ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT SEEMA'S DILEMMA
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- Title
- ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT SEEMA'S DILEMMA
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-
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Earlier the sun was the
main source of energy
available to humankind.
Then the first energy that
was used by humankind
was wood. Wind energy to
drive sails was used about
5000 years ago, windmills
2000 years later and water
wheels 2000 years after
that The use of coal
started about 300 years
ago and oil and gas only in
the last 100 years. It was
only in the 20th century
that geothermal and
nuclear power arose. The
environmentally harmful
effects of the non
renewable energy sources
(and the fact that its supply
Is limited) is today focusing
attention on safe and
renewable energy sources.
But at the moment very
little funding is going into
the development of safe
energy sources mainly
because there is still fossil
fuels available for the
industrialised countries at
economical costs. In fact
the International Energy
Agency concludes that
current economic and
technical constraints would
most likely postpone major
breakthroughs in
renewable energy sources
till sometime in the next
century.
Non-renewables
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
a(1) Oil is the worlds most important
energy source But its supply is
restricted and it may eventually run
oUt. And its present consumption is
not dedining but increasing Oil
consumption rose 3.1 percent
globally and oil production averaged
8.8 metric tons per day in 1088
More impcrtari t is a major source
at environmental pollut.on
a(2) Coal is the most abundant of
foca l fuels It supplies some 30% erf
global energy Three countries.
China, the USSR and the US control
57% erf the world’s reserves Its use
is increasing • it increased by 3 7%
between 1987 and 1988 it is also a
major environmental hazard
Emissions of sulphurdioxide and
carbondoxide will intensity the
problem of acid rain and greenhouse
effect
a(3) Natural gas is one erf the fastest
growing energy source Natural gas
provides about 20% cf global energy
and rt rose by 4 7% n 1988 But its
extraction and actual use is beset by
a number erf technical problems and
hence is likely to be restricted to
only a few countries White it is also
environmentally polluting it is not
considered to be as serious as the
other fossil fuels
Renewables
World energy supplies
Nuclear Power
Biomass
b(1) Biomass constitutes all plant or
animal waste which can be used as
fuel. More than half the wor* I's
population depend on this as their
major source ct energy More than
considered to be an answer to all
the worlds energy problems It
countries Whde in many countries
new plants are under construction.
developing countries who constitute
more than 60%. While rt is also
polluting it is the only option that the
does not appear to be too bright
Escalating costs public opposition
(especially after the Chernobyl
make this an ecologically safe
Hydropower
Solar
Ocean Power
Geotherma
Wind
b<2) Hydroelectricity provides almost
7% of global energy and generates
more tahn 25% of the world's
electiicrfy. While it is substantially
used, it is still an undcrexploitod
source. The problem with these dams
is the scale in which they are
conducted Big dams tend to
submerge huge areas, displace
people, submerge forests and create a
host of other problems Preference, if
given to small dams wh.ch directly
serve local communities would be
ecologically safer. China has built
90,000 small-scale hydrounrts which
produce 5.000 MW of electricity ■ the
equivalent of six nuclear power
stations Most of the dams serve the
local communities
b(3) Solar energy promises to be
one of the ecologically safest and
unlimited source of energy. The
problem wrth this is that it is sparce
energy and needs appropriate
collectors to concenVate the energy.
Substantia) progress has been made
in the development of photovoltaic
cells which could collect this energy.
But further research needs to be
done in order to make it
economically viable
b(4) The different forms of ocean
power are wave power, tidal power,
current power and ocean thermal
energy conversion - a process which
exploits the temperature difference
between the surface and the ocean
depth The energy potential for this
is unlimited in many ways But at the
moment only a small proportion of
this safe energy source is tapped
because of very little funding that
goes into it
depth This is especially so tn
geologically active areas This
temperature drtletence could be
exploited either directly to heat water
or to produce electricity At the
moment there ate more than 130
geothermal power plants producing
electricity
tremendous potentail for some
b(6) Uneven heating cf the earths
grert potential. But prior to the
introduction of these wirvdmitis a
Very often in India this is not done
and windmills ore instated resulting
in a tremendous waste. WmdmiBs
ecologically safe source of energy
Acid rain
Acid rain is caused by the emission of sulphur
oxides and nitrogen oxides by factories into the
atmosphere. These dissolve in the rain and return to
the earth as sulphuric and nitric acids. It affects
lakes by destroying aquatic life and as well as
destroys forests. It can also have other serious
effects on the ecosystem. The acidified water
leaches important plant nutrients out of the ground
and activates heavy metals such as cadmium and
mercury which would contaminate water supplies.
While acid rain is not of immediate importance to
some developing countries the greater threat comes
in form of general atmospheric pollution. One
source of this is the heavily leaded petrol that is
used in these countries. Winds often carry these
rains to places distant from their origin. While acid
rain is only one form of the general atmospheric
pollution, it reflects the ecological consequences of
a specific form of industrialisation that is being
followed by the industrialised countries and is now
being immitated by the developing countries.
Source: The Gaia Atlas of Planet Management.
More efficient Stoves
More than 80% of the people in the developing countries use firewood for
cooking. Most of then use the open "three-stone" fire that is both dirty and
dangerous. The amount of smoke that the women inhales leads to all kinds of
health hazards. Stoves which are more efficiently designed could increase the
efficiency and as well as reduce the health hazard. In Karnataka there is an
efficient wood burning stove which has been developed which is popularly
known as the 'Astra Ole'. The rural development department has already built
2,00,000 'Astra Oles'. While the practical efficiency of these stoves have been
called into question with only 60% of these stoves being effectively used this
modest rate of success has resulted in a net saving of 50,000 tonnes of
firewood a year. Also there are intangible benefits such as a cleaner
environment, improvement in the health of rural women, saving in cooking
time, etc. To meet urban requirements a portable metalic wood burning stove
having an efficiency of 40% known as 'Swasthee' has been developed.
Bio-gas plants
These are used in a large number of developing
countries and is a technology that provides both fuel
and fertilizer. Animal dung, human excreta or crop
residues in an air tight container provides a
methane-crich gas through a process of
fermentation. It can be used to heat stoves, light
lamps, run machinery or produce electricity. The
residue serves as very rich fertiliser.
The fossil fuel era.
It is estimated that the world's resources of oil is about
300 billion tonnes. About 70 billion tonnes have already
been extracted and the current reserves is considered to
be some 90 billion tonnes. The remaining 140 billion
tonnes are reserves which are yet to be discovered if
they exist in the first place. But if we continue
consuming oil at the present rates (which keeps
increasing) the present known reserves would be
Since World War II as much coal has been consumed
than that used in the whole of human history. In 1982
fossil fuels accounted for 90% of the world's
commercial energy. By the end of the 21 st century only
coal would still be abundant. But the use of coal is an
important cause for the Green House effect. At present
humans are burning these fossil fuels which currently
add 5.7 (plus or minus 0.5) gigatonnes of carbon to the
The global powerhouse and the
Greenhouse effect
Energy from the sun is really the source of all life on
Earth. "Without it the oceans would freeze and the
temperature of the planet would drop to absolute
zero. Solar energy drives the great geophysical and
geochemical cycles that sustain life, among them
the water cycle, the oxygen cycle, the carbon cycle
and the climate. Solar energy provides our food by
photosynthesis and most of our fuel. Fossil fuels are
simply stored solar energy - the product of
photosynthesis millions of years in the past. Over
99% of the energy flow in and out of the earth's
surface results from solar radiation. Heat from the
earth's core and the gravitational forces of the sun
and moon supply the rest. Solar radiation striking
the earth is equivalent to all the energy from 173
million large power stations going full blast all day,
every day." Some 30% of this energy is reflected
back into space and the rest either warms the air,
sea and land or fuels evaporation and the water
cycle. Now this would be ideally what would be
happening if we had not tampered with the
atmosphere. But the pollution of the atmosphere
througff fossil fuel burning and deforestation we
haye increased the presence of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere. Through our various
industrial processes we have increased
Chlorofluorocarbons and other related gases.
Certain agricultural practices have increased the
Methane and Biomass burning, fertilizer use and
fossil fuel combustion has increased the Nitrous
Oxide in the atmosphere. The net result of all
this is that the entire sunlight which would
normally have been reflected out into space
does not take place. A certain proportion of the
solar radiation is trapped in the lower
atmosphere resulting in a global warming. While
the exact extent to which the planet's
temperature would rise is still a subject of debate
there is no doubt that the earth's temperature is
bound to rise. The impact of this would be
changes in climatic patterns with a rise in
temperature at the equator and at the polar
regions. The resulting melting of the polar
icecaps would result in many parts of the land
area sinking below sealevel. It would also affect
agriculture due to the change in the global
climate.
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The End of Living and the Beginning of Survival
How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea
is strange to us.
1 f we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water,
how can you buy them?
ALL SACRED
Every part of this earth is sacred to my people.
Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark
woods, every clearing and humming insect is holy in the memory and
experience of my people. The sap which courses through the trees
carries the memories of the red man.
The white man’s dead forget the country of their birth when they
goto walk among the star's. Our dead never forget this beautiful earth,
for it is the mother of the red man.
We are part of the earth and it is part of us.
The perfumed flowers arc our sisters; the deer, the horse, the great
eagle, these are our brothers.
The rocky crests, the juices in the meadows, the body heat of the
pony, and man — all belong to the same family.
NOT EASY
So, when the Great Chief in Washington sends word that he wishes
to buy our land, he asks much of us. The Great Chief sends word he
will reserve us a place so that we can live comfortably to ourselves.
He will be our father and we will be his children. So we will consider
your offer to buy our land.
But it will not be easy. For this land is sacred to us.
This shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just
water but the blood of our ancestors.
If we sell you land, you must remember that it is sacred, and you
must leach your children that it is sacred and that each ghostly
reflection in the clear water of the lakes tells of events and memories
in the life of my people.
The water’s murmur is the voice of my father’s father.
KINDNESS
The rivers are our brothers, they quench our thirst. The rivers carry
our canoes, and feed our children. If we sell you our land, you must
remember, and teach your children, that the rivers are our brothers,
and yours, and you must henceforth give the rivers the kindness you
would give any brother.
We know that the white man does not understand our ways. One
portion of land is the same to him as the next, for he isastranger who
comes in the night and takes from the land whatever he needs.
The earth is not his brother, but his enemy, and when he has
conquered it, he moves on.
He leaves his father’s graves behind, and he does not care. He
kidnaps the earth from his children, and he does not care.
His father’s grave, and his children’s birthright, are forgotten. He
treats his mother, the earth, and his brother, the sky, as things to be
bought, plundered, sold like sheep or bright beads.
His appetite will devour the earth and leave behind only a desert.
1 do not know'. Our ways are different from your ways.
The sight of your cities pains the eyes of the red man. But perhaps
it is because the red man is a savage and does not understand.
There is no quiet place in the white man’s cities. No place to hear
the unfurling of leaves in spring, or the rustle of an insect’s wings.
But perhaps it is because I am a savage and do not understand.
The clatter only seems to insult the ears. And what is there to life
if a man cannot hear the lonely cry of the whip-poorwill or the
arguments of the frogs around a pond at night? I am a red man and
do not understand.
The Indian prefers the soft sound of the wind darting over the face
of a pond, and the smell of the wind itself, cleaned by a midday rain,
or scented with the pinon pine.
PRECIOUS
The air is precious to the red man, for all things share the same breath
— the beast, the tree, the man, they all share the same breath.
The white man does not seem to notice the air he breathes. Like
a man dying for many days, he js numb to the stench.
But if we sell you our land, you must remember that the air is
precious to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports.
The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also receives his
last sigh.
And if we sell you land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place
where even the white man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened
by the meadow’s flowers.
ONE CONDITION
So w'c will consider your offer to buy our land. I f we decide to accept,
I will make one condition: The white man must treat the beasts of
this land as his brothers.
I am a savage and I do not understand any other way.
I have seen a thousand rotting buffaloes on the prairie, left by the
white man who shot them from a passing train.
1 am a savage and 1 do not understand how the smoking iron horse
can be more important than the buffalo that we kill only to stay alive.
What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, man
would die from a great loneliness of spirit.
For whatever happens to the beasts, soon happens to man. AH things
are connected.
THE ASHES
You must teach your children that the ground beneath their feet is
the ashes of your grandfathers. So that they will respect the land, tell
your children that the earth is rich with the lives of our kin.
Teach your children what we have taught our children, that the earth
is our mother.
Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. If men spit
upon the ground, they spit upon themselves.
This we know: The earth does not belong to man; man belongs to
(he earth. This we know.
All things are connected like (he blood which unites one family. All
things are connected.
Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. Man did
not weave the web of life: he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does
to the web, he does to himself.
Even the white man, whose God walks and talks with him as friend
to friend, cannot be exempt from the common destiny.
We may be brothers after all.
We shall see.
One thing we know, which the white man may one day discover —
our God is the same God.
You may think now that you own Him as you wish toown our land;
but you cannot. He is the God of man, and His compassion is equal
for the red man and the white.
This earth is precious to Him, and to harm the earth is to heap
contempt on its Creator.
The whites too shall pass; perhaps sooner than all other tribes. Conta
minate your bed, and you will one night suffocate in your own waste.
But in your perishing you will shine brightly, fired by the strength
of the God who brought you to this land and for some special purpose
gave you dominion over this land and over the red man.
That destiny is a mystery to us, for we do not understand when the
buffalo are all slaughtered, the wild horses arc tamed, the secret corners
of the forest heavy with scent of many men, and the view of the ripe
hills blotted by talking wires.
Where is the thicket? Gone.
Where is the eagle? Gone.
The end of living and the beginning of survival.
In 1854, the “Great WTiite Chief’ in Washington made an offer for a large area of Indian land and promised a ‘reservation’ for the Indian people.
Chief Seattle’s reply, published here in full, has been described as the most beautiful and profaind statement on the environment ever made.
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