste Wise and Technology Informatics Design Endeavour (TIDE) have been
working as a team over the last 2 years focusing on the collection, treatment and
disposal of the urban wastes at small scales. This presentation provides the
learning and experiences from these in the area of waste collection planning and
in vessel forced air composting.
The collection system planning is based on having a set of base maps of the
area where the collection is to be undertaken. This base maps have been
prepared using a combination of existing maps and walk throughs in the area.
Based on heuristics of route minimization algorithms we have developed
collection routes. Based on this the garbage collection plan has been prepared
for a project at Cuttack, Orissa and as part of IUEIP at Bangalore. The procedure
used and details of the plan would be discussed in the presentation.
With the effective collection system of the waste, the organic portion was treated
to compost. The technology developed for composting was the forced aeration
technique. This system involved effective water drainage mechanism for
removing the excess water from the urban garbage. Air was forced in to the
stacks for the purpose of aeration. This helped in the efficient operation of the
system and also no smell composting of the organic waste from the urban
garbage. The temperature was allowed to rise to approximately 60 degree C.,
and kept for a period of two days so that the compost obtained was pathogen
free. The important parameters monitored all through the composting process
were the Temperature, pH and Moisture content. For WOOKgs of raw wellsegregated urban waste, 300 Kgs of compost was obtained. Our experience with
the urban garbage composting with out the use of any microbes has shown a
typical composting time of a month. The major accomplishment in this process of
technology development and proving has been the standardization of the
technology to an extent that it can be easily operated, routinely monitored and for
any eventuality a well-defined response mechanism has been established. The
concept can now be replicated with minimum technical support and intervention,
which is available with the team.
This same technology has been in operation at SHOW since last December
1999, at Cuttack since February 2000, at St. Martha's hospital, Bangalore since
March 2000 and recently at the Lingarajpuram, which is an IUEIP project.
1
i
■'
•
2)<. 1/mCSH
■■
. SnA<;ctl
VERMITECHNOLOGY
(WASTES - WORMS -• WEALTH)
■■■
s,
.*
...
...
/ (VERMITECHNOLOGICAL BIOPROCESSING OF
WEALTHFUL WASTE FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY)
M
VERMIFARMING :
(LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF WORMS FOR) * USE AS VERMIPROTEIN FOOD ADDITIVE
* USE AS SEED INOCULUM FOR BIOFARMING.
> -
* USE IN MESA (ECO-FRIENDLY) FARMING.
. er,'
■ r.?;:
■
WeRMICOMPOSTING :
* A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND RESOURCE RECOVERY.
.si<
.. <
II. ARE WASTES REALLY WASTES ? OR
MISPLACED RESERVES OF WEALTH.
I
/
A. TYPES AND NATURE OF WASTES:
• LIQUID WASTE : xSEWAGEia SULLA6E.
; - SOLID WASTE : (I) GARBAGE
i
>• ■:
: (II) TRASH/ RUBBISH- COMBUSTIBLE
-NONCOMBUSTIBLE
:(lll) MIXED WASTE
B. SOURCE CATEGORIES OF SOLID WASTES :
1. MUNICIPAL
•
: DOMESTIC
INSTITUTIONAL
:COMMERCIAL
MUNICIPAL SWEEPINGS
>■
i-4-
■
W: ■
A- ’V .<
^'1^'
.
.
•
la
2, INDUSTRIAL : RICE & POUNDING MILLS
- COMpOSTIBLE :SAW MILL
;
:FOOD & FODDER INDUSTRY
:PAPER & PULP INDUSTRY
:DAIRY & BAKERY INDUSTRY
3. AGRICULTURAL
■I-
I
i-
■i -r/
.FARM HOUSE WASTES
FARMING OPERATIONS
:FARM FOOD PROCESSING
>
C. EFFECTS OF MISMANAGEMENT OF WASTES :
MAY SERVE AS -
•FEEDING & BREEDING GROUND FOR INSECT
VECTORS.
......
•7
■
(r
:
i'-
> FEEDING & BREEDING GROUNDS FOR RATS.
■
fc-
■,
..............................
« • •
*FIRE MENACE.
•PERVADING ODOR PRODUCTION SITE.
*AIR & WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL.
♦ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION.
D. AMOUNT OF PLANT NUTRIENTS IN WASTES :
u-
••'ft-
N
a H;g SOURCE ,, - .
0.3 - 0.4
’
CATTLE MANURE
ftW HORSEMANURE
0.4-0.5
■ POULTRY MANURE 1.0- 1.8
WOOD ASH (COAL) 0.73
0.5-1.9
ASH HOUSEHOLD
3.0 -.5.0
HULL RICE
0.4
JOWAR
0.3
WHEAT
0.35-1.37
LEAVES DRY
0.33-0.85
GREEN MANURE
GROUNDNUT CAKE 3.5
J'-
-
■■W
• ••
P2O5
0.1 -0.2
0.3-0.4
1.4- 1.8
0.45
1.6-4.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.23
0.1
0.12-0.3
0.15-0.18
1.9
K2O
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.8 - 0.9
0.53
2.3- 12.0
0.3 - 0J5
2.17
’
1.0
0.36-0.58
0.51-0.58
1.4
field scale vermicomposting
>
1. SIZE QF THE PIT :10.0 M X 1.0 M X 0.3 M.
I
2. TO PREVENT ENEMIES SPRINKLE 0.2% CHLORPYRIPHOS 20
EC TO THE WALLS OF THE PIT.
3, FILL THE PIT FOR PROVIDING BEDDING MATERIALS IN THE
4k fqLlowing order •
THICK COCONUT HUSKS/ GUNNY BAGS / JUTE
REFUSES.
II. 5-10 CM THICK MANURE/ANIMAL DUNG.
4
■
Ill 15 - 20 CM THICK COMPOSTIBLE AGRICULTURAL SOLID
WASTE (COMMUTED).
IV. 5 - 10 CM THICK MANURE / ANIMAL DUNG.
V. 15 - 20 CM THICK GREEN LEAVES / WEEDS, OTHER
COMPOSTIBLES.
VI. COVER THE TOP WITH 1- 3 CM THICK BLACK SOIL.
V-':;
.
VII. SPRINKLE WATER SO AS TO SOAK ALL MATERIALS
. FOR'DAYS FOR STIMULATION OF DECOMPOSITION /
;w-. >
BREAKDOWN OF ORGANIC COMPOSTIBLES.
VIII. INTRODUCE ABOUT 1,000 E. EUGENIAE ( @ 6 - 7
WORMS/ CFT).
IX. COVER THE PIT WITH 10 - 15 CM THICK RICE STRAW
FOR PROVIDING SHADE.
■
4 SPRINKLE WATER EVERY DAY TO PROVIDE 60 - 70 %
MOISTURE (TOP STRAW SHOULD BE ALWAYS WET).
»
5. AFTER 45 DAYS, VERMICOMPOSTING IN THE FORM OF CASTS
START APPEARING ON THE TOP LAYERS.
6. IN ABOUT 90 DAYS, 75 % OF THE COMPOSTIBLES BECOME
; v BLACK MANURE - HUMUS.
7® REE DAYS BEFORE HARVESTING VERMICOMPOST, STOP
\ WATERING SO AS TO LESSEN THE MOISTURE IN THE TOP
■
LAYERS, AND THEN WORMS MOVE TO THE BOTTOM OF
THE PIT.
8. HARVEST THE TOP VERMICOMPOST, DRY IN SHADE AND
BAG. THIS CAN BE STORED IN SHADE/COLD FOR ONE
YEAR WITHOUT LOOSING POTENCY.
9. WORM NUMBER DURING 90 DAYS INCREASE BY 40 TIMES
THE ORIGINAL.
10;t|N ABOUT 1.0 GUNTA LAND, OVER 90 DAYS PERIOD, ONE
CAN PRODUCE 2-4 TOWES VERMICOMPOST. HENCE PER
‘ YEAR 6 - 12 TOWES. THE AVERAGE COST OF THIS
VERMICOMPOST IS ABOUT 2,000/ TOWE. HENCE AVERAGE
EARNING WOULD BE RS. 12,000 - 24,000 PER GUNTA TO
RS. 4,8,000 - 9,60,000 PER ACRE I
Whither Urban Compost for Crop Production?
Dr, K, Shiva Shankar
Vice-President, Association for Promotion of Organic Farming
Trustee, Environment Education Foundation
Former Professor & HOD, Agronomy/Forestry, UAS,Bangalore
1359, 9th cross, J.P. Nagar, I Phase, Bangalore.
In a bid to clean up our cities and safeguard health and sanitation of our cities, safe disposal
of the garbage into dumping sites as land-fills and converting the biodegradable organic
waste into “Urban Compost” are being taken up with varying degrees of success. Garbage
disposal is a stupendous task for a rapidly expanding city like Bangalore. An Indian, on an
average produces 0.5 to 0.6 kilogram of trash everyday compared to three times this quantity
by an American of Australian citizen. The minimum quantity of garbage produced in
Bangalore City is around 2500 tons per day and it is around 5000 tons in New Delhi. The
same is the case with most of the 75 Municipal Corporations in India with garbage
production from 1000 tones upwards. Problems encountered are many in quick and complete
collection, transport to the outskirts of the city to identified land-fill sites or composting
yards, sorting the components, recycling some useful items and composting the organic
materials. It appears that everybody has a say as to how the Corporation should tackle these
tasks so that they need not keep complaining about the Garbage-Menace in their area!
However, no-body seems to get to any concrete action oriented plans on their own volition!
Either from an individual’s or community’s point of view, they can help their city to be kept
clean and their environment to be pleasant.
How can an Individual or a Community help upkeep the City clean?
1. At the household level, trash and garbage output can be mimimised. The waste generated
in food items could be considerably reduced.
2. Use of “Carry-bags” of plastic origin, must be regarded as a sinning against Nature,
innocent living animals like cows, dogs and others as they are generally a recycled item
containing lead and dioxins. More than 30 percent of garbage is composed of plastic
bags which are not biodegradable and which on burning can release toxic chlorinated
compounds. These bags have to be banned by the governments and discarded by all
including men, housewives, and housemaids. It is generally the careless house-maid who
is creating a demand for these once-used carry-bags so that she can pack all unwanted
trash and food items in these and just throw away not necessarily in the dust-bins but
anywhere on the road, parks or sometimes in the neighbours front or back-yard where she
works, and thus having not to retrace her steps to the household to leave the household
basket.
Unless we learn this lesson of Voluntarily banning the plastic carry bags and adopt
alternatives such as bamboo baskets or cloth bags for purchasing vegetables, fruits and
groceries, garbage-menace cannot be solved.
..✓art
Page 2
3. Besides withdrawal of plastic carrybags, other items like glass, bottles, blades, batteries,
broken household items etc. should be withdrawn from the daily throw away list along
with kitchen wastes. What is required as a duty is to sort out the household wastes into
those which can be “composted” and those which can be “recycled” or “discarded”
separately and only the kitchen wastes and garden wastes of leaves, plants etc, (but not
chemicals) could be put in the ‘dust-bins’ of the corporation for taking up ‘Composting’.
Such a consideration would be humane and would save cuts, injuries and bleeding of
workers leading to some severe health problems.
The recent system of collecting garbage from door to door has been introduced in
Bangalore City in many localities. This system is all praise worthy, but there are a few
takers for this, as the entire locality is not participating whole-heartedly. The boy who
collects the garbage comes at a certain time in the morning when many people are not
ready for handing over the garbage. Though there are four separate bins etched on to his
trolley, the proportion of the four segregated matter are not equal and many times they are
not fully segregated and so the garbage goes only into all the four bins equally. There are
instances when these boys empty the whole contents of all the four bins into the nearby
big street dust bin. So, the segregation remains an unfulfilled task.
4. Emphasis is also of avoiding ‘recycling’ of lead and other contaminants in Nature.
Deadly chemicals like DDT, Rat-poisons, discarded drugs, paints, hairdyes etc. should
not be sent to Dust-bins ’ on the grounds that once out of your ‘premises’, you are safe;
they come back to you flying in vegetables, fruits and grains! So, be kind to yourself
please. Avoid use of unnecessary chemicals and shun contaminating these in your “Food
Chain . A good citizen will do this, at least, out of consideration for his poor ignorant
worker in the transport and landfilling system. In the landfills, most of these chemicals
would leach down and pollute our ground water! Our “land-fills” are done so
unscientifically that there is no awareness of the impending long-range catastrophes of
accumulation of poisonous materials, heavy metals and excess of micronutrients, which
can lead to destroying of our natural resource of land and water.
Danger Lurking in the Street-bin
Kindly pause for a while and examine a “Street-bin”. You consider it an eyesore with
overflowing garbage and with foul smell pervading the whole atmosphere. In most
instances and cities, only 60 percent of waste are collected. Even the number of dustbins
are insufficient. You may also observe the stray-dogs and bandicoots examining, sniffing
and pulling out the contents on to the road and the slow intake and mastication of not only
the old rotten food but also the plastic carry bags filled with dirt and food by the cows.
The plastic bags come in varying sizes and colours and mostly of less than 200-micron
thickness. These often get choked in the animal systems leading to death if not operated
upon soon to remove the toxic materials loaded with lead, and many arsenals etc.
V
^rtvart
Page 3
Recycling of Usable Materials
Metal Scraps and other re-usable poisonous materials like Zinc alloy, electroplated
materials etc. also find a way into the dustbin. Tom waste paper mostly printed and
hence “lead-laden” also occupies the dustbin. If they are segregated at the home itself, all
these items could be collected on a separate day in a week and taken out for recycling the
metals/metals etc.
Recycling of Kitchen-Waste for Kitchen Gardening
Every body loves some green plants and beautiful flowers especially those who care for
Nature. There is a general complaint of the city dweller that he does not have space to
grow a few plants even in the pots. Some would love to grow some plants to offer the
flowers to Gods and Goddesses. They are at a loss to see that this is not possible. On a
re-examination, most people can attempt a very small scale of roof gardening. Even
green lawns can be grown without the fear of pesticides entering your body. The food
and nutrition for all this is the kitchen waste. If only we could compost it all, it would
become a useful material and would reduce the city’s onerous task of disposal and
treatment. Vermiculture with suitable earthworms is an enchanting and safe way of
converting waste into wealth.
School children have been trained to nurture
“Vermiculture” and make compost from wastes, green-loppings, grasses, dried leaves and
cowdung. Some are even selling such compost enriched with oilcakes but the stocks are
limited.
Composting at the back-yard is a feasible approach for those who can ear-mark a space of
3-4’width and 6’-12’ length with some protection to the four sides as if walls from slabs
of 21/2 or 3’ or coconut leaf fronds or lantana stems constructed as a vat. The kitchen
waste then has to be supplemented with green leaves, loppings of trees, dried leaves,
grain-chaff, and any organic matter such as straw used for packaging, mowed grass from
the lawns, pruned plants from the garden, etc. It is preferable to buy some cow-dung
usually available around the comer with plenty of dairy cows languishing in the city. All
these can be put in the vat in layers of 4-5” and repeated till the vat is filled. Moisture can
be maintained with watering once in a week and the contents mixed and turned once a
month after the initial turning after 8-10 days of filling the vat. Compost would be ready
in about 3 to 4 months. A community of neighbors can do this also wherever feasible. A
handout on composting by this author is available on sale.
“Urban Composting”
The Urban waste and garbage needs to be studied and tested even after primary sorting at
the household level and at the compost-yard. Once found fit for composting, the bulk
needs to be homogenized with machineries. Generally, windrows are created after the
material has been homogenized and shredded suitably. At KCDC yard, Singasindra, this
is being followed but garbage needs to be handled in a large area. The BDA is planning
to identify 20-30 acres in different locations on the outskirts to help prepare large-scale
compost:
A'
Page 4
onvirt
What are the requirements and feasibilities?
Assuming that the garbage fit for compost is only 1000 tons per day, there could be 3.65
lakh tons/year. This is a huge quantity for composting. Large area is required for
composting itself. If we turn out three batches of compost a year, it would be around 1.2
lakh tons per batch and it is all a bulky matter occupying space. Why don’t we prepare
the material fit for composting and sell it as raw material for the farmers to transport it to
their farms for eventual composting or even to use it as “mulching material” for the
crops? This is worth examining instead of composting without other pre requisites such
as green-matter, cow dung and adequate water. Right now for want of landfill sites some
trucks are seen to ply some 35km away from the city on the outskirts. The contractors are
trying to make quick money by selling the unseggregated garbage in truck-loads to
gulliable farmers. Owe unto those tillers, whose lands can be poisoned thus, in no time!
Therefore it is better that BDA takes up the challenge of segregation of the garbage,
shredding it, homogenizing it and then selling it at suitable rates.
When sufficient space, water and other ingredients are available composting can be
undertaken. Green loppings can be planned through a strong tree-foundation in the ring
roads and avenues. A kilometer length of road can accommodate 200 trees on each side
each of which can produce 0.25 ton of green matter per tree. Caught between Vandalism,
so to say, of the KPTC Staff and urban poor salvaging the maimed and hacked for fuel
and orderly use of trees is upset. The leaves can be utilized for composting while it is
burnt by sweepers. What cannot be composted needs to be examined for retrieving, for
using in the inceranators etc.
For an availability-of 3.65 lakhs of utilizable city garbage, a 100km ring road and 50km
avenues both from North-South and East-West, can yield around 60,000 tons of green
matter. Besides, the total livestock, poultry, piggery and other animal wastes have to be
tapped to make compost of quality and worthy for use in agricultural fields without any
hazardous effects. All this calls for a thorough preparation pragmatically to mutually
benefit the city-dwellers of safe disposal of their waste and of rural farmers of securing
quality compost. Thus, agricultural production which is being affected for want of
organic matter can be given a boost through properly examined and prepared Urban
Compost. This has to become a reality early.
REPLICABLE TECHN0L0GIES/M0DELS
VERMICOMPOST
c
i
0
I
Council lor Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology
Zone-V, Core-C, Second Floor, India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003
Prepared for CAPART by:
Centre for Technology and Development
Society for Economic and Social Studies
B-1. Second Floor. LSC J Block, Saket. New Delhi 110 017
VERMICOMPOST
tial nutrients for plants. In this pro
cess, they also upturn the soil, thus
providing much needed air to micro
organisms and the roots of plants.
They thus speed up decomposition of
vegetable matter and generate con
ditions that are conducive for all kinds
of small animal and plant life to flour
INTRODUCTION
"The -tility of earthworms in far1 mmg has been known for centu
ries. These ‘lowly’ creatures are vital
for the health of the soil and the plants
growin: on it.
Scientists have established that this
beneficial effect is because earth
worms eat up vegetable matter, soil
etc. and excrete small pellets of finely
ground soil (called casts), very rich
in Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potas
sium (N. P and K) which are essen-
5
These ‘lowly’
creatures are
vital for the
health of the soil
and the plants
growing on it.
ish in the soil. Earthworms are also
known to help in maintaining water
balance and other chenoical levels in
the soil.
Due to these properties, earthworms
can be used to produce rich manure.
i
t
6
VERMICOMPOST
What is Vermicompost?
cowdung, straw, green leaves, etc
are easily available on farms and can
I A f ith an eye to all these benefits,
be converted into very useful manure
W if increasing attention is being
The farmer not only avoids the harm
focussed on breeding of earthworms
ful effects of chemicals but also saves
(vermiculture) and their subsequent
money in the process.
use for preparation of compost
(vermicompost). Organic manures
Several methods have been devel
like vermicompost are all the more
oped by which agricultural residues
relevant because of the harmful ef
or waste can be converted into orga
fects of continued use of chemical fer
nic manure to replace chemical ferti
tilisers and pesticides. It is now well
lisers. Of these methods, vermi-
known that heavy use of chemicals
composting is most suited in *erms
ruins the soil and its fertility. On the
of striking a balance between costs
other hand, agricultural residues like
and effectivity.
A'
E R M
COM P 0 S
I
I
i
How Is Vermicompost Mode7
B e n e 111 s o I Ver micom post
| he production of vermicompost
I involves the breeding of earth
I 8 sers of vermicompost affirm
vJ that regular and sustained use
worms m a prepared mixture of
of vermicompost. as part of an or
cowdung, soil and agricultural
ganic farming package, leads to good
residues till the whole mass is con
yields, enhanced soil fertility and re
verted into casts. These casts are t:.en
generation of soil micro-organisms
collected to give vermicompost. Both
with all its incumbent benefits. Advan
indigenous and exotic varieties of
tages of vermicompost can be sum
earthworms can be used.
marized as follows:
1
d
h -
8
V E R M I C 0 M P 0 S T
• eliminates or minimises need for
chemical fertilisers, makes the soil
healthy with high NPK content and
yields crops of better quality
• agricultural and kitchen wastes are
APPLICABILITY AND
REQUIREMENTS
put to good use
• can be done at a smaller scale and
Typically, a 1.5 hectare (3-acre)
I farm will need about 12 tons of
at a faster rate than other methods
of composting
• reduces expenses on external in
biomass which can be converted to
about 8 tons of vermicompost which
would be sufficient for the given area.
puts
• can be done for commercial pur
poses as well as for use on one’s
own farm
• surplus earthworms can be con
verted into good livestock feed.
Some details about requirements,
conditions and other factors are
now given to enable potential us
ers to judge the suitability of this
technology for their contexts.
Availability of Feed Mixture
For small and marginal farmers with
smaller holdings, availability of suffi
cient agricultural residue and cow
dung from their own farms may be a
problem. In such cases some inputs
may be procured from nearby, per
haps even at some cost which may
be weighed against benefits.
’•
Choice of Earthworms
[J est results are obtained with two
U peregrine (exotic or foreign)
species, Eisenia foetidaand Eudrilus
eugeniae. These rapidly convert bio
mass into casts and also breed very
fast. These worms have to be bought
from specialized vermiculture units.
Endemic species (found naturally in
India), like Perionyx exc2'.3tus and
Perionyx sansibaricus are also suited
to vermicomposting, but tney have
/
VERMICOMPOST
vermicompost is definitely higher
than that of other organic manures.
However, compared to chemical ferti
lisers. larger quantities of vermi
compost are needed. For instancejf
a crop needs 40kg nitrogen, this could
be provided by either 540kg of urea
or about four tons of vermicompost.
Alternatively, 1 ton of vermicompost
should be used along with about 6
tons of.mulch biomass to provide the
lower conversion rates and lower
breeding rates than the above exo
tics. Himalayan and Gangetic plains
regions have fewer of these endemic
species. These two indigenous spe
cies and E. eugeniaew better suited
to'sduthern India where temperatures
do not rise very high. E. foetida is suitabte-ftiToughout the country. In case
availability of organic waste is low,
emtogenic (shallow burrowing) species-of earthworms like Lampito
mauritiian6 Pontoscolex corethrurus
can be used for south and north In
dia respectively.
required nitrogen.
Crop yields are usually equivalent to
those obtained by using chemical fer
tilisers. Some studies point out that
combinations give better results.
Watering
Importantly, use of vermicompost
leads to regeneration of soil fertility
thus promoting long-term sustain
1 f ermicompost units require main
V tenance of 40%-50% moisture.
level and 20-300C temperature. To
achieve this, regular and measured
watering of the compost pits as well
as wetting of the shelter to lower the
temperature is required. Conse
quently. regular water supply is es
sential which may be difficult in some
parts of the country in summer.
Il Inputs and Yields
hemical analysis of a typical
sample of vermicompost would
show* that the NPK content of
9
ability.
Regular and
sustained use of
vermlcompost,
as part of an
organic farming
package, leads
to good yields,
enhanced soil
fertility and
regeneration ol
soil micro
organisms with
all its incum
bent benefits.
07730
Process Cycle Time
"Typically, 1.5 tons of feed mixI ture produces 1 ton of vermi
compost in three months. A continu
ous cycle has to be established and
maintained for year-round yield of
vermicompost. It should be noted that
it takes two to three years of exclu
sive and regular use off vermicompost
for all benefits to become apparent.
'V U MiO
pt I
VERMICOMPOST
10
Oirganic waste decomposed
foK 2 weeks and
earthworms introduced
After a couple * •
of months
Ready for
harvest
Dumped in
a conical
heap
Reintroduced
Worms form
a ball
Sieving with a
3mm mesh
dry in shade
Packed in
gunny bags
VERMICOMPOST
11
Space Requirement
PRODUCTION PROCESS
1 f ermicompost units need some
V ground area and a simple roof
I rrespective of scale, the following
1 components and steps are essen
structure for shade. A unit supplying
tial for producing vermicompost.
a 1.5 ha farm would require a 3m x
3m area.
Pits/Troughs
Note:
The various figures given above are
"These can be constructed, either
I above or below the surface, us
only illustrative. Actual correlation
ing brick masonry or stone slabs or
between cropping area, availability of
even plastic. For a volume of Im3, a
agricultural residue, vermicom-
pit/trough of 1.6m length, 1m width
post yields and crop yields/quality
and 0.75m height is suitable. The
vary with the soil conditions, cli
number of worms is dependent on the
mate, nature and pattern of cropping,
volume: in the above case about 6000
etc.
to 7000 worms can be used.
12
VERMICOMPOST
Protection
Inoculation and Breeding
"The pit should be constructed indi oors; if outdoors, a thatched roof
■‘j kg of earthworms, comprising
I 600-1000 worms, can convert 45
should be built over it. This is because
optimum moisture in the 40%—50%
range and temperature in the 20-30°C
range need to be maintained: higher
moisture levels cause acidic condi
tions which are fatal for earthworms,
as are high temperatures.
kg of wet biomass (40% moisture)
in a week, yielding about 25 kg of
vermicompost. The partially decom
posed biomass in the pit is inoculated
with earthworms of the chosen spe
cies. Regular watering is done daily
to maintain optimum moisture levels.
1.5 tons of feed mixture (2/3 agricul
tural residue + ’/3 cowdung) produce
1 ton of vermicompost in 3 months.
Protection from predators is essen
tial. A ‘moat’ or ditch of standing wa
ter around the pit will prevent ants
from getting to the worms and a wire
mesh will keep away cats, dogs or
■Tz ■
Collection
birds.
The worms feed on the biomass,
I assimilating 5-10% for their 7
Feed Mixture
growth and excreting the rest in the
form of nutrient-rich casts. Once the
feed mixture is seen to largely con
tain casts, it is dumped in a conical
heap and left for a few hours. The
worms collect at the base and are .r
easily retrieved for reuse. The remain
ing dried material is passed through
a 3mm sieve to collect the casts as
vermicompost In an innovative, se
quential system of vermicomposting.
CSV (Wardha) developed various
stages in interconnected pits, with the
worms migrating from pit to pit. Field
studies show encouraging results.
Earthworms
feed on
flresidue can be used as feed mix biomass,
assimilating
ture, e.g. farmyard wastes, green 5%-10%for
wastes, sugarcane thrash, coir and • their growth and
! excreting the
pith, kitchen wastes. These are mixed
rest in the form
with cowdung in the ratio 8:1 and put j of nutrient rich
casts.
in the pit. If dung is not available, a
little vermicompost and soil may be
A ny organic waste or agricultural
added. The feed mixture is allowed
to decompose for at least 2-3 weeks.
During this time, the mass will heat
,up. If earthworms are introduced in
this period, they will die.
13
V E R M I CO M POS T
COSTS
A. Vermicompostino unit
-nCk'<•
Depending on the crop^area and manure Wquiremen^
; : ;.
(a) Small unit
./ .
A marginal farmer with, say,
/, hectare (1 acre) crop area requiring
about three tonnes
say, ’/.
requiring'about
• of vermicompost annually, can set up a unit of I m1 capacity from stone slabs. The ex-.
i■' penditure
incurred;wouldbeasJollows:;;!^
Pir'p" iellbith-lJSrn^'dthUi'iOmiji
’ei^^^SmX^^^B^^^^^h’l^^':--’'’-’ •’•Wj-:
Stone slabarea;i;i,;<,
Earth work '
Laying and fffltogrf joints with cement —- :
Rs 100.
^Bs580 c .
;
Roof
length=3m; width=3m; helght=1m
^?L'
p.i-
1
_3
vi;.;:.
»
'
7
Construction
«■
’ '‘•'Rs'200
’^-Rs#'<
Rs 300
Protection
Wire-mesh cover
(h
it; Total cost of unit i •
|if. P:1':
■7L:
’
Rs 200
; RslOW
,u ■
5/
•<
/=-i ? .
i
1. ' :
‘ .
-•■'
■
I’ : •
'
i:
-
7
14
VERMICOMPOST
(b) Medium unit
For producing 15-18 tonnes per year (needed for a 3-4 ha or 6-8 acre farm; or for
comanercii use), a brick masonry unit can
>.
■
Pit
Iength«3m; width=1.2m; height^.8rii;;,ttilckne& ot^lxldxhiXone brick)**
(Note^ftie AAntalnbr
container 1c
Is Hh/irfoH
divided mfA
into ♦hroa
three sections. tSihg fivo' dMders'inade of brick.
'.v- •;
Stona slabs can be used for the base.)
Total brick area
Masonry© Rs.125/mI?!
= ;'';Rs1125
. Area of base
= -'bpH'3-6nf ;. - '
' ■1 ? Stone slabs © Rs. 86/m» <
Laying and filling of joints, cement
■
aafcHt
' ■'-r:/j
c
:
.
■
Roof ^:1ength=3m; width=3^m; heights m
- . ::r?
Thatched leaves
Poles
.. Construction
=
' Rs 80
»
Rs 230
’ . ■ Rs 40
: '
i-?
. ..w„*
’ Protection?
< . UWlremesh .
■-sfeaigjaO
Total cost of unit
— —-
B. Earthworm*
‘
1 kg of earthworms (600 to 1000 no.s) would cost about Rs 200 to Rs'SOO.'These can ijif
Per
an average from which 5000 young worms win ’r
' emerdSlOOcfyoung worms will multiply to 9000 adult worms in threejmcm^R^^i
.
trieved worms as well as cocoons can be reused.
-
'
• 5
“
•
■
•
’
'■
•
’
"
M
VERMICOMPOST
15
C. Feed Mixture
As mentioned above,..1-5. tonnes of feed mixture converts to about 1 tonne of
W.'* i;fe^5.tonsagdcultural residue «•
~ - YRs 750'' :
©IO®
hSSOWlH
Bif
^5^^® "ot*d
'W
■'r
—.
.-'’• ;<
.•
r■
only ^H’31 lnJ,lrts have been used. In most farms, agricultural
etc.;^ara available internal)lyrthus substantially reducing,.costs.
been taken as an examplifor roof material;
:
ln summers, in order to maintain bpti-■?
sides of the ■'enclosure^rauld^ be:
and costs for^theIsame lrave:iWbeen:i:
1)6 conducted in a tree shade instead of under a roof thereby
costsi However, life and effectivity of the earthworms may be somewhat
microbial actjvity-Karani cake can also be
enhances the quanty ftjrther. .
®S^^teS^^M
befllnninfl 10 speerd up the process-Three
iejpHbwing bacteria: actinomycetes, acetobacter
'•>?• ■<•..£££'■’'•.••
In.?-.*
VERMICOMPOST
16
action PLAN
diiS^^ine for an Action
‘on dissmnation of vermicompo^.te^^ogy^ aig
\ FiLgested
below. It is only a guideline' anil the> tinal •project
proposal
shpSl^bi
‘drafted <
—
•■
0^:51-investiaations and as per CAPART guidelines. Locale specific variations :
. on the basis of field investigations
-r’'' '
in the costing may be made.
Objectives
;<•
■•f/provide.hands on tralning^&^
To provide technical and managerial twck-op to the units thus set up, including rnar- ’•
^;.S;MngM®nce«req«Agggg^ .
Sj. .
iWftlk' «<:. -
?■; •'To monitor the use of vermlcompostMthe,crops of the benefctaiw^1,...; . fe j»TE
OSiM
< A campaign for generating a^^opg|hftpeoP^
A nodal centre is set up to .tr^re jhe .bAnefic^effFrvthe yariou^^ecte^sfthe techriol- ‘ ogy. Smaller unlts are set up in-thefleidit the seiertei^ferielicl^^^
wsfJ&iii*; ••-’
es Keeping In mind i.
d'cbnflMl^Oa^ thei?
I®
eluding training: It v/ould
would be use^l^^^
usefijl^^w);)ceeps
Keeps a reconio|w
and application of vermicompost and the subsequent yields?:Sliwltan^us^ftf^on
of other people in the field area should continue using the beneficiary plots as demonstration sites. The nodal centre also continues as a production cum demonstration site.
•-
17
VERMICOMPOST
- • ' ■
Costs
•
The budget presented here is fora medium-sized unit which can be viably run on and
v I ‘for a 3-4 ha farrniJh^^.mi^reIs.costed In the budget Hpweve^Jf rt is generated^ .
r
• kdes-cribed here measures 3mx1^m x 0.8m With corresponijfog roof of 3m x 3.5m x.
■ im.'
.
.'7-1
■:■:«’■>
-i’ ’ •
~
-
!< While undertaking ah Action Ran for Vermicompost, provision should be made for one
Project Coordlnahj^dwe'Supervisor, at appropriate rates, for the^ilvelTicintli period^•*.
I^Besourc^Aoeticyi^dMfield tevelrjncludlngL InstrtutfonaEFeeSTor:Tecnniciil Backup}*'*
HW®W!W
: ■ Besides these provisions, the following costs win be incurred:.•>
:V
Infrastructure (for21unlts)
=
^!Sl^^^fe21unlts)<;<;^
kartiiw^<B^WyZi!:
fc? /< .rj• 1-
-
RsaJB.OOO -'•
’ ’’ '
■■
.♦• " r? ■i
The total cost will thus be in the range of Rs. 2.75 lakhs.
■
Ii.-
‘
••• »•- '•*.' j " -ii-• i
- •
:•-■•*'*
■■
• •
18
VERMICOMPOST
INSTITUTIONS/AGENCIES
K| umerous organisations and
I « farms have been utilising
vermiculture and vermicomposting
successfully. Centres where training
can be imparted include:
Institute ol Natural Organic
Development Trust
100, Kalpana Apartments, Dr. Ketkar
Road, Prabhat Road, Erandavana,
Pune 411 004
Natural Resources Development
Trust
4/41 Erandavana, Karve Road,
Pune 411 004
Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar
Research Centre
Tharamani Inst. Area, Madras- 600
113
Agriculture Tools Research Centre^&
Suruchi Campus, Bardoli - 394 601
Development Alternatives
Gundappa Complex, 29. Jayamahal
Road, Banga!;.re - 560 046
Dr Hemangi Jambhekar
Institute of Organic Farming and Ru
ral Technologies, B-9 Shrvai, Bank of
Maharashtra Colony, Sinhagad Road.
Pune4T1 030
VANRAJ
2064 Vijaynagar, Pune - 411 030.
Bharatiya Agro-lndustries
Foundation
Kamdhenu, Senapati Bapat Road,
Pune-411 016
Dr Sultan Ismail
Institute of Research in Soil Biology;
and Biotechnology, The New College.
Chennai - 600 014.
Centre for Environmental Education
Southern Regional Cell, Kamla Man
sion, 143, Infantry Road, Bangalore 560 001
Dr Radha Kale
Deptt. of Zoology, University of Agri
cultural Sciences, Bangalore
Mythri Sarva Seva Samiti
94, Farm House. 7th Cross, 3rd Main
Domlur Layout. Bangalore - 560071
Shri U.S.Bhavalkar
Bhavalkar Earthworm Research Insti
tute, Pune - 411 037
Krishna Krishi
Gadag, Dharwad District, Karnataka
M.S. Swaminathan Research
Foundation
Tharamani Institutional Area, Madras
600 113
065.
-W
V
I
I
HEADQUARTERS
Advisor (RT) or Director General
CAPART
Zone-V Core-C. 2nd Floor, India-Habitat Complex,
Lodi Road. NEW DELHI - 110003
Phone [011J-464 8605. 464 7954 FAX: (011J-464 8607
REGIONAL COMMITTEES
Member Convenors of:
Regional Committee, Jaipur (for Delhi & Rajasthan)
HCM Rajasthan
Institute of Public Administration (SIRD)
Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, JAIPUR - 302017
Phone: [0141J-510556 FAX: (0141 )-519883
Regional Committee, Lucknow (for U.P.)
B-3/499 VishalKhand-lll, opp. City Montesori School
Gomati Hagar. LUCKNOW (U.P.)
Phone: [0522J-394702 FAX: [0522J-388676
Regional Committee, Ahmedabad (lor Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Goa, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli)
Sardar Patel Institute of Public Administration
opp. ISRO, Satellite Road. AHMEDABAD - 360 015
Phone: [079J-6742775 FAX: [079J-6748722
Regional Committee. Bhubaneswar (for Orissa, West Bengal,
Andaman & Nicobar Islands)
State Institute of Rural Development
Unit-8, Gopabandhu Nagar, BHUBANESWAR (Orissa) - 751030
Phone & FAX: [0674J-414924
Regional Committee, Hyderabad (for Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
Pondicherry, Lakshadweep & Minicoy Islands)
A.P. Academy of Rural Development (SIRD)
Rajendra Nagar. HYDERABAD - 500030
Phone & FAX: [030J-257851
Regional Committee, Guwahati (for Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura & Meghalaya)
Ashok Path. Bashistha Road (Survey). GUWAHATI - 781028 (Assam)
Phone & FAX: [0361 j-568368
Regional Committee, Chandigarh (for Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh, Punjab)
SCO/179-180. 2nd Floor, Sector - 17C. Chandigarh - 160017
Phone: (0172J-700457
Regional Committee, Patna (for Bihar)
Biscomaun Tower. Near Gandhi Maidan.
Patna - 800001
PELLETISATION OF INDIAN MSW : EXPERIENCE OF RDF PLANT, MUMBAI
Dr, Pawan Sikka. Department of Science & Technology,
Govt, of India, New Delhi 110016,
India.
ABSTRACT
Efforts have been made to convert the combustible material in the municipal solid
waste into refuse-derived fuel pellets, in an indigenously designed/developed plant,
set up in (Mumbai) Bombay, India. The RDF pellets so produced are well accepted
and are being used as a coal substitute by the industry. In view of the better plant
economics and comparative advantages of RDF peifets over coal, the technology
for pelletisation of MSW should be aoapted by other countries.
INTRODUCTION
The effective disposal and utilisation of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) has attracted the
attention of scientists and technologists, all over the world for evolving a total approach
towards reutilisation of the urban waste 'nto some fruitful uses.
The metropolitan cities of India i.e. Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta, Delhi, Chennai, etc., are
generating 4000 to 5000 tonnes of MSW per day - a quantity beyond limit for the existing
dumpyards in garbage disposal as landfilling and to create enormous pollution and health
hazards. The composition of the MSW, from the household and streets, is heterogeneous
in nature (Table 1 and Table 2) varies from city to city, and season to season and contains
compositble, combustible, recyclable and other miscellaneous materials. For each of the
components, suitable technologies could be considered for the treatment and conversion
into materials with economic value, i.e. to provide manure, biofertilizers, energy (methane
gas, RDF pellets as coal substitute), and conserve nature.
BOMBAY EXPERIENCE ON RDF PELLETS
With a view to offer a technological solution for the disposal of city garbage and provide
options for making metropolitan cities of India cleamer environmentally, a pilot project of
contd.../-
Fuel pellets are economical and have tremendous market potential in non-coal producing
zones. The problem of coal in respect of availability, quality, higher prices etc can be
overcome by using the fuel pellets. The fuel pellets can be efficiently used in fixed grate,
travelliug grate, fluidised bed and multi fuel packaged boilers.
Table 4 : RDF Vs Coal
_________ Factors______
Boiler Efficiency________
Evaporation Ratio (Kg/Kg)
Steam Cost (Rs./ton)
RDF
52.62%
3.68
326.00
Coai
49.30%
3.30
500.00
RDF PLANT ECONOMICS
The RDF Plant set up in Bombay has got the following plant economics:
(i) Raw material input
- Garbage
- Binder/Additive
160-180 TPD
2 TPD
(Optional)
(H) Installed capacity
of the plant
2TPH
(iii) No. of shifts per day
3
(iv) Daily production
40 TPD
(v) Monthly production
1000 TPM
(vi) Additional Land
requirement for
solar-drying of
MSW.
2 acres
(vii) Electrical load
375 HP
(viii) Manpower requirement
60
(ix) Monthly Sales
Rs. 1.00 million
4
(x) Monthly Expenditure
Rs. 0.65 million
- Power
- Manpower
- Consumables/repair/maintenance
- Taxes/water/lnsurance
- Office/sales exp.
- Any other
(xi) Monthly Profit
Rs. 0.35 million
ENERGY ECONOMICS
The energy economics of the processing of garbage in the plant is found to have a ratio
factor of 10 (energy output/energy input). The computation is indicated in the diagram
below:
ELECTRICAL ENERGY INPUT
80 to 100 Kwhr/MT of product
Waste Heat
Waste Fuel
enrich (optional)
MSW
FUEL FLUFF/PELLET
3500x103 to 4000x103 Kcal/MT
1000 to 1150 Kwhr/MT
* 1 Kwhr = 860 kcal and considering 25% commission efficiency
from thermal energy to electrical energy.
Energy Output
K 10
Energy input
5
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PACKAGE
Based on the experience gained on the pilot project operations, the technology is now
commercially offered for producing fuel pellets from municipal garbage, the plant offered
here, a total economically viable one, is carefully engineered with equipment sourcing
from within the country. The plant design would have to be tailored in accordance with the
quality and quantity of garbage from city to city. The technology transfer package would
consist of Project feasibility report
Plant design and project report
Tendering, Vendor selection, procurement and inspection support
Plant installation and commissioning
i raining for operation, maintenance and marketing
CONCLUSION
With rapid urbanisation, the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is expected to rise
manifold in the coming decade. Production of fuel pellets from the combustible portion of
the MSW is one of the options for the effective disposal and utilisation of MSW, providing
at the same time a clean, energy-efficient, eco-friendly fuel for the coal-based industries.
REFERENCES
1.
Pawan Sikka - Fuel from Waste. Invention Intelligence, New Delhi, July 1994.
2.
Pawan Sikka - New Strategies for Waste Management in India
Intelligence, New Delhi, July 1997.
3.
Pawan Sikka - RDF Pellets Vs Coal, IREDA News, 8(1)1997, New Delhi
4.
Pawan Sikka - RDF Pellets are Energy Efficient than Coal - R97 Proceedings Vol
VI, Pp. 180-84, 4-7 Feb 1997, Geneva, Switzerland.
6
Invention
VERM1CULTURE : CITY LEVEL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
RADHA D. KALE
Department of Zoology,
, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK,
Bangalore - 560 065
In India, the quantity of decomposable organic waste generated is
astronomical when compared to several other countries. An awareness needs to
be created among the urbanites about proper management of waste.
Additionally, the significance of waste management in solving environmental
related problems and amelioration of productive soil needs to be emphasized. To
solve the problems and issues of the people, it is a matter of consideration to use
our natural resources. The need lies in developing a comprehensive agenda to
arrive at a definite programme.
Management levels for solid waste varies from kitchen, garden and
markets to toxic industrial and unhygeinic hospital waste in urban communities.
It requires proper scientific understanding and technicalities for handling of
decomposable solid organic waste and bio-remedial measures for toxic wastes.
Biowaste recycling has been considered as one of the important strategies
in controlling the environmental pollution. Biowastes generated from households
is the predominant resource of organic matter (approximately 35-100 kg biowaste
per person per year).
Most of the communities in cities of Holland collect
garbage in 120 litre containers.
The composting plants were constructed at
different phases to serve the population (Schutle et al,. 1991). In Massachusetts,
the project was planned in three phases that included development of protocol for
handling, collection, transportation and composting procedures. It also included
the technicalities and economics involved in operation (Martinson, 1991). Public
participation provides impetus for growth of informal programmes.
Study
indicates that the backyard composting can divert a significant portion of
residential waste stream (Taylor, 1991).
Vermiculture :Supportive programme for waste management
Sustainable agriculture and solid waste management are gaining
prominence in the present day scenario.
One of the major components of
sustainable agriculture is the good quality organic amendment to improve the soil
productivity.
All biodegradable waste when processed properly, can be
converted into manure.
There are certain measures to be followed such as
temperature and moisture regulation and proper aeration in converting the
organic waste into manure. Individuals involved in compost production from
waste should get the necessary information.
When earthworms arc used for
composting, it is essential to know about the species of earthworms that are
suitable for the purpose, their handling including knowledge of protecting them
from predators.
The segregated urban decomposable organic waste differs from the rural
waste mainly in one character. The waste from households and market yards
comes mostly from discarded vegetables and fruits. Thus the moisture level is as
high as 80 per cent in such heterogeneous waste in cities. The ideal moisture for
proper decomposition is 40 to 60 per cent. There ought to be raise in temperature
to destroy any pathogens in the decomposing waste. Finally proper aeration is
essential to hasten up the decomposition process and to eliminate the odor. The
constructions of structures are important for composting of urban solid waste.
The community activity involves identifying a good leader who can
motivate the residents of the locality to take part for a good cause. This also
needs to find a suitable place for building the necessary structures.
The
structures should be such that they look elegant, long lasting, economical and
prevent stray animals.
As they have to be constructed in residential areas
maxiimum care should be taken to minimise the abnoxious odor from the
decomposing material. This is possible only when excess moisture is made to
drain out and is absorbed by a natural absorbent like dry leaf matter or waste
paper or even brick pieces. After conditioning the waste for 3 to 4 weeks,
earthworms can be introduced to feed on the waste and produce compost.
Designs have been prepared for use in apartments. Incentive to commercial units
by providing land/financial assistance, power and water connection encourages
them to establish large scale production units.
The waste source can be from market yards, choultries and hotels and can
also be from agro-based industries for these units. The segregated waste from
residential areas can also enter these large scale units for vermicompost
production. The activity does not require heavy machinery.
Some of the agro-based industries like breweries, sugar factories, seed
production, food processing and aromatic oil extraction units have already
adopted this simple technology for processing of waste generated in their
respective units. This has become an additional income for these units.
Vermicultiire in a nut shell
Vermicomposting a simple technology evolved to use earthwonns for
processing of organic waste results in
a) accelerating composting process,
b) reduction in phytotoxic chemicals and elimination of pathogens, c) good
Composting process to be aimed at minimising the time of composting,
maximum bulk reduction and preventing loss of nutrients.
The biological
materials like earthworms and consortium of microorganisms contribute to these
above features of composting. The epigeic earthworms that feed exclusively on
organic waste hasten the process of composting by their voracious feeding and
defaecation.
The granular mucus coated earthworm castings encourage the
microbial activity to enhance further decomposition. The bulk reduction for the
urban solid waste by earthworm activity is to a tune of 60 to 70 per cent unlike
that of fann waste which is only 50 per cent. About 3 to 4 quintals of compost is
recovered from one tonne of urban solid waste. The nutrients get concentrated
due to bulk reduction and loss is also minimised due to reduction in time of
composting. Thus, the nutrient status of vermicompost is at a higher level than
that of the compost derived from other methods.
Further enrichment can be
made by addition of microbial cultures at the time of application to soil as
biofertilizers.
The activity groups can be identified as individuals, localised community
groups and large scale commercial units.
Vermicomposting has become the
backyard hobby of garden lovers with green thumb to produce the vermicompost
on their own for their garden. A few individual houses are producing upto 70 to
75 kg vermicompost per annum.
Woven nylon cement/urea bags are used in some homes to collect waste
and produce vermicompost.
To absorb the excess moisture released from
vegetable and fruit peels, waste paper or dry leaf matter is to be used as an
additive. Other types of collection containers can be plastic bins or drums or
wooden boxes lined with plastic sheet. Il is easy to handle and manage small
quantities of waste at household level composting.
a
quality manure to farming community and finally d) solving environmental
related problems.
References
Martinson, S. (1990) Green waste composting. Biocycle, (10): 76-78.
Schulte, T., Goggel, B. and Maire, U. (1991).
Biowaste recycling in the
Netherlands. Biocycle (6): 70-71.
Taylor, P. (1990), Backyard composting as MSW strategy. Biocycle, (9) : 7780.
/
J
COMPOSTING OF URBAN SOLID WASTES
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS
Radhakrishna.D and Raghavendra Rao.S
Department of Agricultural Microbiology
University of Agricultural Sciences,
GKVK, Bangalore 560065
A cupful of garbage is just one of the souvenirs one can take home from
their experiences at a residential environment education program. Garbage is
transformed from food and vegetable wastes into a nutrient rich product in the
composting and recycling strategy!
The management of garbage or urban solid wastes has reached a critical stage and
emphasis has been on the ultimate deposal of these wastes. The segregation of the
biodegradable materials and their amount that contribute to the urban solid wastes
vary with place and time. The largest component is paper and card board products
(30%) food wastes including kitchen wastes (15%)and yard wastes that includes
grass, clippings, leaves, tree and shrub trimmings contribute about 20%. These
fractions combined account for nearly two-thirds of the urban solid wastes.
Composting is presently viewed as an alternative means of processing
solid wastes into acceptable products that can be used beneficially as bio-fertilizers
and soil conditioners and also to dispose as land filling wherein the bulk is reduced
by 50%. The general method of composting is a microbial process that depend on
the growth and activity of mixed microbial populations that are indigenous to the
organic wastes. The composting can be done under aerobic or anaerobic conditions
but aerobic-thermophilic method is preferred because it is rapid and also because
of higher temperature attained which greatly reduces the pathogens .
METHODS OF COMPOSTING:
Composting of urban solid wastes can be conducted in cement tanks
especially for wastes generated from residential area. The main problem of the
residential garbage is the foul smell and attraction of files.
Best management practice is required for implementing a low cost technology
waste composting . Procedures have to be developed for composting wastes
generated by the domestic system. The source segregation of wastes is attractive,
cost effective recycling strategy. The first step in developing waste composting
program is to determine whether composting is a feasible recycling alternative.
I
Feasibility of the program is dependent on the following factors:
1. corporate support of the programme.
2. Availability of specialized waste hauling services.
3. Availability of permitted composting facility with expertise
in waste composting produce.
4. Economic feasibility of the program.
Composting domestic refuses using low technology approach presents
following challenges:
Generation of odors, nuisance animal and flies attraction, high free water
content and rate of decomposition. These potential problems can be controlled
through a variety of process management techniques, which includes:
1) Selection of bulking materials and mix ratios.
2) Thorough mixing of composting materials
3) Incorporation of a process monitoring program
4) Maintaining adequate conditions for composting.
Mixing bulking materials such as yard debris, mixed waste paper, sawdust and
dry garden sweeping to absorb water, can readily control drainage of free water
from wastes.
Porosity is the single most important component of an initial mix. A mix with
insufficient porosity will limit aeration. This is significant when using a low cost
technology composting approaches that relies entirely on windrow turning and
convection for aeration.
Another alternate method is by providing forced aeration by using mechanical
blowers distributes air through the piles of organic wastes dumped in the tanks.
The effectiveness of aeration depends on the proper circulation of air through the
wastes. This helps in increasing the microbial activity, removes odor and
controls flies.
The composting can also be achieved by using mechanical turnings and
covering the surface with dry leaves or coir pith to prevent the flies and also to
absorb excess water from the wastes.
However, when the quantities of the solid wastes are, formation of windrows is
the most convenient method of composting. During this process the optimum
conditions necessary for composting are to be provided.
)
BURNT SOIL - TRADITIONAL METHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Vasudeva and Venkatesha, M.,
Dept, of Soil Science & Agril. Chem., UAS, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065
Life in costal regions is more close to nature than in other place. Soils here are
characterized by acidic reaction, leaching of nutrients due to heavy rainfall and poor in
bases. The paddy fields are in undulating topography and surrounded by thick
vegetation. The abundant growth of the vegetations cause shade and hence needs to be
pruned especially in summer. Thus lot of biomass is obtained. This cannot be
decomposed readily as it contains hard to decompose materials such as twigs, small
branches, thorns etc. which would rather require more time. Decomposition process
would be slow and not practicable during heavy down pore because of large quantities of
water every where and in hot summer due to lack of sufficient moisture for
decomposition.
In order to find a way to use these it is burnt, but in a special manner. Depending
on the amount of material available these are heaped in the open places or in the paddy
field itself but after loosening the soil at the base. The material and the soil are heaped in
alternate layers up to 1- 1.5m height. This is then burnt. The ratio of soil and plant
material is such that the burning process should continue to 4-5 days so that the soil
added bums completely with the plant material. The material is allowed to cool and then
used as a source of nutrients and also as pest repellent.
The analysis of burnt soil showed that there was 2-3 unit increase in soil pH. The
original acidic soil turned alkaline due to addition of mineral or bases from plant
material made available during burning (pH 4.9 -5.2 to 7.4 - 7.5). This also led to
increase in the electrical conductivity (0.048 - 0.084 d S m-1 to 1.26-2.55 ). Organic
carbon content of fully burnt soil reduced substantially due to oxidation of organic
material (2.6-3.1% to 0.88%-Nil). Organic content of half burnt soil is more than unbumt
soil. The availability of nitrogen increased to little extent whereas the availability of
phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium increased to many folds (8.22 - 20.8
. ppm P, 33.22-437 ppm K, 1.9-6.7 meq/lOOg Ca, 0.72 - 7.1 meq/lOOg Mg) similarly the
available micronutrient content of burnt soil also increased substantially when compared
to unbumt soil. The increased nutrient content is attributed to mineral nutrients from
organic material made available quickly due to ashing and release of unavailable mineral
bound nutrients from the soil particles because of high temperature
The material is first spread in the nursery uniformly before the plughing activity
the remaining material is spread in the main field in a similar way. It also finds
application as top dressing.
This material also is very important in plantations of areca and coconut. This is
applied @ of five kg per palm which is found to enhance the all-round plant
development. Other than the use in paddy and plantation it finds a significant place in the
cultivation of vegetables especially cucurbits. In vegetable cultivation burnt-soil is used
as basal dose along with other organic manure. Also used for top dressing. In addition to
its manurial value it finds its place in the management of pests especially termites, other
soil borne pests and sucking pests such as aphids.
COMBINED APPLICATION OF URBAN COMPOST
AND SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR TOMATO
Dr. V.C. Reddy, ShyamalaKrishna and S.B. Yogananda
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out at Itgalapura, Bangalore north
to study the influence of sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM on
growth and yield of tomato cv. pusa ruby. Organic sources were applied
in combination of different proportions.
Fruit yield (t/ha) was
significantly higher (15.0 t/ha) with sewage sludge : urban compost
(1:1), but was on par with application of sewage sludgeiurban
compost(l:2) and only sewage sludge application. Plant height (43.3
cm), number of fruits plant’1 (72.0) and fruit weight (59.5 g) also
followed the same trend. Sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM and
soil were analysed before the experiment for pH, EC, OC (%), N, P and K
content. Soil physical and chemical properties were improved with the
application of sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM. Soil pH, EC,
available N, P and K and organic carbon were higher by the combined
application of sewage sludge and urban compost in 1:1 proportion.
COMBINED APPLICATION OF URBAN COMPOST
AND SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR TOMATO
Dr. V.C. Reddy, ShyamalaKrishna and S.B. Yogananda
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out at Itgalapura, Bangalore north
to study the influence of sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM on
growth and yield of tomato cv. pusa ruby. Organic sources were applied
in
of
combination
proportions.
different
Fruit
was
(t/ha)
yield
significantly higher (15.0 t/ha) with sewage sludge : urban compost
(1:1),
but
par
on
was
with
of
application
sewage
sludge:urban
compost(l:2) and only sewage sludge application. Plant height (43.3
cm), number of fruits plant'1
followed the same trend.
(72.0)
and fruit weight (59.5 g) also
Sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM and
soil were analysed before the experiment for pH, EC, OC (%), N, P and
K content. Soil physical and chemical properties were improved with
the application of sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM. Soil pH, EC,
available N, P and K and organic carbon were higher by the combined
application of sewage sludge and urban compost in 1:1 proportion.
In
recent
years,
last
fast
urbanization
generates
large
quantities of garbage and sewage. Conversion of garbage into
compost and sewage into biogas helps to generate useful
manure, which would be a good source of plant nutrients for
j
organic farming. Besides it serves as an effective disposal of
wastes and conserves the natural resources such as soil,
water and air. Use of compost prepared from urban garbage
and
sludge
from
biogas
plant
organic
as
supplements
improved the crop yields and also soil quality (Reddy et al.,
2000). Hence, it is essential to know the effect of combined
application of compost and sludge on crop yields.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A
field
trial
was
conduced
to
test
the
combined
application of urban compost and sewage sludge on tomato
cv. pusa ruby during 2000-01 at Itgalpura, Bangalore north.
Sewage sludge, urban compost and FYM were applied in
combination of different proportions viz 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 by
weight. Treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized
block design. The organic manures 'were applied in furrows
opened at 75 cm apart. About thirty days old Pusa raby
seedlings
of
tomato
were
transplanted
at
60cm
apart.
Irrigation and weeding were given as and when necessary.
Staking of plants was done on 30th day and training of plants
4
continued up to 60 days form transplanting. Samples of
sewage sludge, urban compost, FYM and soil were analysed
for pH, EC, organic carbon and major nutrients before the
experiment (Table 1 and 2). Treatments were fixed based on
the nutrient content of sewage sludge, urban compost and
FYM.
The
soil
analysis
was
done
after
conducting
the
experiment treatment wise. Observations like plant height,
number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and fruit yields per
hectare were recorded from each plot and data were analysed
statistically. Results were interpreted using Fisher’s test of
significance at 0.05 probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tomato fruit yield was significantly higher (15.0 t/ha)
with 1:1 proportion of sewage sludge and urban compost
(Table 2). However, it was on par with the application of 1:2
ratio of sewage sludge: urban compost and sewage sludge
alone. Similarly, plant height (43.3 cm), number of fruits per
plant (72.0) and fruit weight (59.5 g) followed the same
trend.
Higher
content
of nitrogen
in
sludge
and
urban
compost could be mainly responsible for better, growth and
yield. Improved plant height, number of fruits per plant and
weight of fruits were also responsible for increased tomato
yield.
These
results are
conformity with
in
the
reports
findings of Reddy (2000) and Kasatikov (1996). Increased
yield could also be due to better availability and uptake of
nutrients with the application of sewage sludge alone or in
combination with urban compost.
Soil properties : The soil chemical properties were analysed
before conducting the trial and also after the harvest of crop
(Table-3).
Soil pH
was
raised
6.76
form
application of urban compost and PYM,
7.4
to
by the
since they were
alkaline in nature (Table-1). Besides, EC was also higher
with combined organic supplements. This is in conformity
with findings of Epstein (1976). Organic carbon content of
the soil is the Key factor to maintain sustainability of crop
production. Application of organics to tomato crop raised the
residual organic carbon from 0.59 to 1.98 per cent. This was
reflected in higher status of available soil nitrogen. Like wise
the
residual
available
soil
phosphorus was
higher with
application of sewage sludge only (48.5) compared to status
before conducting the trial (13.8).
potassium
level was lowered
with
However the available
application
of sewage
sludge in combination with urban compost and FYM (1:1 and
1:2 proportions). Residual soil potassium was improved by
the 1:3 proportions. Perhaps, it was due to more K content in
compost
and
FYM
than
in
sewage
sludge.
Mehta
and
Daftardar (1984) obtained similar increase in yield with
urban garbage compost application.
Combined
application
of
sewage
sludge
and
urban
compost in 1:1 and 1:2 proportions helped to realize the high
yields of tomato cv. Pusa ruby. Besides, high organic carbon,
N and P were maintained in the soil for sustainability in
tomato production. However, the potassium level in soil need
to
be
improved
in
the
organic
farming through
K rich
sources.
REFERENCES
EPSTEIN, TAYLOR, J.M. AND CHANEY,
Enviorn. Qual., 5 : 422-426.
R.L.,
1976,
J.
KASATIKOV, A., 1996, Agrokhimiya, 8-9 : 87-96.
MEHTA, S.A. AND DAFTARDAR,
waste, 10 : 37-45.
S.Y.,
1984,
Agricultural
REDDY, V.C., SHYAMALA KRISHNA AND SETHULAXMY,
2000, Combating urban solid waste, Center for
Environmental Education, Bangalore-1.
Table 1 : Analysis of urban compost, sewage sludge and FYM
pH
EC
(dSm1)
Organic
carbon (%)
Total
Total
Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus (%)
Potassium (%)
C:N
Ratio
Total
Sewage sludge
6.69
1.40
12.75
1.72
0.63
0.25
1:8
Urban compost
7.18
0.72
11.80
0.84
0.46
0.59
1:15
FYM
7.28
0.62
10 17
0.74
0.37
0.64
1:14
Table 2 : Growth and yield components of tomato cv. Pusa ruby as influenced by combined application of sewage sludge,
urban compost and FYM in different proportions
Plant
Fruit weight
height (cm)
Number of fruits
plant’1
(g)
Fruit
yield ( t ha’1)
1. Sewage sludge : Urban compost (1:1)
(12.5 t ha’1)
(12.5 t ha’1)
43.3
72.3
59.5
15.0
2. Sewage sludge : Urban compost (1:2)
43.1
68.0
58.2
14.0
41.1
64.3
52.8
7.9
42.3
59.6
56.3
9.8
5. Sewage sludge : Farm yard manure (1:2)
(8.33 t ha’1)
(16.66 t ha’1)
41.7
58.4
53.2
8.9
6. Sewage sludge : Farm yard manure (1:3)
40.8
58.0
52.4
7.3
7. Only sewage sludge (25 t ha’1)
43.2
60.9
58.6
14.5
8. Only urban compost (25 t ha'1)
42.7
59.8
57.2
11.6
9. Only FYM (25 tha’1)
40.7
57.3
50.2
6.8
SEm±
CD at 5%
1.0084
3.0232
1.7899
5.3664
1.4853
4.4531
0.4867
1.4592
Treatments
(8.33 t ha’1)
(16.66 t ha’1)
3. Sewage sludge : Urban compost (1:3)
(6.25 t ha’1)
(18.75 t ha’1)
4. Sewage sludge : Farm yard manure (1:1)
(12.5 t ha’1)
(6.25 t ha’1)
(12.5 t ha1)
(18.75 tha'1)
Table 3 : Chemical analysis of soil from experimental site before and after havest of crop
Treatments
pH
EC
(dSm1)
Organic
carbon (%)
Available
Available
Available
Phosphorus
(kg/ha)
13.8
Potassium
(kg /ha)
139
Before the experiment
After the experiment
1. Sewage sludge : Urban compost (1:1)
(12.5 tha'1)
(12.5 tha'1)
6.76
0.29
0.59
Nitrogen
(kg/ha)
192
7.00
0 20
1.98
250
47.8
72
2. Sewage sludge : Urban compost (1:2)
(8.33 tha')
(16.66 tha'1)
7.30
0.16
1.96
210
29.5
120
3. Sewage sludge : Urban compost (1:3)
(6.25 tha'1)
(18.75 tha'1)
7.50
0.14
1.38
200
25.5
205
4. Sewage sludge : Farm yard manure (1:1)
(12.5 tha'1)
(12.5 tha'1)
6.80
0.18
1.63
220
43.2
68
5. Sewage sludge : Farm yard manure (1:2)
(8.33 tha'1)
(16.66 tha'1)
6. Sewage sludge : Farm yard manure (1:3)
6.95
0.16
1.18
205
38.0
110
7.10
0.17
1.15
200
21.2
195
7. Only sewage sludge (25 t ha'1)
7.30
0.13
1.93
262
48.5
185
8. Only urban compost (25 t ha'1)
7.40
0.15
1.82
220
43.8
195
9. Only FYM (25 tha'1)
7.20
0.22
1.10
205
39.6
190
(6.25 tha'1)
(18.75 tha'1)
URBAN SOLID WASTE COMPOST-MATURITY INDICES & QUALITY
STANDARDS
Dr.V.R.Ramakrishna Parama,
Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry,
University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065
The need of the hour is to improve soil health by providing the much needed
organic matter lest soil becomes impoverished. Towards this end Urban Solid Waste
compost could serve as a valuable organic matter source given the shortage of organic
nutrient sources.
Organic matter is a component of fundamental importance in the general fertility
of soil. It has direct effect on the biological fertility of agricultural substrates and
improves physical condition of soil and has a different role to play compared to chemical
fertilizers in soil-plant inter relationships. The main effect of organic manures is not so
much that of enriching the soil with NP&K but rather its complex role in humus balance
and therefore soil structure and related wholesome improvements in soil health, rightly
so Organic Matter is called “The Life of Soil”. In the context of organic matter
production - promoting the recovery of organic waste through composting requires a
standard definition of process and product as a pre requisite for ensuring quality and
fostering agricultural use.
Defining quality standards for organic manures is a very difficult task given the
heterogeneity of residues that occur in city wastes and the processing methods adopted.
Further more specifications and definitions for organic soil conditioners in India are
hardly standardized. Hence there is an urgent need for guidelines on standard
nomenclature and specifications on compost quality.
Compost Maturity Indices & Quality Specifications
The process of composting is entirely mediated by microorganisms. The
intermediate products of composting, the time taken for maturity and the quality of final
product all depend on types of residues used, conditions prevailing during composting
and related parameters.
Therefore it should be realized that the specifications or indicators need to be
defined to establish compost matunty on the one hand and on the other to establish
nutrient quality and other related quality specifications especially in the Indian context.
The term composting refers to the bio oxidative process that involves a
heterogeneous organic substrate in the solid state, evolves by passing through a
thermophillic phase and leads to production of carbon-di-oxide, water, minerals and
stabilized organic matter (compost).
Compost is the stabilized and sanitized product of composting which is beneficial
to plant growth. It has undergone an initial rapid stage of decomposition and is in the
process of humification.
Maturity Indices
Maturity of compost is of critical importance as use of immature compost for
agricultural purpose would cause undesired effect of nutrient imbalance and biological
contamination.
Some of the methods adopted for predicting compost maturity are
i
1) Physical methods
: Temperatures, odour, colour, particle size, water and air
content.
2) Chemical methods
: pH, C/N ratio, water soluble ions, CEC, crude fiber analysis
3) Plant bio assay
: Germination test in water extract, Rye grass growth in
compost containing mixtures.
4) Microbiological assays : Indicator organism, respiration rate, microbial activity and
biomass suppression and plant pathogens
5) Degree of humification : Content of total humic substances and ratio of humic acids
and fulvic acids and non humic fractions and other
functional groups.
These methods are complimentary to one another and any one of them will not
form a conclusive test as an indicator of maturity.
Any of these methods can be selected for determining compost maturity based on
facilities, time and degree of precision required. Invariably one should test compost
maturity before packing for sales or applying to field. However the C:N ratio is the most
accepted index of maturity.
Compost Quality Specifications
The maturity of compost determines to a great extent the quality of compost to be
marketed for agricultural use, compost must be accompanied by specifications relative to
its origin, composition and degree of stabilization. The characteristics and composition of
compost vary with the type of starter material.
During the process of composting if substrates are added the constituents (in %)
must be specified in order of decreasing concentration.
If stabilized organic matter of different origin is mixed with
compost for
marketing the mixture is not a compost but ought to be designated as organic soil
conditioner.
The content/value of the following parameters are to be indicated in the
specifications of final composts.
1. ) Organic matter (OC =20-30%)
2. ) Moisture content (20-25%)
3. ) Inert material (Maximum inerts % dry weight)
Grade
Sieve size
Glass
Plastic
Moisture
Bio
degradable
(mm)
Very fine
8
0.1
0.2
30
20
Fine
16
1
0.4
35
25
Medium
24
2
0.8
40
30
Coarse
40
3
1.6
50
35
4.) Nutrient content (minimum)
5.) pH
Nutrient
Content
Nitrogen
0.6%
Phosphorus
0.5%
Potassium
0.3%
Calcium oxide
2.0%
Calcium carbonate
3.0%
Magnesium oxide
0.3%
6.5-8.00
6.) Electrical Conductivity
1 d S m-1
7.) Micronutrients & Heavy Metals ( Maximum in compost)
Element
mg/kg
(dry wt of compost)
Zinc
1000
Lead
750
Copper
300
Nickel
50
Arsenic
Mercury
5
Cadmium
5
8.) Stabilization index : Degree of humification
9.) Microbial specification : Content of pathogens viz., Salmonella, Enterobacter etc.
These specifications are to be adhered to by the organic manure manufactures and
the nutrient contents need to be prominently displayed on the packaging. A strict
legislation is very important and of immediate necessity given the increasing number of
organic manure producing units. An authonzed government agency needs to monitor
quality as in case of inorganic fertilizers.
The main requirements for compost is that it should be suitable for agriculture as
an organic soil conditioner i.e., should provide for physical, chemical and biological
stability, should be non phytotoxic and bring about balance among mineral elements these are the essential characteristics for compost to be useful to the soil and crops.
SOLID WASTE M\^GEMENT IN URBAN AREAS
AH) NEED FCR CLASSIFICATION, EVALUATION AND OJALITY
STANDARDISATION OF SOLID IRBAN WASTE
Ke H,R, PRAKASH e <S SISTA NT AGRICILTIRAL OFFICER ,
DEPARTNCOT OF AGRICULTURE, BANGALORE - 560 001.
SUMMERY< The growth of cities compounds the problems whose
solation is becoming imcreasingly costly. The solid waste
poses problems such as (a) Extensive land requirements for
land fills and for assorting and processing near cities
(b) Health risks (c) Marketing difficulties of trban compost
and (d) pollution problems.
It is roughly estimated that urban waste collected varies
from 0.2 to 0.4 kg per human being per day. The urban solid
waste comprise s of substances injurious to human beings,
animals, birds,crops and soils and non-degradable vxtt glass,
metal and plastic and degradable organic matter. The urban
solid waste comprises of 53 kg partially decomposed compost
30 kg coarse waste, 5 kg fine waste, 1,5 kg metal and 10,5kg
glass and pbastic. Urban solid waste can be evaluated as
plant netrient, soil conditioner and improving biological
activity. The quality standardisation calls for analysis of
heavy metals which are t^pxic to human beings , animals and
birds. The urban solid waste requires separation, grading
composting and use in agriculture.
INTRODUCTION:-
The term solid waste meant garbage* refuse and
other discarded materials including materials resulting fo€m
industrial, commercial, agricultural operation and community
activity. The criteria for decision in waste management
determined by four basis categories. Costs, Environmental
factor s*Re source conservation and Inst it ur ional factor s. The
urban solid waste can be used as physical and chemical improve
ment of soils. The urban solid waste can be dalssiflsd based
on ingredients present in thl waste and evaluation has to be
done for heavy msberdiefc metal pollutants. Marketing has bo be
done based on grading and quality of urban samptwa waste.
CLASSIFICATION OF IRBAN SOLID WASTE:-
The vrban solid waste
consists' of discarded materials mostly from householdtcommercial
organasition and industrial wastee It is very essential that
the urfcan solid waste has to be classified based on the discarded
materials present in it. The trban solid waste comprises of
broadly the following three types of materials.
2
01)
02)
03)
«
Sustances which are injurious to huran beings® animals®
birds® plants and sbil®
Non-degradable and which can be recycled®
Degradable organic matter®
The substances which injurious to animals® plants and soil
are heavy metals life lead® cadmium®chromium®nickle®mercvryi etc®®
which are in the industrial waste and some poisonous rateirals
used for protection from mosquitos and flies and to control
insects on plants and discarded materials from hospitals®
The non-degradable recycling waste like metal8®alloys®
plastic and rubber® The materials can be used economically
for reuse®
The degradable organic Flatter contains rich of nutrients
which can be used for nutrition of plants®
A sample analysis of the urban solid waste comprises of
following different materials®
01)
02)
03)
04)
50 - 60% partially decomposed organic matter
20 - 30% tm decomposed organ44 ratter
1 - 2 % metals®
10 - 18% glass® plastic and others®
4
It is very essential that the urban solid waste has bo be
8 figrigated at the source (House/commercial Organlsation/lndustry)
This can be done by following methods®
01) provision of three bags®
One is red colon for collecting poisonous materials and
Second one blue for non-degradable metal® plastic and
glass waste® and Third green colour bag for degradable
organic ratter® This can be done by educating the people
through propaganda via mass media like paper® televidion ®
radio and use of folders®
Conducting training programmeeto educate the urban public®
02)
This should be a continoous process®
03) The vehicles which collect solid urban waste shoud have
three compartments to collect these three different wastes®
04) Advocate all housee to possess two small compost pits of
two feet by four feet in their backyard place whereever
possible® This can be used to put all degradable organic
matter tp produce compost which can be used for kitchen
gardening® They can produce their own organically produced
vegetables and fruits®
3
EVALUATION OF LRBAN SOLID WASTE t—
The degradable organic matter
can be evaluated as nutrition to plants and for physical and
biological activity of soil.
NUTRITIONt-
nutr ients*
waste.
The degradable organic matter are rich in plant
Following is the nutrient content in urban solid
NUTRIENT
Kg/ronne solid WatM
Nitz ogen
Phosphor ous
Potassium
Calcium
bfegnecium
Sulphur
Iron
Copper
zinc
bfenganese
Bor on
Mojybdenum
4
3 ” 5
1-2
4-6
10 - 20
2-4
1-2
1-2
0* 01-0*02
0.M-0.2
0*4 -0.6
0.1 -0*2
<0*02
In Karnataka due to intensive agriculture there is wide
spread deficency of Micronutrients in soils especially zinc
iron and boron. This urban solid waste can be used to correct
the miaponutr lent deficencies* Based on the analysis of soil
samples the foloowirg picture of micronutrient deficencies
are noticed in Karnataka*
micronutrient
ZINC
IRON
B®ON
M\N3ANESE
COPPER
NO* Of
Samples
analysed
86156
86 078
80659
86015
85848
B NO* Of
Samples
deficent
61373
22687
19642
4971
1809
Percentage
of Samples
def ice nt
71*2
26*4
24*4
5.8
2.1
(Karnataka state Department of Agriculture. Bangalore)
SOIL CONDITIONER:Use of organic matter improves the cx>op
growth and yield indirectly by soil conservation and soil
improvement. Organic matter promotes soil x^xuvx aggregation
and stabilises soil structure. This improves air -water rela
tionship of soil thus increasing the water retention capacity
of soil and encourages more extensive root development of
platots.
Improved soil structure counter acts soil erosion.
4
Now ther e is a a great demand for w411 decomposed compost.
The organic matter addition is decreasing day-by-day and
hence soils are depleted. The organic matter contents of
soil is decreasing. Ctganic matter addition preventw soil
hardening thereby reduces surface mnoff and increases
inf liter ation of rain water.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:- Most of the soil micr© organisms are
dependent on the: supply of decmpo^sable organic material in soil.
The soil microbial activity is most improtant for the growth
of the plant*
CROP YIE5D IMPQ^VEMENT :-
Application of ogranic matter
improves the crop yield considerabaly by increasing the
fertilizer use efficiency.
QUALITY STANDARDIZATION:-
The three most impact a nt requirement
concerning the quality of trban compost are
01) Absence of substances that are injurious to human beings #
animal8#birds# crop ani soil (lead#ar senic#mer cur y# pesti
cides etc*#)
02) Low content of recyclable substances like glass#plast ic and
metals.
03) High content of organic matter and plant nutrients#
In fertilizer control order 1985 it has been notified
the following limits of Arsenic and Lead as impurities in
fer t il izer s«
fertilizer
Amonium sulphate
zinc sulphate# Manganese sulphate#
Bor ax# copper sulphate# Ferrous sul
phate# Meg ne si urn sulphate
percent impurity
miximum
Ar senic
0e 01
Lead
0.03
The rate of application of these fertilizers to raise crops
vary from 500 kg per/4ie in Amonium sulphate and 5 kg in copper
sul phate.
If there is higher content of these impurities in
f er til izer is detected is treated as non-standard and legal
act ion ar e initiated under essential commodoties act 1955.
The heavy metal contents In urban waste are as follows t-
5
AVERAGE(ppm)
RAN3E(pp<n)
METAL
Cadmium
6091500
70
cobalt
CHR OMIUM
2- 260
40 -€8 00
NICKLE
2 0-5300
12
250
80
lead
120- 300
126
( Misra and Dineih Mani 1999 )
The urban compost applied to the crop^at the following
rates.
CROP
PADDY
JOWAR
H. NAIZE
RAG I
BAJRA
TIP
SOYBEAN
GROUNDNUT
CAST EP
COTTON
COMPOST RECOMMONDED
KG / HA
10,000
7,500
10,000
7,500
6,000
7,500
6,250
10,000
5,000
12,500
25,000
& TOBACCO
SUGARCANE
( Package of It act ices for High Yields 1999 )
It is very essential that the quality of urban compost
has to to be standardized so as to prevent the hazards due
to heavy metals and poisonous substances.
The urban compost
has'quality control by Government to ensure the
safety of soil,plants and animals and to reduce pollution
problems.
REFERENCES i
01)* Burnett, C. A. , 1975, The Agriculture use of organic materials
in Brazil. Organic materials as fertilizers. Food and
Agriculture Organisation, RONE t 305-312,
02) Chapman, H.D., 1975, Diagnostic criteria for plants and soil,
03) oahama. A,K,, 1999, Agro Chemicals and their implications
on soil environment. Organic farming for sustainable
agriculture : 67 - 105.
6
04 )
05)
06)
07)
08)
Duncan, A* , 1975# Economic aspects of the use of organdy
material as fertilizer* Organic material as fertilizer*
Food and agriculture organisation* Rome : 353 - 378.
Fertilizer control Order (1985), and Essential commo
dities Act 1955*
Misra
and Dinesh bfcni*, x999# soil Pollution*
Ashish publishing House, New Delhi.
Package of practices for high yields 1999* University of
Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore and Karnataka state
Department of Agriculture.
Tietjen, c*> 1975, Principles of the use of city waste
for crop production and soil conservation. Organic
material as fertilizer* Food and Agriculture organisation*
Rone : 211 - 226.
0
j
Capacity Building Approach to a Sustainable Community Level Solid Waste Management Strategy
by Empowering Municipal Pourakarmikas to a new role of Local Solid Waste Managers
Leo F. Saldanha, Ranjini Thomas and Shammanna T J. Benekal
Environment Support Groups
Paper presented at the seminar on ‘Eco Friendly Approaches for Solid Waste Management - Sharing
Experiences’ organised by Bangalore Development Authority, Integrated Urban Environment
Improvement Project, Centre for Environment Education and University of Agricultural Sciences,
with sponsorship from the Indo-Norwegian Environment Programme.
Abstract
This paper is an effort to share our experiences in developing a sustainable
community level strategy to manage collection of segregated solid waste. The
impetus on segregated solid waste collection is to ensure that any environmentally
benign solution at city-scale is to a large extent feasible if waste reaching landfills is
reduced. Further, that waste reaches in such form that recycling, composting and
energy recovery processes are not burdened by the complexity of sorting un
segregated waste, as is presently the case. It also presumes a most satisfying SWM
cycle as one where recycling is done at source to the maximum possible extent and
composting initiated at the local level to the extent feasible.
The paper narrates and analyses initiatives undertaken by ESG in collaboration with
thePourakarmikas (Corporation Solid Waste Workers, PKs for short) of49B Health
Ward of the Basavanagudi Health Range, Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (previously
Bangalore City Corporation, BMP for short). This project was initiated during July
1999, supported first by the Human Health and Well Being Programme of the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and presently by the Indo
Norwegian Environment Programme.
Our efforts were focused on training PKs, being the lower most tier of the municipal
service administration, to evolve as ‘solid waste managers’. We involved the local
administrative officers in the training so that they were aware of the methodology
used and supportive of the envisaged new role for the workers. The training in the
first phase involved an attempt to understand the Pourakarmika (PK), their life
situations, their work needs and their perspectives of the solid waste management
approaches proposed or underway.
The project involved a preparation phase and a demonstration phase. The
preparatory phase largely involved working with PKs in understanding their reality
and preparing them to their envisaged roles as “solid waste managers” or even, as
defined in emerging policy and legislative efforts. The second phase was a
demonstration of their initiative and the practicability of the approach.
The first phase was achieved in reasonable time and with involved participation of
the PKs and the local ward officials, thus setting the stage for the implementation of
the project on field. However, numerous factors delayed the implementation of the
rrc/~' r>---------- -- cwrx 4
i~>r> a tt rcrn
nnn i
second phase, not least of all being the absolute preponderance in the BMP of
centralising decision levels, and thus delaying, if not denying, the necessary
permissions to proceed with the project tasks in reasonable time. With renewed
effort, the second phase is now being implemented with support of the Indo
Norwegian Environment Programme.
T/m I
Introduction:
Solid Waste is a continuing issue of concern,
which has plagued the consciousness of both
the citizen and the Government over the
years. It has been an issue of immediate
concern for it is visible, and hits at more than
one of our sensory perceptions. The need to
find a remedy has been ardent, yet the
approaches to the problem have been largely
incumbent and sans imagination. Only of late
is their active effort to get this critical urban
environment management task moving
beyond typical constraints.
Whilst over the years certain areas of the
waste generating process have received
continuous attention, the lower administrative
tier of the waste management process has
languished silently. Very little attention has
been focused on the human resource that has
coped with a most challenging and risk-prone
task on a day to day basis. Pourakarmikas
working in the early hours of the morning is
more often than not taken for granted and the
contributions of this critical work force is
easily escape the recognition of citizens’
collective consciousness.
One of the occasional forays of administrative
interest into the human resource component of
the SWM process has resulted in an active
interest to privatise the sector, presently
undertaken by BMP Pourakarmikas. The
main reason for this has been the pressure to
bring down the increasing costs of maintaining
a large workforce. Supplementary reasons may
well have been various voluntary efforts to
improve solid waste collection by engaging
‘rehabilitated’ street children, area contract
supported daily wage workers, community
mobilised untenured workers, etc.
Being well aware that PKs were generally
perceived to be a burden to carrying forth
progressive SWM efforts, we considered it
necessary to research if indeed the alternatives,
as were being proposed and experimented,
would work? And as well find out if ever
there had been an effort to train the existing
tenured workforce to achieve higher levels of
responsibilities and knowledge-based skills so
as to facilitate their ability to comprehend
more complex and demanding tasks.
Proceeding with a belief that a trained and
rcr
__ __
cu'A4
on a
secure workforce is more likely to deliver a
critical task of keeping cities clean and
healthy, than a mobile and insecure one, we
envisioned a proactive role for the
Pourakarmika where he/she would be a
Community Outreach Agent, imparting
awareness regarding waste segregation to the
community at large, and as well be a trainer
for the other PKs across other Health Wards
in Bangalore.
The other factors that contributed to the
implementation of the project were two
significant developments influencing the, now,
constitutionally obligatory role of Solid Waste
Management (SWM) for Municipalities in
India.
(a)
The first being a Report of the
Committee Constituted by the Hon.
Supreme Court of India on Solid Waste
Management in Class 1 Cities of India,
March 1999. This is an exhaustive
referral document that lists guidelines for
improving the quality of SWM services
and proposes various changes in the
institutional structure and management
approaches for Class I cities with the
intention of making this critical service
people friendly and reflective of public
health concerns. The report is presently
under the consideration of the Supreme
Court.
(b)
Secondly, a Draft Notification of the
Ministry of Environment and Forests on
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1999, issued on 5th
October 1999. This notification proposes
various
standards for collection and disposal of
solid waste, sets targets for achievement
and develops standards for landfill
location. Reference should also be made
to the Ministry of Environment and
Forests Notification on Bio-medical
Wastes brought into effect on 20th July
1998 in order to ensure self-compliance by
various health facilities across the country.
The essential argument in these policy and
legislative initiatives has been that even the
most basic steps have not been initiated in
terms of evolving a sustainable Solid Waste
Management strategy for most cities in India,
and Bangalore is no exception. It is largely
because of citizen and voluntary action,
however, that SWM priorities remain a
constant reminder and convenient starting
point for the Government to improve the
quality of the urban environment.
Our Approach? People, People and People:
Our approach focused on the workforce that
made it possible for the community to walk on
the streets, the workforce that came in direct
contact with solid waste daily - collecting,
transporting or just transferring from the
community dust bin to the lorry.
We
considered them to be resources that required
a lot of attention and help, a sector that had
been denied its basic rights to a humane
existence for a very long time.
The thrust ofour initiative was to understand
them and their needs through interactive
sessions, to build their individual capacities
through training to evolve as proactive "Solid
Waste Managers', to initiate change in a
community's reaction towards waste disposal,
and evolve a sustainable and humane waste
management practice.
Initiating the Project and Broad Features:
Our first step was to initiate a discussion with
the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike explaining
what we planned to do and the process of
implementation, for we felt that any effort on
our part would be less meaningful without the
active involvement of the administrative body.
We then established contact with the local
Health Range office, Basavanagudi. The
details of what we planned to do and what we
expected from them was discussed with all the
Health Inspectors and the Medical Officer of
Health and it was agreed that we would start
the initiative in 49B Health Ward.
49B Health Ward was ideal for it had markets,
commercial
establishments,
educational
institutions, community halls, and residential
areas, and the solid
waste generated was very varied. The area has
a high resident population density because of
numerous apartment buildings that have
sprung up in an otherwise bungalow type
accommodation, and supports a high floating
population due to commercial establishments
C H n* ,<
(shopping mainly), educational institutions
and markets.
Interactive weekly sessions at the Ward Office
and individual house visits helped us establish
a relationship with each of the Pourakarmikas
of 49 B Health Ward. During the weekly
sessions the various topics for discussion were
health issues concerning the Pourakarmikas,
the various occupational hazards and the
possible safeguards for the same, rights and
obligations, and even the need for thrift and
advise on secure savings.
A Health Camp was also organised, for the
basic details regarding their health were not
available, and a regular health check up that
was mandatory, had not been conducted for
years. Based on this, a system of providing
Health Cards for every worker was initiated,
though the same has not yet been provided to
the worker for want of approval from BMP
(pending for over a year now).
House visits, which served as an icebreaker in
the initiative, helped us to understand the
conditions and the constraints within which
the Pourakarmikas lived. A social survey
enumerated their economic levels, education
levels and details regarding their families. As
there were no previous studies to compare our
findings with, the closest approximation that
we could arrive at was that the conditions of
the Pourakarmikas were similar to the urban
poor who were settled in the slums. This was
a shocking realisation as the PKs are tenured
workers of the BMP and much of the urban
slum dwellers are daily wage earners.
During the interactive sessions, we shared our
perspective on the proactive role that we had
envisioned for them, wherein they would
evolve into Community Outreach agents
visiting households and introducing the
concept of segregation of waste at source
based on a door to door collection model. The
enthusiasm and the willingness to try this was
heartening indeed.
Unfortunately we were unable to capitalise on
this enthusiasm, for the draft of the
community educational material is still
awaiting endorsement from the BMP. Thus
our initiative was temporarily shelved due to
the laxity of BMP's administrative clearance
process.
Administrative Experiences:
For the success of any initiative persuading the
other person to share your point of view is the
challenge. Persuading the Pourakarmikas,
which we considered a challenge, turned out
to be the easy part, but working with higher
tiers of administration in the BMP was time
consuming and frustrating. Encouragement
for the venture was anything but cursory and
no interest whatsoever in the progress of the
initiative was expressed at higher levels.
The local officers were a lot more enthusiastic,
though they operated under numerous
constraints. The local office of the Health
Range had no authority to look at an initiative
and consider its feasibility in the area, or
cooperate with a voluntary agency on its own.
Decision making was centred completely in
the BMP corporate office, robbing the local
office of a lot of autonomy.
The time taken for a clearance to be given was
anywhere from 2 weeks to 12 months. Whilst
we struggled through this process, the Chief
Minister introduced with much gusto the
Bangalore Agenda Task Force. It was our
hope that the clarion call of NGO and
community involvement, especially under the
Swaccha Bangalore programme, would benefit
our effort. Our experience did not change
much.
Swaccha Bangalore model of training
Pourakarmikas and what we propose:
Soon after the introduction of Swaccha
Bangalore programme, a package of training
PKs was introduced. On observation, the
approach seemed didactic and the training
centralised, with PKs from several wards
made to come together. Participation in some
of these training programmes revealed that the
effort seemed rushed, and reflected little
appreciation of PKs needs.
We were informed that whatever initiative we
undertook would not have to disturb the
processes initiated per this new Swaccha
Bangalore model.
Whilst we agreed
completely with every objective of the
training, we somehow found it difficult to
agree with the approach. On consultation
with some PKs who participated in the
training process, our apprehensions were
r-c/^ r»____ __
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ii min
r i a c c~.
confirmed. The PKs realised the need to
change their approach, but were unable to
comprehend the details and nuances of the
changes required, in effect this meant that they
were compelled to change, without being able
to participate and facilitate this process, and
thus make it sustainable.
Further, the BMP supported Swaccha
Bangalore training
programme
were
conducted mainly as one-way communication
interventions. The problems that the workers
have with the present system of functioning
were not dealt with and passed over with less
than an empathetic nod. These training
sessions were for a day with 50-60 PKs
crammed in a room.
Does this have a lasting impression? Are they
able to relate to ground water contamination
being caused due to waste being dumped in
the landfill, for instance? Do they understand
that the solid waste is actually a resource when
it is segregated? Do they understand that
burning of plastics release toxins and
carcinogens in the air and that is the reason
why they have been asked not to burn the
waste? Would they continue with the concept
of segregation? If yes would that be out of
understanding or because that is what the
management has ordered? Do they understand
that the introduction of door to door collection
is to reduce their contact with waste to a
minimum, ensuring a better working condition
for them? Well these are questions well worth
addressing at their level, but were not.
When occupational health is not provided
importance, then the workers productivity and
quality of work would certainly suffer. All the
questions raised above are of a fundamental
nature and it is not necessary to presume PK's
as being past understanding the nature and
details
of
such
knowledge.
It seemed to us that a drastic result was being
forced out of a system that had, largely
because of decades of administrative and
political apathy, neglected a critical need of
the city. And the PKs or their equivalent
workforce under private contract or voluntary
initiative, were bearing the brunt of this
approach.
What then could be the approach?
In our experience in Ward 49B we have well
managed to raise all these issues, with
reasonably good response and learning, and as
well address issues relating to general human
health and wellbeing.
The Pourakarmika who handles the waste on
a daily basis is perhaps given least thought
when thinking up strategies for community
level waste management.
The prevalent
attitude seems to be: invest in technology to
solve the problem. The term ‘technology’ here
is understood as machinery and mechanical
gadgets, for which there is no dearth of
investment.
That a Pourakarmika could well be a resource
person in his/her own right, is an aspect that
is completely lost in this approach. Is his/her
knowledge utilized? The answer is ‘No’. Do
their opinions matter? No. Are they consulted
in the design of new equipment? No. Do they
participate in designing strategies for SWM at
the community level? No. Quite simply put,
they are reduced to being an extension of the
broom they wield on the streets, and more
recently the push-carts with containers that
have been introduced to facilitate door to door
collection. The entire effort wracks of a sense
of getting over with an vexatious issue.
Remembering clearly that success or failure at
the solid waste collection level could well be
definitive of the result at higher levels
managing waste at the city-scale levels, be it
for energy generation, composting or
recycling, the following observations of our
initiative are made and alternatives proposed.
Putting People First:
In our approach, the Team took the PKs
through a process of self-realisation and selfesteem building exercises. Effectively this
involved group discussions on issues of
concern, and certain specific interventions at
their information assimilative levels on the
health risks related to the work and their rights
and obligations. This exercise was sustained
weekly over two months. By the end of the
process, every PK was very much aware of his
or her rights, obligations to service and
occupational safety measures that should be
provided
and
utilised.
Response of Pourakarmikas to Training
Interventions: The training process was a
empowering exercise as it helped the PKs
share experiences that were otherwise
suppressed, develop confidence in articulating
concerns with their supervising staff who also
sat through the training and come up with a
more clearer understanding of the important
role they play in society. This helped develop
their self-esteem, which was a crucial
requirement for the community mobilisation
to follow and which they would lead.
Health Camps: Even as this training process
was underway, a Health Camp was organised
for the PKs. Conducting the Health Camp
following the initiation of training benefited
the workers more. For with the benefit of
health oriented discussions held during the
training, they were able to make connections
between their health status and harsh work
conditions.
The Health Check up was
conducted early January with the active
involvement of Interns and Doctors of the
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences
and under the supervision of Dr. Shirdi Prasad
Tekur. Dr. Saraswathi, Head of the Local
Corporation Dispensary, provided the
necessary institutional facilities for the Camp.
What we learnt of the Work and Living
Conditions of Pourakarmikas
Work ethic of Pourakarmikas: When
assessments of complex areas such as SWM
are conducted, as in the case of the Supreme
Court Report, there is bound to be oversight in
the nuances of certain situations. One such
area happens to be the comment on the work
ethic of the ’’sweepers”, nee “Pourakarmikas”
(PKs). The Supreme Court Committee arrives
at a conclusion that “productivity of sweepers
is generally below 50%”, backed by a
particular justification. The experience from
this project suggests that whilst the assessment
of the Committee is most likely a reflection of
general inefficiency of the system, a specific
estimate of efficiency or the lack of it,
especially
addressing
“sweepers”,
unnecessarily targets the lowest rung of the
SWM institutional infrastructure. This even
when qualified by observations such as “lack
of supervision” and “motivation”.. As a
matter of fact, such observations which are
based on impressions, rather than analysis,
fuel arguments for privatising this sector, and
is not a just and rewarding reflection of the
very large contribution PKs have made and
continue to make to SWM in the cities.
High morale despite harsh work conditions:
What has been keenly observed of the work
behaviour of PKs in this project presents an
altogether different picture to what has been
the estimation of the Supreme Court
Committee. PKs have a very high degree of
work ethic and this despite the most basic
occupational and welfare facilities not being
made available to them. It would not be an
inconect statement to make, therefore, that it
is mainly because of the largely honest effort
of the PKs that Bangalore is a relatively clean
city. That especially when PKs have no real
incentive to perform at higher levels of
efficiency. We present such an argument as
“large scale absenteeism”, for instance, was
certainly not evident in the Ward 49B, the
Project Area. Nor was there any gross scale of
proxy working patterns. Almost all PKs were
at work by about 6 a.m. and did so till they
finished their day’s routine at the turn of noon.
Exploitation of Pourakarmikas: And yet,
Rs.50 is collected from each PK by their
supervisors in exchange for attendance should
they be late. The administrative rule is that
should they report to work later than 6.10
a.m., they will be marked absent; and that
would mean losing a day’s wages.
Considering that there is no public transport
available at that early hour, and no alternative
transportis arranged hy BMP-for the benefit of
this large workforce, as in the rase: Df
industrial workers^ PKs rely on walking to
work or cycling. And this would mean very
long walks, or travel over great distances for
some.
Skewed Work-Loads: Further, under the
prevailing conditions, the workload is rather
heavy and unfair to the workers. An instance
of such overload is in Ward 49B. According
to details supplied by the local Ward office,
this area has over 700 households, 10
Apartments, 6 schools, 3 colleges, 13 office
blocks, 2 private hospitals, 8 private choultries
(marriage halls), 80 shops, 6 refreshments, 6
animal sheds and 4 public toilets arrayed over
25 streets with a total length of 8 kms. The
sanctioned work strength for the area is 58
PKs, but only 40 are deployed in effect. The
rest have been deputed on tasks unconnected
uer
CM7TK 4
to the area. The existing workforce share
amongst them roles of cleaning the drains,
sweeping streets, collecting dirt and depositing
them in neighbourhood bins on a day-to-day
basis.
Work aids ineffective and inappropriate: The
facilities provided for PKs are very skimpy - 30
kgs of broomsticks, one cane basket and a
metal plate as a scoop, for a six-month
duration per worker. In addition, groups are
provided with a metal wheelbarrow of very
inefficient design. This'is all there is as work
equipment. Of late new design push carts for
house to house waste collection have been
introduced under the Swaccha Bangalore
programme.
The support infrastructure
involves trucks for disposal, which collect tills
waste along with other ’waste deposited by
households and establishments. The removal
of waste by trucks is conducted in a most
inappropriate manner posing high risk to the
workers.
Occupational Health and Protective measures
ignored: Despite the shortfall of 18 workers,
the existing workforce has to cover the entire
2-sq. kms. (approx.) area of Ward 49 B. And
they are not in any way supported to improve
their efficiencies. No protective clothing,
gloves or shoes are provided whatsoever. A
pair of “chappals” provided once a year is the
only “protective clothing” that they presently
get. In the past PKs were given gloves and
shoes, but that practice has been discontinued.
Raincoats were last provided in 1985! A pair
"TflhmTifbrms warregtthwiy provided in the past,
but that practice has also been discontinued.
What is now provided is cloth material for two
pairs of uniform, but stitching allowance that
covers only one pair. Women workers are
particularly affected by this neglect. It is best
indicated by the fact that absolutely no
washroom facility exists at all, and women
have no bathroom facility for use or for
changing.
Supreme Court Committee’s concerns about
worker welfare: The Supreme Court report
notes such conditions with concern, as in
Section 2.5.2 of the report, that:
“equipment given to sweepers is generally
outdated and inefficient. At most places,
sweepers are given short handled brooms and
old designed inefficient wheelbarrows. Short
DH A TT TTID r’OE? TUC 0----- i--------A X--------U HAAI
handle brooms necessitate the sweepers to
bend while working. This gives fatigue and
does not permit sweepers to work
continuously for even 15 minutes. This
necessitates intermittent rest and results in
waste
of
time.”
In Section 2.3.5, the report acknowledges that:
’’The road length to be swept by the sweeper is
not standardised nor any scientific planning
done to direct which streets should be swept
daily, on alternate days, twice a week, etc.
depending on the concentration of
population/activity on the roads and lanes.
Adhocism prevails in this regard. There is no
yardstick prescribed.
At some places,
sweepers are allotted work as per road-length,
which varies from 175 metres to 3.7 kms. At
other places, it is on the basis of sq. metres,
ranging from 3000 sq. metres to 10000 sq.
metres or on the basis of Sweeper: Population
ratio of one per 250 to 2850 population".
Burden of Solid Waste clearance in Project
Area high: Ward 49 B, if the actual work
strength is factored on area parameters, each
PK contributes to the cleaning of 200 metres
of street length and a population of 375. The
average for Bangalore is 175 metres and 367
persons. However, the marginally lighter load
in terms of lower population than the average
is not really reflective of actual ground
realities, as the area has a very high mobile
population contributing significantly to the
solid waste load, and this being in the nature
of the students and people shopping. The area
has 6 schools and 3 colleges, and every one of
them is a major institution with high student
strengths. Whilst the resident population may
be lower than the city average, the mobile
population is significantly higher. In real
terms the burden of clearance of solid waste,
thus, is significantly higher for the workers of
this
area.
Inappropriate interventions creating adverse
impacts on workers: Such imperatives are
never considered in planning local cleaning
initiatives, and the result is skewed
management impacting adversely the PKs,
and not so much any of the higher staff. The
appalling nature of the neglect is best
exemplified by the fact that even the Supreme
Court Committee recommendations, suggest
only marginal improvements in terms of
r?c/^ r>—dwx n
nn a it rein r'r?c i r a e
developing the infrastructure support for the
PKs. Consider for instance the Committee’s
recommendation Section 2.5.2:
“Long handled brooms are more efficient and
enables the sweepers to work with ease for a
long duration of time without fatigue. But out
of entrenched habit, acceptance of long
handled
brooms
is
very
poor.”
When PKs are consulted on this aspect, the
fact emerges that whilst the long-handled
brooms may help the PKs, in effect the design
is not effective as it does not clear the waste.
The supervisors insist that gravel and dust
must be swept the clearance of which the long
handled brooms do not support. Thus, in
order to meet cleaning specifications, PKs
revert back to the good old short-handled
brooms, which do the job much better, but
with serious health consequences.
Crying need for worker sensitive SWM
interventions: The important aspect to be
considered here is that we are even to this day
debating on a transition from short-handled
brooms to long-handled brooms, and this is
reflective of the extent to which the
occupational needs of this sector has been
neglected. And if the opinion of PKs were to
be considered, they would have rejected both
brooms and an entirely different implement
would have been developed serving both
clearance needs and protecting the PK. But
there is simply no attention paid to such
consultation, or an administrative attitude
reflecting such concern. A more recent and
troubling instance of the extent to which the
worker’s concerns have been ignored is
evidenced in the protests of BMP workers
against the ’’Swaccha Bangalore” (Clean
Bangalore) scheme of the BMP under the
initiative of the Bangalore Agenda Task Force.
The carts meant for removal of waste in the
house-to-house waste collection scheme have
been found to be of totally inappropriate
design, and burdening the workers.
Weak Institutional support exposing workers
to high exposure to toxic and infective waste:
When such is the case, quite naturally there is
scant attention paid to the fact that these
workers are most at risk of contracting deadly
diseases or coming in contact with toxic
substances. Workers regularly come across
vast amounts of bio-medical waste callously
o
discarded in drains or community bins, and
they have to clean it up with their bare hands!
One woman worker had the traumatic
experience of discovering three dead infants in
a dustbin. And others share that such
instances are on the increase. One young
worker shared the psychological difficulty he
had eating with his hands for several months
after he joined service, a condition he
developed being in constant touch with the
repulsive nature of the waste every day. The
irony of his experience is such that he had
decided never to be occupied in such work
having seen the experience of his father who
had been a Pourakarmika all his life. But on
his father's demise during service, and the
need to maintain the family's livelihood
support, this young worker was forced to take
the very profession that he had hoped all along
to
avoid.
Workers ineffective due to institutional
inefficiency and not inefficient: Such facts are
being emphasized here, as it is being widely
advocated of late that this sector is inefficient,
are an enormous burden to the city’s
exchequer and consequently pressure is being
mounted to “privatise”. Privatisation as a
panacea for institutional inefficiency is
certainly not a burden to be borne by PKs
alone, we argue. Particularly given their
working and living conditions are what we
describe here. We therefore make a case for
further positive engagement with PKs and
suggest a shift in administrative attitudes
towards PKs. Only such efforts would ensure
a successful transition from the present state of
SWM strategies, to something more benign
from the environmental health and human
rights
point
of
view.
A Note of Caution on Privatisation:
There is presently a slow phasing out of BMP
employed PKs as recruitment has stopped.
The current work force will continue till they
retire and then private sector will take over
with their own hired work force. The
contractor thus becomes a key actor in
ensuring all goes well. What, though, has
been experienced in the phase wise
privatisation underway is perhaps telling of the
nature of things to come. A good thing, that
privatisation is proposed as, is, in effect,
exploitation through cheap labour, disregard
for human rights, corruption at the cost of the
poor, and no regard for workers health and
exposure to toxic and infectious conditions.
There was no deployment of SWM workers in
Ward 49B under the private sector. However,
the neighbouring wards 49 A and C did have a
substantial introduction of workers who were
deployed on daily-wage basis by private
contractors. Preliminary surveys of their work
condition revealed that there was hardly any
concern demonstrated for their welfare.
Considering that absolutely no guarantee of
tenured employment was assured for them,
these workers saw the job as a last resort in an
otherwise difficult situation of securing
employment. This desperate situation was
thoroughly exploited by the Contractors, who
effectively ended up extracting work from
these workers, but paid them only half the
wages prescribed. Random interviews with
various private sector workers confirmed that
only about Rs. 800/month was actually being
paid, against the BMP prescribed minimum
wage of Rs. 1750/-. The exploitation was
considerably more severe in the case of
women workers.
The former BMP
Commissioner, Mr. Jairaj, confirmed this fact
in a meeting organised by CIVIC Bangalore
and the Swabhimana initiative on 17 January
2000.
Despite official recognition of the corruption
involved in exploiting daily-wage workers,
absolutely no effective administrative measure
has been adopted to tackle the problem. The
scale at which such exploitation is being
engaged in is probably very extensive,
considering the fact that about 5,500 workers
are engaged by private contractors, almost half
the total strength of PKs in the city: 11,000
presently. The Government thinks this to be a
saving of public resource, particularly in not
taking on the burden of sustaining a large
workforce with tenured contract, but this
completely obviates the need for just contracts.
Consider this for instance. In Ward 49A of
the Basavanagudi Health Range, private
contractors were required to employ daily
wage workforce to facilitate door to door
collection. It was noticed over time that the
workers employed would change frequently
and the quality of collection, enabled with the
newly deployed push-carts with bins, left a lot
to be desired. For instance, there was
absolutely no segregation, and the workers,
__ u
i
often women with children, would bring along
other family members, children included, to
quickly achieve the task. On enquiry, it was
discovered that the worker was paid
approximately Rs. 700-800 per month on a
daily wage basis, when in fact the allotted
amount was about Rs. 1700/- per month.
Needless to say, the Contractor was exploiting
her ignorance and pocketing the rest of her
earnings. Consequently the worker was forced
to quickly complete her task in order to work
elsewhere and supplement her ’lost' minimum
wage.
Another instance. In the College Teachers
Layout of Banashankari III Stage for instance,
a young man came house to house to collect
waste with the push cart and bell. It took
about a week for the neighbourhood to reahse
that he was collecting waste door to door. No
segregation was achieved, except if it was
voluntary from the household. Soon after, this
worker requested Rs. 10-15 per household as
his fee. When probed why he had to be paid
for BMP should cover his cost, he revealed
that the contractor had instructed him to
collect his 'salary' from households. Perhaps
he did not find the earnings enough, perhaps
the neighbourhood did not pay him. This
man failed to turn up a week thereafter. And
now, the waste gets sort of collected in and
around the bin at the ends of streets and the
picture in the mornings is the same as before.
Are these stray instances or widely applicable?
We don't know. The moot point though is that
by undertaking key SWM interventions in
such manner, an opportunity of developing a
healthy worker-community relationship as
beginning of progressive SWM processes is
being lost.
To regain the community's
confidence in reviving this approach, would
become all the more difficult later.
What we propose to demonstrate:
Disseminating
educating
information,
communities, developing communication
techniques of PKs and ensuring a proactive
worker-community relationship is the basic
theme of our effort. We believe this can be
achieved if the following steps are undertaken
systematically.
rrc/^ r>—- ------- cn/M
r>r> a n irm rr r
A. The Pourakarmika is a permanent support
person in ensuring the SWM process
initiated at the community level succeeds.
They need to understand first the
implications of this change, and only then
will they communicate this to the
community and ensure compliance.
B. To address the community, the
Pourakarmika should be trained to
develop communication skills and
necessary aids in communicating the
content of the changes required must be
provided. Such aids should be easy to use
and facilitate communication from even
an illiterate Pourakarmika to a literate
resident.
C. The community must be facilitated in
accepting this new role of the
Pourakarmika, especially given their
potential daily contact, without prejudice
or stigma. The community must also be
enlightened on the benefits of this critical
intervention, not just locally, but the city
at large.
D. The preparation of such engagement
would have to be made keeping in mind
the possibility of utilising this engagement
in many other situations, such as a public
health emergency, disaster management,
etc.
In our engagement with the Pourakarmikas of
Ward 49B, we have developed a set of
communication material that has been
developed in consultation with them. In other
words, what results from this would be
material that the Pourakarmika could easily
understand and use in communicating the
desired changes with the community. The
communication material would include
Leaflets in Kannada and English, introducing
the initiative to the community. This leaflet
would enable the Pourakarmika to prepare the
community on the new process of community
level waste management system.
Instructional flip charts (largely illustrative)
would enable the Pourakarmikas to convey
the concept of waste segregation at source to
each household/enterprise in a phased
manner.
Wall Calendars would be provided in every
household/enterprise to remind the key steps
in segregating waste, providing them to the
collector and the importance of this civic habit
to the urban environment at large.
Booklet with detailed information on types of
waste, its disposal and effects on the
environment and community solutions with
useful contacts to be provided to some key
leaders and institutions in the community to
ensure support for the initiative on a long term
basis.
Community Education Video Documentary
would be developed as a dramatized version of
the various steps of the segregation at source
and house to house collection initiative.
Efforts will be made to transmit this video
through local area cable TV networks and as
well in specially organised local community
viewing sessions.
Once the Community Education Material is
ready, the Pourakarmikas will be motivated to
employ them in engaging with the community
in changing the pattern of SW management.
Resistance from the community to this change
in role of the Pourakarmika is expected, due to
social stratification. Hence, the workers will be
accompanied on the field initially by the ESG
Project Team as a confidence building step.
All the initiatives in this period will be
carefully documented.
Development of Training Module
In order to facilitate the replication of this
initiative in other wards, a module providing
the various criteria and guidelines to be
followed would be developed. This could also
be
made
available
to
any
body/organisation/govemment
agency
interested in the application of this initiative.
This module will help in training
Pourakarmikas in using the educational
material generated to interact with the
community.
Preparing Select Pourakarmikas as Trainers
and Extension to Other Areas
The next significant step would be to enable
the formation of a group of trainers from
within the Pourakarmikas, who can in turn
train Pourakarmikas from other wards. This
would ensure the sustainability of the
initiative. Similarly, local community leaders
and institutions would be invited to share their
experience with other neighbourhoods in
enabling replication of the initiative.
ESG will provide non-material technical
support to the extent possible in strengthening
such an initiative on request from
communities and agencies.
Note:
More documentation on this
intervention is available in electronic form
(RTF or Word file) on request.
Environment Support Group ®
S-3, Rajashree Apartments, 18/57, 1st Main
Road, S. R. K. Gardens, Jayanagar,
Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560 041.
Telefax: 91-80-6341977 or 6591977 (proposed
new no.)
Fax:91-80-6723926 (PP)
Email: esg@bgl.vsnl.net.in
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CEE - UWEP Pilot Project
Integrated Solid Waste Management, a case study
of UWEP in Ward 14, Bangalore
The Solid Waste Management Plan for Ward 14, Nagapura seeks to bring
together all stakeholders in a project to manage the solid waste generated in the
ward in an integrated manner.
The important features of the project are :
•
This project envisages coverage of an entire ward of about 6000 households
and in addition, commercial establishments and institutions.
•
The project is being implemented in close collaboration with the residents and
other target groups in the area and an organization called the Sarvajanika
Jagriti Vedike headed by the Councillor of ward 14.
Pilot project objectives
The project has the following objectives:
To develop, implement and evaluate a community managed environmentally
friendly and viable SWM system covering one ward of the city of Bangalore
(Nagapura). The plan includes the various steps from collection through storage
and disposal of different types of solid waste.
The project focuses on
•
•
•
•
•
•
Providing an essential civic service that is not being satisfactorily provided.
Programs aim at increasing awareness on the different aspects of solid
waste management and the role of citizens in this context.
Improvements in the collection and delivery systems.
To advocate the need for scientific, environmentally safe disposal
systems.
Involvement in the process and monitoring and evaluation.
Using the facilities of the local ward office to involve citizens in the process
of monitoring and dealing with complaints.
Situation before the start of UWEP in Ward 14 :
Schemes for collecting waste from the doorstep have been on going in the ward
for the last few years. One of the projects is run by CEE, where segregated
waste from about 400 households is collected and composted in a public park.
The CEE had initiated this scheme in 1995. The project provides steady monthly
income to six waste retrievers who also earn extra income from the sale of
recyclables.
UWEP's involvement
The UWEP project at Nagapura helped to initiate an integrated approach to solid
waste management in the ward. Since it's inception, the project has attempted to
bring together all the stakeholders around the theme of waste management while
achieving two goals - expanding doorstep collection and community mobilization
to untouched areas in the ward and consolidating ongoing schemes.
Programmes and workshops have been held (and are ongoing) for different
stakeholders in the community - residents, students, teachers, owners of hotels
and marriage halls, etc. The project has created a number of opportunities to aim
for improvement in the method of waste management and monitoring of the
efficiency of the system in partnership with the municipality. The final goal of the
project is to achieve replication with modifications as needed, at other wards
and/or city level.
The UWEP programme established linkages with other BMP programs
initiated at the time, namely one supported by the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and the second as part of the Healthy Cities Program of the WHO. Both
these programs concern the capacity building of municipalities to deliver solid
waste management services (among others) by the application of modern
management techniques. CEE-UWEP staff has assisted the BMP in both these
programmes. After the launch of Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) and its
SWM programmes with Bangalore Mahanagara Palike in 60 health wards under
its first phase of execution, CEE-UWEP staff has trained the paurakarmikas to
perform the job of door-to-door collection of waste efficiently in these 60 health
wards. In the second phase of execution, which covers 68 health wards, training
of the trainers (Medical Officers of Health and Health Inspectors) was conducted.
Present status of the project
The ward 14 is divided into three health wards/sub-wards, namely, sub-ward A,
sub-ward B, sub-ward C.
Profile of the ward
Total Population
Total Number of Parcels
Total Number of Roads
Total waste generation(in kg)
Total number of dustbins
Total number of containers
62,000
8000
98
24,000
114
2 (in sub-ward A)
Extent of coverage of door to door collection in ward 14 by different
initiatives:
No. of houses
247
300
770
125
200
□ CEE-UWEP
I... ~
im Swachha
Bangalore
□ Contract (14B)
□ Contract (14C)
i|
□ Private (B)
□ Private (S)
2130
The following table shows the details of the sub wards in ward 14:
Ward 14 A
Corporation Area
MYW
Waste collecting
truck No.________ 4798
BMP PKs_______ 52__
7
No. of dust bins
Population_____
No. of bell wheels
BMP -20
NGO -3
No. of houses
covered
Ward 14 B
Contract Area
MYA
Waste collecting
truck No.________ 1065
Contract PKs_____ 55__
72
No. of dust bins
24,000 Population_____
No. of bell wheels
23
Contract -1
NGO -2
Private - 5_____
2,530 No. of houses
covered
Ward 14 C
Contract Area
TNK
Waste collecting
truck No.________ 6786
45
Contract PKs
35
No. of dust bins
22,000
6
Population_____
No. of bell wheels
Contract - 2
NGO -2
16,000
4
1000
No. of houses
covered
420
From a study carried out by CEE-UWEP it has been found that on an average,
• 0.53 kg organic waste per house is generated
• 0.3 kg of recyclables per house is generated
• 0.25 kg of rejects per house is generated
This will sum up to 1.08 kg of total waste generated per house.
A similar kind of study was also conducted for the commercial area, and it was
found that on an average,
•
•
3.7 kg of organic waste per shop is generated
0.5 kg of recyclables per shop is generated
Present system of Disposal:
The present system of disposal in the ward varies from composting to dumping.
Y The organic part of the waste collected from around 500 houses in West
of Chord Road is being composted in the compost pits built by CEE in one
of the public parks.
A separate collection system is in place for commercial establishments
mainly bulk generators. This greatly reduces the waste coming to the
community dustbin. A private contractor has been employed and he is
being paid for the service by the participating commercial establishments.
The rest of the organic waste in the area is being disposed of in the
municipal bins to be cleared by the lorry and taken to the out skirts of the
city for dumping.
Wherever the CEE schemes are going on, the dry waste is being taken by the
waste retrievers for recycling. The dry waste from the rest of the area is again
disposed in the municipal bins.
Indicators to measure impact of the programme:
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Reduction in number of street bins and black spots
General cleanliness of the neighbourhood
Regularity of meetings called by the waste management committees
Fall in complaints received by the BMP office
Increase in participation in the primary collection system
Learning from the field:
♦
♦
It is possible to reduce the number of street bins
You can make a system for commercial establishments work provided the
user fee is fixed and based upon the quantum of waste generated
♦ Citizens participation can and will increase as long as the links in the chain
- collection, storage and transportation are efficient and citizens can see
the difference
♦ Simple common sense ideas can plug loopholes (For example, buckets
are numbered to prevent frequent losses and to fix responsibility of
maintenance on the waste collector)
Integrated Urban Environment Improvement Project
(An Indo Norwegian Environment Programme)
o
0
o
IUEIP
BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES
Centre for Environment Education
Tata Energy Research Institute
Technology Informatics Design Endeavour
Waste Wise
&
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Integrated Urban Environment Improvement Project (IUEIP)
Project aims and objectives
Quality of life in an urban setting can, only be improved by a sustainable programme for
environment management. The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), is a principal
infrastructure planning and development agency of Government of Karnataka for
Bangalore. In an attempt to bring about better management of civic amenities in the
newly developed areas in Bangalore City, the BDA has launched an innovative scheme
involving the residents of four new layouts, NGOs and the concerned Governmental
Agencies.
This project, titled ‘Integrated Urban Environment Improvement Project’, is aimed at
developing Environmental Management plans for four BDA layouts of Brindavan Nagar
(HBR), Kalyan Nagar (HRBR), Bhuvanagiri (OMBR), Kasturi Nagar (East of NGEF)
and some neighbouring areas. This pilot project is being implemented with the assistance
of Royal Norwegian Embassy. The project is being implemented by the BDA in
coordination with NGOs such as Centre for Environment Education (CEE), Tata Energy
Research Institute (TERI), Wastewise (WW), Technology Informatics Design Endeavour
(TIDE), Residents Groups/Associations, etc.
Broadly this project aims at
• An Integrated Management plan for waste utilization and disposal
• Preparation of Geographic Information System for the layouts
• Open Spaces and Community Spaces management.
Project Management
The Government of Karnataka has identified the Karnataka State Council for Science and
Technology (KSCST) as the agency for overseeing the implementation of this project. An
Apex Committee takes all important decisions relating to the project and a Project
Implementation Committee will oversee the implementation of the project.
Organisations Involved
Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is the principal, planning and developing
agency of Government of Karnataka for the Bangalore Metropolitan Area.
Centre for Environment Education (CEE) is a national institution set up in 1984 as a
Centre of Excellence in the field of Environmental Education by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India. CEE South, the Southern Regional Cell
functions from Bangalore.
Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) is a registered non-profit research organisation
set up in 1974 involved in energy conservation and environment management
programmes. It’s regional cell functions from Bangalore.
Mythri Sarva Seva Samiti is a non-profit organisation involved in social and economic
assistance programmes for waste retrievers and street children. Waste Wise is a Solid
Waste Management project promoted by Mythri.
Technology Informatics Design Endeavour (TIDE) is a non-profit society devoted to
promoting sustainable development through technological inventions.
Project Activities
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
• Evolving a better system of SWM in the layouts by the residents, NGOs and
concerned Government agencies
• Community based projects like composting of segregated wet waste.
• Educational and training programmes for various target groups.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
• Development of a computer based information system that combines both geographic
(map) attributes and data elements, to facilitate spatial analysis.
• Design and development of user friendly software application for maintenance of
services, for multiple users such as residents, civic authorities, NGOs, etc.
Open Spaces Management (OSM)
• Development of parks, open spaces in the project area.
• Development of shrub plantations along the medians and lands beneath high tension
lines as green gardens.
• Propagation of alternative methodologies for water harvesting and supply systems
and other water conservation measures.
In this project CEE South is involved in implementing the Solid Waste Management in
two of the layouts namely, HRBR and HBR layouts, based on the models developed out
of its previous experiences.
Current Status
• The project reach is for a total of 3500 households in the four layouts of HBR,
HRBR, OMBR and East of NGEF. In addition to these layout, a nearby slum
. Lingarajapuram is also involved in the SWM programme. Door-to-Door
collection of segregated garbage is going on successfully for the past two and half
years in all the four layouts. A total of 1780 houses including 467 non-BDA houses
surrounding the project area in HRBR layout and about 815 houses are involved in
the SWM programme in HBR layout. In addition to HRBR and HBR layouts various
non-BDA houses like Horamavu, Nanjappa Garden, Jayarama Reddy Layout,
Ramaiah Layout, Jhanavi Layout etc., are also involved in SWM Programme. About
330 and 120 houses are involved in the SWM proramme in OMBR and East of NGEF
•
•
•
•
•
•
layouts. This clearly shows the attitude of the people to have a better garbage
management and to have a cleaner area.
The main emphasis has been on motivation of the project beneficiaries which
included imparting training to various target groups like residents, ragpickers,
supervisors, eco-club teachers, students, residents' associations, waste management
committees and other local bodies. The decentralized solid waste management system
involves door-to-door collection of segregated waste, localized composting of the wet
waste and selling of the recyclables by the ragpickers.
The highlight is the formation of Waste Management Committees (WMC's) which
comprise of interested residents who will be responsible for the sustainability of the
project in the future.
The solid waste management programme has also been initiated in various schools in
the project area to help inculcate values of cleanliness in children at an early age
through formation of Eco-clubs, setting up of school composting units etc.
Various programmes for different stakeholders are being organized to increase
Resident’s participation in the project activities like formation of an Eco-park in the
area. Best Garden Competitions, Street Play, Guest lectures and so on.
A baseline survey of the existing Health Care Establishments and Industries in the
project area has been conducted.
Educational materials developed under the project includes Project Brochure,
Segregation Calendar for the year 1999 and Table Top Calendar on IUEIP project
activities for the year 2000, Year Planner for 2001, IUEIP Newsletter, Compost
packing cloth bags, visitors brochure. A documentary of the project is being
developed.
Methodology adopted
A door to door interaction and campaign with the help of volunteers was found effective
during course of the implementation of the project in the residential setup. Motivation is
the first step towards creating awareness on a suitable and safe disposal of garbage. The
first round of motivation is essentially a door step interaction with the residents, where in
the residents are briefed on the aims and objectives of the project. Since segregation is the
key to successful SWM, each house was given a basket free of cost in order to collect
their dry waste and to initiate and encourage people to segregate waste into dry and wet
portions. Hence segregation of waste at source is stressed upon and the residents are
required to segregate waste into dry and wet categories. The door step collection of
segregated garbage is carried out by two waste collectors in a specific sector with a
tricycle designed for waste collection. A service fee of Rs. 15 per household for a month
is collected which contributes for the Salary of the Waste Collectors and Supervisors and
meets other maintenance expenditure of the project. Waste is being collected from
selected commercial establishments and non-infectious waste is being collected from two
Nursing homes in the project area. Residents of the layout have taken the program very
well and today there is 82% participation in HRBR layout where the project was
launched for the first time and 80% in HBR layout.
Various training and awareness programmes were conducted for various stakeholders of
the project. As for the training of various stakeholders is concerned. Residents mainly
retired people, women especially housewives and women clubs. Business community.
Healthcare establishments, Schools and Educational Institutions were targeted. Various
programmes were organized to impart the interest and commitment towards their own
waste management within their layouts.
i
For Women stakeholders, two annual ‘Best Garden Competition’ were held to establish a
link between kitchen garden, roof terrace garden, lawns and compost generated out of
wet garbage. The theme behind this event is popularizing the concept of kitchen gardens
at the premises of the households and how best they can utilized their own wet garbage in
the form of compost to grow the plants. A good number of housewives participated in
the event. Residents were targeted by organizing a ‘know your stake in IUEIP’
programmes, a field visit to Composting and Research activities in University of
Agricultural Sciences (UAS) and Karnataka Compost Development Corporation
(KCDC).
Composting Techniques
Composting is the controlled biological decomposition of organic matter achieved under
an optimum temperature and moisture. Composting of wet waste is carried out in
Composting units situated in 10 different locations in the project area. The method of
composting is aerobic carried out in pits with dimension of 9x 4x3 feet. Segregated wet
waste from the houses is collected daily by the waste retrievers and put into the pits in
their respective sectors or blocks. The wet waste is weighed before it goes into the pit.
The wet waste is covered with a thin layer of mud or the coarse compost obtained during
previous sieving. The waste is left undisturbed for about 10 days for temperature build
up (about 65 C-70° C) to kill the pathogenic bacteria. Afterwards it is turned manually
twice a week till the end of the composting cycle of 60 days. It is then harvested and
sieved to obtain fine and coarse compost.
Different Experiments were conducted with the expertise from University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore to hasten the composting cycle using electrical blower, mechanical
shaft and use of microbes. Experiments were also conducted to enhance the nutrient
quality of the compost using rock phosphates and weeds. Coir pith was used to
effectively control the problem of smell, leachate and fly menace. Vermicomposting was
also tried for coarse materials obtained from the sieving. The harvested fine compost is
being sold in unbleached kora bags @ Rs. 5/ kg to the residents at IUEIP office. This acts
as a good soil nourisher and conditioner.The coarse compost also being sold to
Horticulture department and farmers.
School activities
Students and teachers were also involved in many training programmes on Solid Waste
programme. Eco-clubs were inaugurated in 6 schools of the project area and in 4 schools
‘Model Composting Units’ were setup. This will help students to understand the concept
of composting out of waste at their early ages itself. Other educational programmes such
as guest lectures on sanitation, wildlife, plastics and other issues of Environment were
organized. A Nature and Bird watching trail was organized for students near Nagavara
tank in the vicinity of the project area. The programme was conducted under the
leadership of Mr.Yellappa Reddy, a noted Environmentalist and attended by 250 students
from the schools of project area. A teacher training workshop was held to implement the
activities mentioned in ‘Garbage to Gardens’ activity booklet, at various schools in the
project area.
Formation of Waste Management Committee (WMC)
The sustainability of all project activities under IUEIP programme lies in the formation
and functioning of a body which can maintain, monitor the SWM activities in future after
the implementing agencies like CEE South and TERI withdraw from the project area. To
achieve the same a Waste Management Committee (WMC) comprising local residents
was formed. Residents coming forward to participate and to pay service charges for the
door step collection of Garbage shows the concern and commitment they have towards
their immediate surrounding. The sensitized residents were made to organize under
Waste Management Committee. The role and responsibility of the WMC in local
Environmental Management was felt very much necessary. CEE South helped in
enhancing and enriching the level of awareness in residents and others through
motivation.They were given all help and assistance in setting up these decentralized
garbage management system. Hence, today the Waste Management Committees
(WMC's) is undergoing various training programmes as to how to handle the SWM
system effectively once the implementing agencies withdraw from the project. Here lies
the importance of Residents and their association, as the system has to be maintained and
monitored keenly after the execution. The Waste Management Committee meets once in
a month to discuss various management aspects and improvements in the system.
The Residents Welfare Associations of HRBR & HER have been instrumental in
initiating and motivating the residents towards solid waste management program in their
layout. The waste management committee functioning in HRBR is very keenly involved
in motivating the non-participating residents. The nutrient rich compost produced out of
wet garbage in composting units is sold at the rate of Rs. 5 per kg is a motivating factor
for the residents. Besides this, their layout is no more littered with garbage and don’t
have to see over flowing municipal bins in front of their houses.
Achievements of lUEIP
•
•
•
Setting up of a decentralized doorstep collection of segregated household garbage.
Composting of organic wet waste in 10 decentralized composting units set up in
various locations of the project area and routing the recycling of recyclables such as
plastics, paper, metals, rags and glass.
Formation of WMC and its effective functioning for monitoring the system of
garbage management, from door step collection of garbage, production of compost.
•
•
•
•
•
•
service charge collection, financial transaction, salary distribution and management of
Personnel involved in the Project
Environment Education and awareness in various stakeholders namely, residents,
waste collectors, supervisors, school students and teachers, women. Business
Community, Healthcare establishments and so on.
Waste to wealth is currently being practiced through composting the wet garbage
thereby reducing the load of un-segregated garbage for Corporation authorities.
A Sustainable Solid Waste Management Model for a Urban setting which ensure the
cleanliness of the area, awareness and Environment Education to general public.
Rag pickers have been identified and trained and employed under the project as waste
collectors. Awareness on general cleanliness and personal hygiene has been
enhanced.
A very good network between residents with BDA, the government agency has been
established, which serves smooth and steady relationship between the public and the
government. Residents have organised themselves better through Resident Welfare
Associations and Waste Management Committees, and Liaisoning for their rights and
responsibilities. This way IUEIP helped for better linkages between various
stakeholders.
Visitors have been continuously flowing to this project area for Information, Study,
Evaluation and assessment of the project model. Local visitors being Residents from
other parts of the city / Country, Official of state and central government across the
country, other organizations representatives. Journalists and so on. Outstation and
foreign visitors mainly comprise of students, researchers, consultants and officials of
funding agencies. Majority of them appreciated the model, magnitude of community
participation and reach of the project.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
To support long-term planning needs, BDA is working with TIDE to install a GIS at the
project office to provide digitized maps and support data to other partner agencies like
KPTCL,Police,BWSSB,BMRTC and BMP. On successful installation of hardware and
software, the GIS will ensure ready availability of data for monitoring and maintenance
of project service and amenities
Open Space Management ( OSM)
The design for management of Open spaces incorporates various elements such as rain
water harvesting, mini forests and landscaping with a combination of shrubbery and
ornamental trees. Parks, avenues, community areas and boulevards have been integrated
into the planning process. Many civic amenities sites in these layouts have been
developed into parks and miniforests. The OSM is implemented through a special
horticultural team at the BDA.
On completion of this unique project of BDA, it is hoped that this project will serve
as a model for planned and participatory management systems in new urban areas.
ROLE OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCINCES, BANGALORE IN
INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
!
The University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore is a premier Scientific
Institution catering to the needs of farming community in particular and the public in
general. The three main thrust areas of the University are Teaching, Research &
Extension. Keeping in conformity with its goals the UAS (B), offers technical expertise
in fields related to nutrient management of which an important component is organic
manure preparation and management
The UAS(B), is one of the key player in the above project under which it has
undertaken research programme entitled “Evaluation of Bio and Other Remedial
Measures for Urban Waste Management”. The main objectives of the project were to
1) Characterize urban waste with regard to their chemical and other properties
2) Evaluate microbial and Vermicultural methods for developing efficient
composting of wastes.
3) Analyse nutrient content of composts and to evaluate their performance
4) Design compost stacks for Urban Waste composting.
The following are the contribution of UAS(B) in the IUEIP
1) Developed user friendly protocols for composting Solid Urban Waste
2) Developed protocols for preparation of enriched Solid Urban Waste Compost
3) Developed protocols for Vermicomposting of coarse material.
4) Increased composting efficiency by providing microbial cultures.
5) Standardized procedures for sieving of composts.
6) Offered technical training to rag pickers, members of Solid Waste Management
‘ Committees and Residents.
7) Accepted to provide constant technical guidance to the resident associations.
wa®
environment.project
’iSssasss
BANQAL0I^,Mayi
UAWA1-OK& way z ou .jnp... r------- and solid w?
T^toalore Development AuthThou^yjS
ftriiyXBDAfhas
priiy
XBpAThas initteted
initi^tod an inte
Hnte-
grated
grated. |br^
|Urto,I((Wnhrqnmentgmfoyircjrynent5m- RMPttW®
been
proyiement
an attempt
proyementi, jproject
jpreject in ah
attempt ^fhat a sc-iffqy “
*« lupforr akXttl Rz*Hor HlOnOtWYlflnf -C’__
to.tffing about better management.,fought t&g8$ iopfed It)'address
civic amenities achene®
achenes fayflyeg
iWdyofofo
’thls issu^^
issuer®
of dvic
'tag Residents’ iroufc.hgri<^
'togYesldents*
tntatal organisauods, t^er*44**tKXu itMl^kloor-to-'
cMcbodleK >t- Jua> ;
^Sraecated in
^nrjiWRs^crSi'p*^;
Sq^&reMe
om ’th^Hdr^
iSw* jJttJjEs
•yaHrhl assistance frohr
1
pl^Mmpjbspital
Developmeht
'WegUh AgencyjfcE. Develop
—----‘.^’toxiciiidSt
1^Sylo ttildyhow
Cqcheration iNoradj.-^win
. -..
^J^O84>ilhMe as
plemented in the fourBDA la^outaitQ poIlmAnd^Usposd/^hese
' ^f^'Drindayan
rt^flledlon-ejso.
«fdso
1 Drindavan (HER r'l
r< I laytmOr^PwepjsfBan
Xal^ah
NagarJ^CHRBR>^I^)^e^-^
'Kalyah Nagar^.aiRBR>eI^W^e^^£®^®wS^to
’#?«...
Bhuyanagiri • KOMBR-dayputl----;
Jkasturi
,
JkastUfi Naga^dtEwt
Naga^ot&tft <4, Nj$JX$S^la^
“
1
....................................
th^DA
Will irote»enUhl^Ri^^ot|5^
□feck in ctbPidiiwUpn
f--’
^ggqtfe forwEpYlronmwxt
jaom-Tata
iteeaiph
Bh-BMP.
Bfew
WiasasaSi
.x^id^its groupVASsodationsj^-z^ mergy to&ets afthafe^ inay be.
„ _
—->-^22
-"hl yrnie
it -pivjpg these.details,4JDA;Cqm*^
itfiisedfor,
,~...
“ TT- V*'
sini^signerlatmi
iVeniaiacliEdam*
dowhlfihd^a^
___a workshop
at
■-■?
on’the project
.-.: . ‘‘here
J2 ■ gen^tii^^u^MlheJorni..7r.rf
,
(today, sddothe
itoday,
sSddjthe Karnataka fetate
Estate—comportInd
comport<nd the like.
IDce.
••■:*-•
u*
.Cotancil far>Scignceiand
J?e^i|o^-f} ^^Jrban
iCotandl
far>Scignce®nddre^jgoJjsor^Jeban ^Development ^ecxetary
Secretary ,..
©g^dtes ’ been;Identified. b&Aefl^d.-BDAj£bairman,K B Pandey
state government as the project said the traditional dependence of
-Irfmlementatlon
overseeing the public nh the civic authorities <
3figehey.
■
.
should b£ done' away '-with In taA ■ —
_ •S J
A
_ -•
W^T1^ A
U .'
te®»
• agement problerit, develop i ^m- mehtdl organisations. This beimterljasM-^grapldr-lirftnmff—cause WfcWtal bodteM like' the'
;4afa elSeStS^M bdi&t df&e I- tremendd^r^ource> crppdi,
civic agencies as well as the resi- ‘ Bhstrauih^gar MLA''NVRajanna
xaentiErqiM|nfl also address the \ speaWn«x?pJhe5>ccaslQn <^Jledfor
<n£ta$gemeS V4f open spaces ’ a collective effott towards tackling
within the project areas.
■ the solid waste management probBangalore ~ Mahansgara Palike lemsDevelopment;/-tomtalMoner
Commissioner-di?2A Ravlndra in . • and Commissioner of Agricultw^l
his key-note address stressed 4he PX9d^°¥ J^esa s^hattacharya
need for(ra systematio^appraach . s^ i^ke on the occasion.. *>.. ;.
Easy way to dispose of waste
The core strength of
the project definitely
lies in the community
participation, finds
out RASHEED
KAPPAN.
TOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD
\Z needn't be a stinking
g garbage bin. You don't
JL need to be a victim of
mosquitoes, stray dogs and
contagious diseases. With a little
bit of motivation, a bit of
volunteerism and an urge to
< iv.He .1 ( leaner environment,
you could live a better life.
And dial is poa isely what the
(.entte lor l.nvironincnt
Education (CEE), along with a
lew othet agencies have
achieved in four layouts in
Bangalore I ast through their
Solid Waste Management
Project.
In a few months time, CEE
South has succeeded in
motivating 85 per cent of the
3,000 households in the targeted
layouts of Kalyan Nagar and
Brindavan Nagar.
The success story of the
project will soon find its echo in
other layouts.
The waste disposal is hardly
complex. Trained waste
collectors pick up the waste
from your doorsteps and
transport it to the composting
units in specially provided
tricycles.
The wet waste is composted
while the dry waste is sent for
recycling. You just need to
separate the waste generated in
your house into wet and dry
waste; deposit the segregated
wet and dry waste in two
containers and hand them over
to the waste retrievers who will
be there at your doorsteps every
morning. The entire process will
cost you a mere Rs. 5. The
benefit: Your residential locality
will be clean and green.
The monthly charges collected
will provide for the salaries of
the waste collectors and in
maintenance work.
The local ragpickers are
selected as waste-collectors.
Since they are being brought
from a non-formal to a formal
sector, the collectors are trained
specifically for the project.
They are offered a monthly
salary' of Rs. 800 for a daily
routine which took four hours.
And their job: to go house to
house and collect the garbage
for the day.
But the waste collectors have
the option of selling off the
recyclable waste to authorised
agents and earning those extra
incentives. The agents send
them for recycling through their
own network.
Environment Education (CEE),
Tata Energy Research Institute
(TERI), Technology Informatics
Design Endeavour (TIDE).
Resident groups and
associations. The project is
funded by the Norwegian
Agency for Development
Corporation (NORAD).
Evolving a better system of
solid waste management in the
layouts by involving the
residents, NGOs and concerned
Government agencies;
Community'-based projects like
li
composting of segregated wet
fl
Between 70 and 75 per cent of.....waste and Educational and
the waste, which is organic, is
training programmes for the
composted and sold to div
various target groups were (he
residents by (he Waste
main thrust areas of the SWM
Management ('ommiuees .it the*
part of the project.
rale ol Rs. 5 a kg About I • pci
I he <die stienglh ol (he
cent of the waste, which
project definitely lies in the
account for the unusable rvjvcts,
community participation.
are dumped in (he final
“Without it, it would not be
landfilling sites.
possible to sustain the bcnelits
On their p.ul, the Waste
beyond (he ptojei t peiiod
Management Committees meet
- X
Community participation is
every month on the second
envisaged through resident
Saturday and review the
Manure generated from waste (below> being filtered. The door-door
bodies, clubs, rnahila rnandalis.
progress of the project.
collection of garbage (above) of the CEE has proved successful.
etc. Over a period of time, it is
The committee members are
hoped that community would
• ' F •« ,!'‘'
now being trained by CEE and
become self-sufficient to
other agencies on the
manage the local environment."
maintenance and monitoring
says a project coordinator
aspects of the project.
The benefit of the
The Solid Waste Management
door-to-door collection system
(SWM) programme is part of the
developed by the project has
Integrated Urban Environment
made its impact as shown by its
Improvement Project aimed at
growing popularity in Bangalore
developing environment
and other parts of Karnataka.
management plans for the four
Realising the significance of
BDA layouts of Brindavan
this practice of segregation of
(HBR), Kalyan Nagar (HRBR),
garbage and its suitable
Bhuvanagiri (OMBR), Kasturi
disposal, the Central Pollution
Nagar (East of NGEF) and some
Control Board has prescribed
neighbouring areas.
'Minimal National Requirement
The project is being
for Management of Municipal
implemented by the Bangalore
Solid Waste."
Development Authority (BDA) in
These guidelines are going to
coordination with
be enforced shortly where it
Non-Government Organisations
becomes necessarv.
such as the Centre for
3S-
Ol
HP
I
I
I
)
CEE: For an eco-conscious society
T 0 ONE escapes
XI environmental problems.
JL Xi It has become a subject
of intense discussion.
Environmental studies is a
specialised subject at various
levels. A number of
organisations and individuals
have taken upon themselves the
task of making our habitat
better.
The Centre for Environmental
Education, started in 1984 and
supported by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, is
dedicated to creating an
awareness among the people
about environmental issues.
The CEE has taken the
initiative to co-ordinate and
conduct a number of
educational programmes for
I schoolchildren. Teachers, who
are considered to be the driving
[ force, are trained to impart
I environment education to
children. The CEE has
1 developed educational packages
! that are based on broad
environmental themes. As part
of the National Environmental
Awareness Campaign, the CEE
The CEE has
developed educational
packages that are
based on broad
environmental themes.
co-ordinates a network
throughout the country to focus
on teacher training programmes.
Location- specific programmes
and materials have been
developed to make children
appreciate environmental issues
better. The Environmental
Quality Monitoring is another
pilot project yvhere students of
high schools, junior colleges and
degree courses are involved.
Ihey are required to collect
data about natural results which
will serve as recorded
information about local
resources and their status.
National Environmental
Education Programme in
Schools focuses on knitting
together the teacher training
programmes, the environmental
orientation to school education
The shed for keeping the segregated waste to become compost at HBR Layout.
programme and the CEE's
Environmental Education Bank
to form a comprehensive
programme to be implemented
in schools throughout India.
Edutech, an educational
products division of CEE,
provides for good environmental
J
Perforated pipes used to Increase aeration In the pits.
education material through
which it reaches out to
institutions, organisations and
professionals.
In a unique venture, the
Bangalore Development
Authority and the CEE have
come out with a pilot project,
“Integrated Urban Environment
Improvement Project.” In areas
such as HBR Layout, the
initiative taken by the residents
is encouraging. Segregated,
systematic door-to-door garbage
collection has been going on
successfully.
Mr. T.Vijay Kumar, a
functionary of the Waste
Management Committee of the
HBR Layout, feels that
individuals and organisations
should contribute in some way
or the other towards solving
these environmental problems.
“There is no use if educated
people sit back and criticise
organisations about their
projects,” says Mr. Vijay Kumar.
Projects have to be initiated and
action taken.
The project activities in these
areas include evolving a better
system of solid waste
management, involving the
residents. Educational and
training programmes for various
target groups too are on their
agenda. Developing parks, open
spaces and green gardens below
high tension lines are being
worked on. These areas will
serve as models to other areas.
The effort put in by the
organisation and the residents is
laudable. They work with the ’
motto, “collective efforts for
better environment."
The CEE’s community-based
programmes endeavour to bring
about a realisation among the
people in urban and rural areas
to take up environmental
programmes for improving their
quality of life.
It organises workshops and so
on, on environmental issues. Its
resource centre and library has
a good collection of books and
journals, and its Environmental
Education Bank is a
computerised treasurehouse of
concepts, activities and case
studies. The CEE offers
consultancy to the Government.
NGOs and private agencies in
environmental issues. More
details can be had from CEE
(ph: 2862167).
SHOBA RAO
■??
THE
HINDU
MojmLi). August 3, 1998
i
ftJSO
l*‘ ****,‘:?^
Building
Bangalore ■ -
1 lie haphazard growth of Bangalore In the
Rood-Bcllary Road) nr.d Kasturi Nugar (east of "
rcr-- n past has drastically changed the
NGEE). AU are accessible from the new Ring
gc.., nipby of the city. One never dreamt Lie
Road.
Ci:y would expand almost up to Whitefield or
This pili ' project Is bring taken up with
' (X'/i
bcj . nd Hcbbul Lake. But It has happened.
assistance . om the Norwegian Agency for
>$4
l iplanned growth brings along Its own
Dcvdopuvmt Coopcrvflon (NORAD) and is, .
pre: Jems. Clvlc'amenltics are either lacking or being lai xleraented by the BDA In
.
grossly lnadc<juntc..The.Ban^alorc:
coord! udon with •on.i leading NGOs
.»:
' iI aruigora Pullkc
Pdlkc (BMP] has often,trice
often tried to
..
. ,,
Lnvolv.\i________________
in cnvlronmc.ital_preservation.
'
’K^ffrrmmt /*hnrr»/*«* tr\
■betterment charges; to provide‘nmaar'*
amenities energy c.inservatloo. w istc management and
•he new layouts coming under its
compilln ? geographic information systems. ' • i 1
- di-tlon. But several agencics'othcr than
The Karnataka State Council for Science and <' .i
• a city corporation arc Involved Jn providing Technology has been Identified by the State
. J; amenities, such as the'Bangalore Water
Government u the agency for implementing .>i|
the project
bi pply and Sewerage Board and thc
K-iruataka ncctdclty Board:-Lack of 'r,:
.AU important dccku ns arc to Be taken iy ' ;K
ccordtnaaonarnoog the'agencies: has ofttten ..
an Apex Committee hstaled by thc BDA...M
resulted in,breakdown.ofutUltyJscrvlcc*;
• Chairman.jvilh < Pro,c:t Implementation ; .
There are'also urban pockets^whlcb1 arc yet to Committee to'oversee tj e implementation of
be 1 ken ow’by the BMP.'J^f.'5 " >
thc project. The implementation committee is “KE
I iivironment has xulTcrcd the^most In'this
headed by’the BDA Commissioner and :
.',gK
include* NGOs and BDA officials. .There te lilsb,;.:.'S
ui. ‘‘annod growth of the City: It can hardly
a State-Level Committee which meets twice u ’ S!
b: mown us Garden Qty, anymore. This bos
ofo 11 been pointed out by concerned citizens
year to monitor thc prefect's progress. .
■
as 1 environmental organisations. But they
The Nonvegian
Norwegian agency was apparently' '
lij
htar bccQ iunoble.fo do,anything about It
scouting for a suiable xroject for funding '
; S£
ttyit It should be
° '‘ ■: J
with the stipulation tlpit
• 1 >w comes what te an experiment in •
environment oriented. T ■*
*
’
facilitating growth of theTSty-along with
.- -.;eavlroam«ial consldcratloha:-.TQbcl_„ T.
bet r^n^anagement
o£
clvi£.am
enl
ties
In
some
tb'the
ngcncy.'
J‘.|
developing
areas,
appealed
td
the
’
agcncy:
cr^n^anagcmcnt of clvl£.amenities
.newly developed areaaTafiangalore,
' ' The'project
areas
‘planned to'
!
_ “of 1I hejipwly
areas jit Bangalore,
__
The'project
areas are
are'pbmned
tobe
bemodels'-?
m__
'’the
ths Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) ’' for other new neighbourhoods,
nehrhbourhnodn. according
arrnrriina to
tn '1';]
<"-U
.
....
■
.
• tli®
M*..xiaiunmi
the BDA
BDA CvuiumsmuCT,
Commissioner,Msl:Lakshmi
Venkatachalum. The project Is based bn
••
on the\'4
theT
ned Integrated ’*
’ principle that 'prevc.Uin b belter than cure’, 'id
'J‘ Tic two-year project name?.
Url in Environment Improvement Is to’ •' v
dci: lop environment management plans'fc.r
>
•vreo ui * luy^uuwao wquia ^JXiPAST TE.
----- ------
I
w
I
F
I?
F; .
1
xt te
nt Inip r ivenent Project
La being ^l«x^t^if>l^‘uri^^^^3v»n'1
iisSs
-< -He1 attr^BcllAryifmadJ^Kalyaij.Nagar (Heim ur.., ‘The pny4 areaJtovjr^.nearly 10,000
‘
•^l^'^9adrXBhugmaito jpid Madras . house she, spread rj-e.* 4,600 hectares: There^deydoptXl
iVIap thaWocates dustbins
■<.Bangalore
jTfals aspect has been takeo^fln
,.collabor8Uonra(ith''NG0^'.<ui:^»lM
___ ___________
| y&fiSSff b“®d. GeOOTphl'c
1:4(XJd which will be —
det....
0 II -d
—.infonnation
----------- -—... ,
.1 enough
ugh to
)i for the.project urea.'ThJ*l* bclng'.T -_ locates water pipe which bus burst. .
ry the Technology Inforraarics Design ,k->.
TheBDA.ludfwlU be din ctly.involved lu
ft ur (TIDE) which'earlier-developed a ■- the management of all opvr spaces d computerised map for Mallesworara.
demarcated in the project urea. Tills means
Chairman
of-------TIDE,”says developing
a
ayU jagopulan.
—A —
TTSGT’ ",
porks and playgrounds and
M map in the 1:1000 scale will be •
planting trees and shrubs along thc roads, on
Ify.' showing house* and .other buildings, rood medians and space beneath high-tension
1-ME
JLe Technology Informatics Design Enieav- data, formulating data r>>iulrements and dutaJir (TIDEjis uoc uf the organisations involved - base design. Integrating data with the dlgluln the Nonvegian aided Integrated Urban Envi- ised map; demonstrating the use of CIS with
t am ent.-'Tmprovemeotf Project. ;'Prep« ring sample data and training users on the utljxmputerlscd geographical Information sys- teation of CIS and lb J kiatlng^-... . ■:/
lems'fGtS* for the project area will be the • _
,
■
•
“I.'DDEs work.
< - ‘T-.*
Thc output from the GIS would Include a
Earlier.' the organisation earilcr prepared a ™up of thc locatlon of dustbins and open gar,
f * » 11
f
r
1
KuIo DrruncT* lr\^
r»f fri*
A
'by associations of local 'n^deutxlTI
G > of Mullcswaram for management of solid bagc to arrange for oollxtion of the waste. A ■
'. rie lr. the area. This project was carried out waste generation mop of the urea has been
prepared
by
using
land
use
data
’
in
combina
i roordlaation with Mythrl Seva Mandoll, an
According to a ^pc^cspcrstip (Jf G
tion with estimate* of w-tsle generated. This
\GO and the BMP. ■ u: • •’: ■ ’.
•. organisation will help luUlaie;dparJ
1
Cbe GIS created for Malleswuram contains will help Ln dcploylr g the waste collection per*
> >'.h maps and attributable data of all parrels nonncl. Thc collect!xn Jr diutntcturc would be
of each
11 ut come under Malle*waram, VMird 7 of overlaid on thc cl'.'dcs of influence
b icgalore Qty. It contains details of roads and waste bln. showing prsas nnot
,ot •serviced
crv^*nl.
!r .portant
portanl landmarks. This data
data'was
was comput- port route planning- for w^e ^K< ’Hfind-fills •^
vid ’S^^ibir^
the rat wW:bc--Qae<~]
iwd using a standard GIS
G1S software so that
'! •■ iied
.1.• it„ „
*
*- Bgeneration:-.Where
rmnraHnn’.Wh(^r -fher*
there art?:tndast]
‘1 ;•: final
final product
uroduct ‘'.vus
for solid
aoliii waste
waste
?
II '!
.vus useful
useful fur
will given assistance to treat tho^cfil
I ii .'nagenicnt. planning and monitoring.
The T1UU Is i.ow wv l.miig on develop' g u
first. Experts from' thi> UniversHy ‘of
l iic pnx cij of
uf developing the
1’ . CIS for Mai
‘
sunilnr detailed CHS for he four
I
iirens cvaing
Agricu'tural Sciences urc helping
I I A-.r.uu was i-urTlcd out In six stage*. ~~
Thev uivlrr ih«> Ini* gi■» 1 11 b.m I'jivlronmciit inicompos'iog icvhnjqtirs for thc lra^a
'
1.1 'cd vclicctliig iind dlgllulKlng map* un<l pioveiiient r.i"|r< i
househ -Id waste.
.1
I * Another’part of I lie project is to J
vmAJOWi A
w
iW
KB
!C(
project that is fyeing implemented in four newly developed
$|i$ based on the principle that problems of growth should be
tfulth at thc formative, stage of a layout, writes K.Satyamurty.
rpacSTl xJtpuths, drains, pipelines, powerlines;' • power lines. Water hjrvcsUng, groundwater
spaces.’water bodies and slopes
regeneration and other con icrvation
irrvatlon measuri-.
W^^L-utlng bull^mp ^nd vacant sites. L ■. -will
u-BDA
<
'" be
‘ given ’imporance
iporiance T lu
BDA
Commissioner
feel-, ‘tn..!
mitor.iputcriscd data is to be prepared In
S"™".
1?1??".
.h“‘ nla Ulng trees .nand
n<L
shrubs for l>cttuUric.iilot’ ■ >.iic Is not enough
PZHuljl format for use by various Agencies
und soil und water cih.'.t '.illon has io be
ippjv^l such ns the BMP. the BWS5B and
given Imponancc k•• ,»ti.g I i mind the future
needs
of these arc . .
S&S^gunbatlon like the CEE for Instance
.Man* of th>- r.- w layuoK l.i the t'ity havT
jdUJba,hole. U> locate where the dustbins arc
oawUd in a particular locality. The collected come up wl'l '. t lid<x;ii.i' ■ tree cover und
hiMpAjl I* tamper-proof und the information green space 1 •i\ will !X‘ .i. tided In the project
urea The ! ■ >t iHfMrtr... i t is also lnv>>kcd
gpCfprM-tU bo nsudy by June 1999.’says Dr.
!n m.ik|r>f <
UkjagQflul.ui. The viftwure fur use will be
BMiy jb' end uf llus year.
The tot.' os: uf ilw r ■ c: Is e-'i-i.iii
hug a ruiip ol
lx* r.s. I (. . ur-.x w uL )< 1 ers:n . Inn
*■'
plunn.i
tii'i'iiuutiiig . H' '
r> ■ s. 'ill.1 ,,v ,n ’h'’ ‘■‘'‘de of J .•2500 or
*c*'
-rrrr------------ :--------------
>
waste management component will require .
Rs. 1.97 crores, being thocore ofJhey A :
environmental aspect of.thc project,2,.^ ■ .
Developing the geographical Information y .
system will cost Rs.. 50 lakhs and Kx;40 '
laklu te to be spent on managcmajl of oil
open spaces. The utnou H required In excels
of that given by the Norwegian agency'' b to
be generated by thc BDA. •‘
Ms. Lakshmi•VcnkaUschulam «a>> thc
cooperation of other NGOs and Government
agencies has been sought for iraplcnienlmg
the project.
-■• < ■ .
,-v;- • ■
Thc strength of die project is In comiuun :,
participation at all levels she adds. Without
this H will nut be possible to lustuin the t
beyond.the two- year period of thc ■
pbenefits
f0|Cct Community
/ parnripatton Is expecux.
through
..trough residents
residents’ assixiiitluns. clubs. 'mahiJ
tnandalls' and other load organisations
While something lilx lu-picgated dlspox.il
waste will need In'.u.il hrl;. from the XtXh
und ofilclal agencies. 1: on lx- ftistubicd hi
thc long run only by th.- residents thernst
ihe community has to become selrsiufTicIcn!
enough to manage th.- L.xa! cr.vin'nit'but
If this p.-o|cvt b sucmtfu! it could Be (hr
lorcruntirr lr. eiKoura.rcx •«.•■.n. .r.uy
t*■.>^u<ipuli<>n m rrunag.i..: u.r
many new '..v.iul. wl: .
id . . r.i,1 .. . I-.
■uiure-
bins front flowing over
't
7/' )rl 7
‘Teach Yoar children I----------------- METROJDIALOaUE
metro.dialoque—
-'
’fnfci'.'nr5 • i >
pl•le refuse to have bins near their houses. The prob
lem can be solved if the people living on each road
-sW^l&cusposal, • »take
the complete responsibility, for clearance by ,
coordinating with the feoncemed agency.
1
•>;Makc'iCirpo^
garbage in the public — K.K. Dass, RamarfiU[thy hlagar. .
blti regularly"yburself, fotihbse dependent on serr
;; '
Overflowing bins are a serious problem since they 1
? vanti’ Educate iahft Insist'-that -the^rvants should
jdrdp'the garbage in the^bin/Whenever a public bin can cAuse health hazards.The
___ , problem can be solved 1
/is full? insist Ihat your servant informs you and does if the citizens develops little self consciousness and,'
?not;drbp it outside;;When ‘the’comer bin is full, ensure
re that the gartMi^eg&lhrown
garM^e^s^lhrov^iiriSlde'thQ
tyslde 'thtTbliV
bin''"
inform the '.local municipal ^office-and^write to the and n'ot ouUide. The EOG should also cooperate ,
with rthejp^ople^ and, dp its .duty-r
*loCal2papers>Educate children.^,,
1
•j -| sinberety. .
,£bolit properjgarbafce disposal, ho p •—.4.7^7
’ \ .
—K.N. KiranAshoknagar
•matter how old they are. When //T'viTIZ.eN
you notice a neighbour dropping ' •
V’ -rfO ( •: r
* garbage outside th6 bin, raise the issue'at a-Jocal area
Anybody
with
civic
sense
can tackle this problem
(^meeting.’AskJoc^T schools, colleges and '■N.GOs to
by persuading ,the people .to dump garbage inside ,
> Educate and createtawaferiejs.
the bin. Ihe local corporator should also ensure
.. .
’ drtily clearance of the garbage. In case thq corpora-. f
• v..?
A'‘/ X ’• • ■:
tor and the BCC fail in their'duties, the people, will
^Vafiiens
informed of the over have to take’matters in their oym hands and stop * i
i
1
flowing binX.Itjs' the duty of the citizens to keep the' paying the taxes. '
f‘
I'fcity dean: People should help the BCC by reducing — D. Rajarathlnam, Vijanapura.
•;pg'6rb’age1-.in?.the ^rsfiplace. .Recyclable materials
• ■■!
’ i’. ; ' VI
■ •. ’: / ;/
tfshbiild 'nbt'bS' tnrdUm' and -dead animals can be
,j
The citizens, should avoid dumping recyclable
Jb'ttAed^Ohits phrt.'tHe/BCC should impose heavy
. products'ahd;ensure , that the garbage is put inside
?: fines'a rid penalty on those found littering.
the bin. Do mot throw building materials in the bin ■ >
’ 7?: fchlvakunuir, ‘Tndlrartagar.
.
yyy
and try to make a small compost pit in the kitchen
.’P‘ -.Y .f
y
.
garden.
1
;<?» Garbage is a problem to everybody. But the peo-’ —V. Kannan^As/ioknS^h
if
p
-------------- ----- --
should alert BCC bn tinie’
^r/^Llkc the policei department, the
-
■ :
I
I
'-A
■:
AU1 HORITY ,
>
•
■
Y.4-
-.
< .j.
'..X ■
’>
They should inculcate the habit of
J -putting garbage in the bins before ■<: >1
?Dr G. Lokesh,Additional ■?helonyclearsthebins' . ' ■.
Ij
, Clii.'* W' ackhowl^eage'&6^cl4aranccrof ihelr comdr
Health- Officer, BCC
^bins'erf’'otherwise in the book and
;b‘u
'^accordingly, at the' end of month#
...e-.&ntmddf-'hhs’Vidt.’ddno-'-the . 'the fact, that the ;people■ throw the«eplaces‘th^offieialsAviirtry td!’
~ ■'■q®f<Triuriifefioftrip^-Wpay- garbage in the bins at all times of c‘rcate /awareness -about^coriirty- O
dntsMl
day. If—
thcpeople
Hngitti?' flttyngs4/jthe load,is400 *
ffments
.win oe'cuii Quzens can ask
r , ,put „garbage;
.
‘I-iv.
for’.'sudf
ouvh btoks'frbrrf•ih^rieareit
wwau. .uy»M.Hiv ..vu.va. after the' lorry —
has cleared
---------- it —
and"‘ heavy, then’the IdbiesVillhave to ; II
ymunicipal bfiide and submit cbmcontinue
doing it.. throughout the do another trip.’But this'will take; i' 0
_’l
..........................
h
• 1 about
• '• noh^clearance.
*
‘
7plaints
‘ day, the bin will certainly overflow, about two nionths to pul in place.
• l)
...... - b««,.«-»■"> «■<»?» iHagwsjsi?s-
‘jysdygli ttme resideng. toggovert '
^Dr Ealasubramanyam, jatsate ;• .te«M
V*? The most: importariv thingfor r“
l^fltrblUrig/d^crfldwing bids is’a .p*
EXPERT
._____________
.
I
produced is sold back to members
',
yteddehts’ Organisations. This’sys- jScientifiC Handling of Waste . mented'’.frit’a
gtem*ah6uld’cnsiirc>that the<bms .
---- - ------- ----------- ■----- •:-Basically:ttys Inyolvcs.xpoperahire cleared r&ulaHy arid the Con-•? rag picker couple was employed Adon 3of Ihe/community Vand citi-J • ?
nterried Authority is .informed“if it >' to collect ’ garbage door-to-dqoi? >.-jzcns nave lb play a big foie if they ’
^/■ridt?'rhis.’'yidllv•al^li[educe’.‘.tlie : But the essential basis for this Was warit.to keep .the.city clean. We do
[llba^’bn thS'authoHtyjv1-.' •'•r,
segregation of garbage at source, ' this'/through' regular newsletter^; J
VdrbfeaJVrin^oadSltuation four4-; BT)A land for composting organic Scientific Handling of , Waite11 z
^^‘agd,but^<^3H^edtb^
.waste, the .rag picker, couple ffSHQWf ls a residents' organlsifi
»trdliK<^rbblem7hrqugh epoper-i?. utilised ;lhe recyclable,.wast^ rpr 'fiionMdived^ collecting garbige]-,- •1
>atioOndfcbbYdiri,aUpi^l>.fe<:i obtaining money and only the ’ and\. composting in Dollhrs' •
coidny^^
<
•
IMbcatcd.thefBDAifqrJarid/A thori’ bib. .Wholcvpr. compqJ’tf is .« .
^Anltn Rno KaMU A
tfS
r? K-*•' *V
jALORE
L
1
FRIDAY, JANUARY 26, 2001
t j m w * M »r YS- LLldM
Il
■' "MEBO
fouzU Hamza
■le^g
nOO3-
1
Hl
5.
IS
g?
'£^■4
—-------- Kalyannag
. ; — — e—- — n utJn. project
iect ■• • .-I.I;‘ .
Residents take,to streets with brdpms
Civic Correspondent
BANGAEQRE^s the chiefminis-
r
j
clean the nlighbourllo^ ^ith Sconces he'lDth'17 Of.AericuJtural
ters clean-garbage deadline draws, brooms, garbage carts and moos Sciences
thehelp
h ? the residents t0 turn
tear and everyone seems to be Government officials.
officials retired k
!nt0 fine compost which
•creaming hoarse over the matter, bureaucrats, police officer! sofi is then
^Vsold.
0. *
ome residents have decided not to ware
k Initially we faced resistance
w-are techies,
techies, advocates
advocates and
and house
hoi
when we fell short of fundTto ke.
> pooled
resources for the drive.
aasssix*- x.'Sfc’s?
Sfe
Their efforts elate back to 1998 ;
when a Norwegian agency, Norad .
and the Bangalore Development ■
Authority built a model which can ;
easily be replicated in dirty neigh- !
bourhoods adross the city.
Stich voluntary initiatives
SSSS ^sxesr.£ JXKSXSbs
........
id collected in pits. Volunteers
each.”
7
f
15
res;dents maintain x_ chief minis- . '
ter’s deadline or not
REGIONAL
Creating environment awareness among students
By Rasheed Kappan
uore, JULY 5. A pilot environment edu-
i programme by the Tata Energy Re■i Institute (TERI) and Jyoshika in two
try schools of the City has provided
;h database for a widespread and
cal introduction of environmental
• in school curriculum. The strategy'
•‘d was “Environment awareness for
• inmunity through children".
□missioned by the Bangalore Develnt Authority (BDA) as part of its InUrban
Environment
'venieiH Project (IU1JP), the project
cd 145 students studying in 4th, 5th
th standards at Gem English School
mg’s Convent in OMBR Layout,
jelled by its success, the project imnters have recommended that the
unme be extended to more schools.
• tudents sessions, they suggested,
! be followed up with orientation
inmes for teachers, and teaching
al developed on a wider variety of
□ mental topics.
I has already initiated the project's
base, covering six high schools in
layout and East of NGEE. including
Government Kannada medium
S. The emphasis is on plastics, paper
xic household waste.
'.he first phase, environmental topics
on the neighbourhood concept and
evance to every day living problems
taken up. Themes identified were
■ resources and man’s use of these,
gradable substances, Water segregaomposting of wet waste, Conservaof resources.
Urban wildlife,
onnections in the food-chain and
tai hygiene.
Ci I i r\ +
•I
i^g
-' ■ W
'/zl
■J
I I
1
School students conducting a neighbourhood survey as part
of environment education.
“The idea was to touch upon topics
ing students to think on the issues, discuss
where students could make contributions
their responses and initiate some action.
in real-life situations, rather than talk about
Guest speakers were invited for the ses
distant, unfathomable concepts,” ex
sions on Personal Hygiene and Wild Life.”
plained a TERI official.
Session: The classroom schedule was such
Material: The project team prepared charts,
that the themes could be threaded together
posters and collages for classroom activity
as parts of a cohesive whole. The first class
sessions. The field staff was given the orien
was planned as an “icebreaker session.”
tation to take classroom sessions. Each ses
The students were asked to name different
sion was introduced with either a quiz, or a
natural resources and with their help, clas
discussion or a pictorial chart.
sified into Renewable and Non-renewable
resources.
‘The emphasis was on making the ses
sions highly participative, thus encouragThe next discussion was on the status of
a substance that has served its use to man
kind. As the official put it, “this involved
understanding of the process of natural
degradation and identifying items which
are non-biodegradable.” The students
were given an idea of how paper was made
and the environmental implications in
volved in the manufacture of paper.
The sessions also featured a talk on as
pects of personal hygiene by Dr. Girish of
the M.S.Ramaiah Hospital. A booklet on
“We Care” (Children’s Awareness in Res
toring Environment) supplemented the
concepts discussed in the classroom.
B'
SIRSI. J
Hegde
Lok-Sh
tri ct v.
candid
□on a
'forme
Congre
ferencc
force t
Evaluation: The students' evaluation was
trier.
designed to test their general knowledge
He ■.
levels, their skills in spoken presentation,
sons h
written presentation, group organisation,
He s
role play and pictorial depiction.
Deshp.
To encourage them to spread the envi stituen
ronmental awareness to their neighbour
Mr. i
hood, the older students were asked to do a
was nc
survey on “Waste". In all, 40 students in Lok Sh
terviewed 170 households.
Janata
A questionnaire on “Present Practices' . charge
administered to the students showed that want,
backw;
most households depended on more than
ing the
one source of water. 95 per cent of them
used tap water for drinking. About 62 per
Expl.
□on G
cent disposed of kitchen and vegetable
had d<
waste into garbage bin, while 21 per cent
on an empty site.
benefit
(panic
. “Some of the students,” said a project
team member, “had started composting Vajpay
duced
the kitchen waste in their homes, after we
provid
explained about it in the class and showed
above
them the ready-to- use compost."
scherr.'
The project was developed by Ms. P.Bineesha and Ms. Kanchan Banerjee and co to W(
ordinated by Mr. H.V.Dayal. Dean and i schem
had to
Senior Fellow, TERI
to obta
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notr<abbish,. BangSS
;
A. ■
! !
.
C7.-. ■. ;.,!r
.
citizens cdnttredt own wcisle'
I'
•1 1
1
‘
r. ‘ I
I ■
'•<i
''. .
Sangahamltra Chakraborty
thins, local composting units where like..'vegetables'comprise up' to 7
BANGALORE: The University, of , a°mestic waste can be treated effi- per cent of water, the liquid reside
Agricultural Sciences, partner of
are being treated as a seri- I called leachate' must be dealt wii
the Bangalore Development j°us option^There are.four neigh-tool.Of course, flies are also a me:
Authority, and some NGOsmanag“ Bangaiore
HBR ace.ThesmeU is minimised with th
ingsohd waste.m the city, are.on the ;Layout, iHRBR Layout,, .OMBR . nlantme’ Ofrereenerv Around . th
verge’of putting finishing touches .Layout and Kasturinagar —where (. composting site, wlfich 'blocks th
to . three models of' composting ■ the Jndo-Norwegian Environment .
®
blocks h>
units that can.be used by rwidente - Programme (INEP) is running pro- i'' S
„
t
P‘11?
to treat their own waste. These unitsjects..where.'.resident'are 'already’; dl?ed. sl?eU®- of.tender1 c°c,onuts 7
will be inaugurated next month. The J treating their domestic.solid waste’1
,1S Breely.davadablfe .ini-tb
team hopes they would be replicated |*n composting units. Says Dr Para- ^outh;anu can absorb abbutjeigh
community js highly onercncr- '■ hmes
liines its volume
volume!of waler,
water, can son
in every neighbourhood.
•
> ;ina:“'Tlie
The community^highly
. Dr Ramakrishna Parama, associu ■’eiscdi .“nd wiH ,how;take over'.die ll£ lenclintd in. The technology nls.
ate’ professor in the soil sciences ?. .running of the um^yery.soqn.’T ' 7;' offers
offerer5 options
options ’1 where
wheref' compbstin
compbs,tm.
departmenty at Gandhi. - Krishit I i The scientific team’s objective is ' c.an happen'fof an expended dura
, the .^manure,recovered at.
th.
Vigyana Kendra (GKVK)'in the*')to; help'residents characterise .the*- .tion,
-^OHntheAmanure^recovered
at.th.
UAS, is part of the university team I' | waste and segregate them, to devel- '■ end of the process is of high volum<
with Dr Radha Kale and Dr Rad-j op .methods pf composting tliat can •• and good quality, jr ' ; Y V'
hakrishna to provide technological'’ be used/use.venniculture (the*use'
support to the programme. “Banga-J, of earthworms? to'^ decompose > Says Sushila Sridhar; member of th ■
loreans could treat their own rub-S waste) and the protocol develop^ 4 waste < management i committee ji
bish.by using < these methods’ and) ment for residents ofBDA *layouts
gC
.,»^1;9ur neigli^ourhood halbcet
what’s best is that these units could’' to manage solid urban
urban, whste.'
whste.\ ?
-n ’n
'■ "' ruilnmg efficiently'and we hope t<
be, installed on the roof-tops of •
qnmp nrnbip r- t?rania,.9lere .’t^ke over the'entire process soon.”
apartment blocks.”’ ■
/1<./ /’fvp are
problems.'that
are some problems
-that residents
.•;<*<.
<'x4x>.•‘.a?,
With most civic activities —) need^them.ytp^addrcss^in,’treating 1 ? is now up to die policy maker:
vyaste disposal included —.moying: waste?A
waste/A very^great
vciygreat deterrent is the ‘/of course,’’tp^ decide.if they want (i
towards community-centric' solu-?
foul
smefi;
as^most organic wastes
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V.
Garbage to gold
The. cleanliness drive launched by the Tata Energy Research
Institute (TERI) and the Bangalore Development Authority
(BDA) is a laudable attempt at cleaning up the City’s neigh
bourhoods and in creating among the general public an in
creased awareness of environment protection. The ‘Clean
Your Neighbourhood* campaign envisages house-to-house col
lection of garbage by ragpickers who will be trained to do the
task in a scientific way. Initiated in two BDA layouts, the
drive, it is hoped, will be extended to other areas as well.
Some features of the campaign merit special attention
and could be adopted by other drives that may be launched
in future. One is the participation of local residents in the
cleaning up of their neighbourhood. As this stimulates a great
er sense of responsibility among the community, its impact
is substantial. Another plus point is that the campaign is ad
dressing the problem of plastic bags which are not bio-degrad
able. Awareness will be created to reduce the use of plastic
bags. Finally, the campaign is concerned not just with collec
tion of litter but in disposing it in an environment-friendly
way. The garbage will be turned into manure in compost units
proposed to be set up in each area. There is no dearth of
clean-up campaigns being initiated in the City. Few achieve'
anything. The conceptualisation of the ‘Clean Your Neigh
bourhood’ by TERI and BDA is sound. Now the community
should help implement it.
i
from 7 am in me bciunv _____
phere of Chitrakala Parishat. He'
was accompanied by Gaurang
Kodikal on tabla and Vyasamurthy
Katti on harmonium.
Well known tiinuu»v...__
forming in Bangalore on Friday Pai
1
accompanying hir
|
Door-to-door garbage
collection by BDA
evokes good response
B/
Ti
th
Ji
th
A
More than 80 per cent of the house
holds in the area covering 60 sq
BANGALORE, Jan 26
kms are disposing off waste
.The door-to-door garbage collec through the programme, imple
m
tion system launched by the mented at a.cost of Rs 2.9 crore.
R.
^angalore Mahanagara Palike
An interesting feature is that
)(BMP) in many parts of the City, the local ?ag-pickers and scav B
though has not achieved the engers are employed for collecting at
.expected results, a similar pro garbage. They have been provided al
gramme launched * by
the with tricycles. A minimum month
Bangalore Development Authority ly fee of Rs .15 is collected from li
(BDA) in four of its residential lay every household. After the garbage C
outs two years ago has drawn bet collection, dry and organic wastes R
ter response from the local resi are separated. While dry waste is N
dents. The management of the handed oven to the local municipal Ir
entire programme is being handed authorities hnd BMP for disposal, R
. over to the associations of local wet waste (organic) is composted R
residents.
ai
and sold to private parties.
The BDA has launched the
Now, the entire programme will
door-to-door garbage collection be handed 6ver to the respective
system in Brindavannagar (HBR), area residents’ associations in
Kalyannagar
(HRBR), March. “In fact, residents of neigh
Bhuyanagiri (OMBR) and Kasturi bouring layouts are wanting the B
nagar (East of NGEF) under the programme to be extended into R
m
“Integrated Urban Environment their areas tAo,” Project Co-ordina Si
C
Improvement Project (IUEIP)”, tor V G K Nc ir said.
bi
The door-to-door garbage collec
The project was implemented
tion system covers more than 5,000 with
an assistance
u
T an
from the
households in these layouts apart Norwegian
Norwegian i(
Agency
for
from two slums. As many as ten Development Corporation in asso Ki
Ai
compost units have been set up ciation
with
Centre
for ti<
and so far more than 8 tonnes of Environment Education (CEE), in
fine compost has been generated.
Tata Energy Research Institute N
Ir
Much before any civic agency (TERI) and two non-governmental In
planned the door-to-door garbage organisations ■ Mythri Sarva Seva SI
• collection system in the City, the Samithi
jand
Technology A
BDA conceptualised IUEIP, envis Informatics ; Design Endeavour. ai
S<
aging solid waste management, Scientists from the University of c.
M
development of a computer-based Agricultural [Sciences are provid
geographic information system ing the technical inputs for the rj
K
and management of open spaces. programme. ;
M
PH News Service
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Monitoring: Freecc
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THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS
BANGALORE
Pl
A view of the composting unit at Lingarajpuram slum, which was adopted under IUEIP project (Right) Workers segregating solid waste at composting unit
Here, they did not wait for BCC’s ‘Swachcha Bangalore’
'j express
News Service
Express News Service
' Bangalore, Jan 25: It was in
; 1998 that the residents of HBR
i Layout, HSBR Layout, OMBR
1 layout and East of NGEF star
ted cleaning their residential
areas, keeping it clear of garb
age. etc. Thanks to an initial; ive taken by the Bangalore De
velopment Authority, which
along with four NGOs implem
ented a Norwegian programme
‘Integrated Urban Environm\ ent Improvement Project’
oflUEIP) in these areas.
Three years later, when the by adopting Lingarajapuram Rs 8 per kg for outsiders. The friendly software applications 80 per cent of the households members,” Karwcer said.
Meanwhile, the BDa Ims ado- ■
members
would go ------towards
implementation of the IUEIP is slum
* also.
'
*income
-------------1 man has been designed and develo- are
------tho nn”A.
However, resident associati pted Lingarajpuram ' slum
Apart f; om door-to-door gar agement of the project Be ped for maintenance of servi
coming
to an end. the respect
<
ive residential welfare associa bage collection, the project had sides, Rs 15 being collected ces for multiple'users such as ons say they could face probl- under IUEIP,. where door-totions are all set to take over set up tomposting units. After from every member household residents, civic authorities ems when they begin manag door garbage collection has sta
ing the cleaning programme rted. Garbage would be collec
the project from tlie NGOs and segregating the ,garbage, the each month would also be used and NGOs.
ted from at least 2.35ii houses
Development of parks and by themselves.
continue it as a ’ co-operative wet garbage would be put into for the same purpose.
“While there will be the pro- in the slum and a small compo
Other, than Solid Waste Man open spaces in the area have
cleaning movement.
the composting units for manuagement the project also focu been taken up as part of the blem of coordination between sting unit has been set up.
Now. the four layouts are be- factoring fine compost
Besides, two conuni’nity toil
various Government agencies,
ing re-named as KalyananaThc project has also tied up ses on Geographic Information project.
Kalyananagar Residents Wei- the present collection of Rs 15 ets were proposed to be bui’r in
gar. Brindavan Nagar, Bhuva- with thc University of Agricul- System (GIS) of the area. A
nagiri and Kasturinagar. At tural Sconces (UAS) to set up computer-based information fare Association general secret would not be sufficient for tlic area for better limitation
system that combines both geo ary G B Karweer said “initia managing the project Either in the slum. While •no :s being
'east 80 per cent of the house- a worm composting unit
The manufactured compost graphic and attribute data ele lly, there was some resistance the Government/BCC has to managed by Sulabh Intimatio
holds in these areas are mem
bers of the IUEIP. Besides, die would be sold at the rate of Rs ments to facilitate spatial ana from the residents to be part of fund us or we may have to col- nal, the other is under constr
per kg for the residents and lysis has been developed. User- the programme. Now, at least lect at least Rs 30 from the uction.
IUEIP ha< extended its project
H.
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THE
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Monday, August 3, 1
D3OQ310TG
Building the foundation for a new Bangalore
Road-Bellary Road) and Kasturi Nagar (east of
The haphazard growth of Bangalore in the
NGEF). All are accessible from the new Ring
recent past has drastically changed the
Road.
t
geography of the city. One never dreamt the
This pilot project is being taken up with
City would expand almost up to Whitefield or
assistance from the Norwegian Agency for
beyond Hebbal Lake. But it has happened.
Development Cooperation (N0RAD) and is
Unplanned growth brings along Its own
problems. Civic amenities arc either lacking or being Implemented by the BDA in
coordination with some leading NGOs
grossly Inadequate. The Bangalore
involved in environmental preservation,
Mahanagara I’alikq (BMP) has often tried to
levy betterment charges' to provide amenities energy conservation, waste management and
compiling geographic information systems.
to the new layouts coming under its
The Karnataka State Council for Science and
jurisdiction. But several agencies other than
Technology has been identified by the State the city corporation are involved in providing
Government as the agency for implementing
civic amenities, such as the Bangalore Water
the project.
Supply and Sewerage Board and the
All Important decisions are to be taken by
Karnataka Electricity Board. Lack of .
an Apex Committee headed by the BDA
coordination among the agencies has often
Chairman,
with a Project Implementation
resulted in breakdown of utility services.
There are also urban pockets which are yet to Committee to oversee the implementation of
the project The implementation committee is
be taken over by the BMP.
headed by the BDA Commissioner and
.Environment has suffered the most in this
includes NGOs and BDA officials. There is also
unplanned growth of the City: it can hardly
a State-Ixrwl Committee which meets twice a
be known as Garden City anymore. Tills has
year to monitor the project's progress.
often been pointed out by concerned citizens
The Norwegian agency was apparently
and environmental organisations. But they
scouting for a suitable project for funding
have been unable to do anything about it
with
the stipulation that it should be
Now comes what is an experiment in
environment oriented. The idea of providing
facilitating growth of the City along with
environment
management for newly
environmental considerations, lb bring about
better management of civic amenities in some developing areas, appealed to the agency.
The project areas are planned to be models
of the newly developed areas in Bangalore,
for other new neighbourhoods, according to
the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)
the BDA Commissioner, Ms. Lakshmi
has launched an innovative scheme involving
Venkatachalam. The project is based on the
local residents.
principle that 'prevention is better than cure’.
The two-year project named Integrated
If the problems of growth can be dealt with at
Urban Environment Improvement is to
the formative stage of a layout, there would
develop environment management plans for
be better amenities as the area expands and
four BDA layouts on the outskirts of the City.
more people start living there.
These areas are: Brindavan (on
The project area covers nearly 10,000
Hennur-Bellary Road). Kalyan Nagar (Hennur
house sites spread over 4,600 hectares. There
Road-Bellary Road). Bhuvanagiri (Old Madras
Map that locates dustbins
The Technology Informatics Design Endeav
our (TIDE) is one of the organisations involved
in the Norwegian aided Integrated Urban Envi
ronment Improvement Project. Preparing
computerised geographical information sys
tems (CIS) for the project area will be the
TIDE’S work.
Earlier, the organisation earlier prepared a
GIS of Malleswaram for management of solid
waste in the area. This project was carried out
In coordination with Mythri Seva Mandali. an
NGO and the BMP.
The GIS created for Malleswaram contains
both maps and attributable data of all parcels
that come under Malleswaram. Ward 7 of
Bangalore City. It contains details of roads and
important landmarks. This data was comput
erised using a standard GIS software so that
the final product was useful for solid waste
data, formulating data requirements and data
base design, integrating data with the digital
ised map. demonstrating the use of GIS with
sample data and training users on the util
isation of GIS and its updating.
The output from the GIS would include a
map of the location of dustbins and open gar
bage to arrange for collection of the waste. A
waste generation map of the area has been
prepared by using land use data In combina
tion with estimates of waste generated. This
will help in deploying the waste collection per
sonnel. The collection Infrastructure would be
overlaid on the circles of influence of each
waste bin. showing areas not serviced and
whether the bins are adequate or not. Trans
port route planning — for waste collection
trucks — Is also provided for.
Mt
Bl
I
KAI
/[IP
PAST TEACHES A LESSON: A view of Kalyan Nagar, one of the four areas in which the Integrated Urban Environment Improvement Project is being implemented. —Picture by K.Goplnathan.
1:4000 which will be detailed enough to
computer based Geographic Information
are revenue pockets and old villages in some
locate a water pipe which has burst.
System for the project area. This is being
of these areas. The villages if left out of
done
by
the
Technology
Informatics
Design
The BDA itself will be directly involved in
development now. might grow into slums as
Endeavour (TIDE) which earlier developed a
the management of all open spaces
has happened in older areas of the Qty.
detailed
computerised
map
for
Malleswaram.
demarcated in the project area. This means
Solid waste management was Identified as
Dr. S.Rajagopalan. Chairman of TIDE, says a
developing parks and playgrounds and
one of the main components of the project.
detailed map in the 1:1000 scale will be
planting trees and shrubs along the roads, on
This aspect has been taken up in
prepared
showing
houses
and
other
buildings.
road medians and space beneath high-tension
collaboration with NGOs such as Wastewise
and the Centre for Environment Education
(CEE), a national Institution. Wastewise, with
experience in similar situations, is Involved in A BDA project that is being implemented in four newly developed
spreading the idea of segregating solid waste
areas is based on the principle that problems of growth should be
and disposing it of in non- polluting ways,
dealt with at the formative stage of a layout, writes K.Satyamurty.
especially in the lower income group areas.
In all areas under the project, waste
management is to be eventually carried out
power lines. Water harvesting, groundwater
roads, footpaths, drains, pipelines, powerlines,
by associations of local residents. The BDA
regeneration and other conservation measures
trees, open spaces, water bodies and slopes
will provide initial Infrastructure such as
will be given importance. The BDA
and indicating built- up and vacant sites.
compost pits.
Commissioner feels that planting trees and
The computerised data is to be prepared In
According to a spokesperson of CEE, the
shrubs for beautification alone is not enough
a digital format for use by various agencies
organisation will help Initiate door-to-door
and soil and water conservation has to be
involved, such as the BMP. the BWSSB and
coUection of segregated waste in two of the
given Importance, keeping in mind the future
Telephones.
layouts coming under the project Hospital
needs of these areas.
waste is to be collected separately and fed into
An organisation like the CEE for instance
incinerators. Some of the waste will go into
Many of the new layouts in the City have
will be able to locate where the dustbins are
land fills and the rest will be used for energy
installed in a particular locality. The collected come up without adequate tree cover and
generation. Where there are Industries, they
data will be tamper-proof and the Information green space: this will be avoided in the project
will given assistance to treat the effluents
area. The Forest Department is also involved
■svUem will be readv bv lune 1999. savs Dr.
waste management component will require
Rs. 1.97 crores, being the core of the
environmental aspect of the project
Developing the geographical information
system will cost Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 40
lakhs is to be spent on management of all
open spaces. The amount required in excess
of that given by the Norwegian agency is to
be generated by the BDA.
Ms. Lakshmi Venkatachalam says the
cooperation of other NGOs and Government
agencies has been sought for Implementing
the project
The strength of the project Is in community
participation at all levels, she adds. Without
this it will not be possible to sustain the
benefits beyond the two- year period of the
project Community partidpatioh is expected
through residents' associations, clubs, ‘mahila
mandalis' and other local organisations
While something like segregated disposal
waste will need initial help from the NGOs
and oITiclal agencies. It can be sustained in
the long run only by the residents themselves
The community has to become self-sufficient
enough to manage the local environment
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Centre for Environment Education
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Southern Regional Cell/
“Kamaiia Mansion”, 143, Infantry RoadV
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Bangalore - 560 001
Phone : 286 9094, 286 2167, 286 9907
Fax : 286 8209
e-mail: ceesouth@vsnl.com
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7730.pdf
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