STRATEGY PAPER ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION-2000 - 2005
Item
- Title
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STRATEGY
PAPER
ON
RURAL WATER SUPPLY &
SANITATION-2000 - 2005
- extracted text
-
Donated by Dr. C M Francis in Feb. 201D
€;OVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
|
1
I
g
H
.6
STRATEGY
PAPER
I.
ON
RURAL WATER SUPPLY &
SANITATION
2000 - 2005
f
1
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND PANCHAYAT RAJ
OCTOBER,2000
I
STRATEGY PAPER - 2000-2005
CHAPTER
NO
p
1
PAGE NO
I
INTRODUCTION
1
II
EVOLUTION OF POLICY
19 - 26
III
WATER SUPPLY : APPROACH TO THE MASTER
PLAN
27 - 43
IV
THE MASTER PLAN 2000 - 2005
44 - 49
V
PROGRAMMES FOR RURAL SANITATION IN
KARNATAKA
50-62
VI
AN APPROACH TO TOTAL VILLAGE
SANITATION
63 - 74
VII
IMPLEMENTING TOTAL VILLAGE SANITATION
75 - 86
VIII
ANNEXURES
87- 121
*
k
CONTENTS
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Rural Water Supply and Sanilaiion in Karnataka : Sliaiegy I>aper 20()()-2()()5
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND
This document presents a strategy for supply of drinking water in
the Rural Areas ol the State of Karnataka. It also outlines an approach to
promoting rural sanitation in order to upgrade the quality of life in the
I
villages. As a prelude to the presentation of the major issues involved, it
is pertinent to discuss briefly the factors which influence the availability
of water resources, affect consumption of water and influence the
sanitation practices of people in different parts of the State. The
important factors are. inter alia, the following:
t
Location
c
Topography
Geology
&
Water Resources
Rainfall and Drought
e
Temperature and Climate
Forest
0
Area and Population
Pattern of distribution of rural habitations, and
0
Occupational patterns of rural households.
With an analysis of the above, the planners will be able to make an
assessment on the availability of water resources and the requirements
of water for human as well as cattle population in different parts of the
State. It may be kept in mind that requirements of water vary from region
I
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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I<^IJ^'aiei- Sijpply and Sanitation in Kurnat >ka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
><’ '-egion. d.strict to district, and even from one taluk to another of the
Same
dlSLnCL
Wh'lc
Providlng
dririking
water
to
any
parttcular
regmn/distnct/taluk, these factors should be kept m view and a rational
approach to the mode of supply vis-a-vis per captta rate of consumpuon
Sh0Uld be afl°Ptecl- Evcn m the promotion of rural sanitation, regional
vanation in the above factors would necessitate suitable adjustment in
the strategics adopted.
The following paragraphs discuss briefly these factors with regard
9
to the State of Karnataka.
I
1.1
location
Karnataka is located between 11" 3I' and 18" 45' north latitudes
and 74° 12' and 78" 40'
east longitude. It lies in the west-central part of
Peninsular India,
bounded bj Maharashtra and Goa on the north
and northwest
*
respectively, on the east by Andhra Pradesh, on the
southeast by Tamil Nadu
. on the west by the Arabian Sea. and on the
south - west by Kerala.
1.2
TOPOGRAPHY
The State- is divided ,nto four district phytt,,,graphic divisions.
These are
e
T he Coastal Area
o
The Western Ghats or the Malnad
9
The Northern Maidan
The Southern Maidan
The map at ANNEX
- I shows the Physiographic Division of the
State of Karnataka.
1
^'clopiiK-ni and Pancli.iwn R;ij, (Jun
1
H.H.'lk.i
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2()O5
1.2.1 The Coastal Area
The western portions of the districts of Dakshina Kannada. Udupi
and Uttara Kannada are in the coastal plains region.
The Coastal line
has a length ot about 400 kms. The plains of the Kali, the Gangavali and
the Sharavathi rivers border it. The coastline in the north is about 30
kms in width for narrow stretches.
In the south this is wider with a
►
maximum width of 70 kms near the port of Mangalore.
f
Three roughly parallel belts of land formations are noticed in the
coastal plains of Karnataka. Along the shore, a narrow belt of deposits of
sand dunes, estuarine mud Hats and valley plains which makes for a flat
and in places gently sloping terrain with an average elevation of 30
t
meters is noticed. East of this, running parallel, are the higher erosional
platforms at a general height of 60 meters for a width of 25 kms in the
south and dissected by steep valleys.
r
Further east is a belt of isolated
clusters of hills with an elevation of 90 and 300 meters.
1.2.2 The Western Ghats or the Malnad
The eastern parts of the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and
Uttara Kannada, the district of Kodagu and the western portions of the
districts of Mysore, Hassan, Chickmagalur, Shimoga. Dharwad and
t
Belgaum form parts of the western ghats.
The Western Ghats are haphazardly placed hills. This region runs
horn NNW to SEE for about 320 Kms. The ranges are comparatively
steep towards the western side draining rainwater into the rivers of the
Malnad and finally into the Arabian Sea.
Similarly, they are gentler
towards east and drain rainwater into the Bay of Bengal through well-
laid river systems.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Dcvelopi
mient and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2()()5
The Malnad region is slightly higher than the Karnataka plateau,
but rugged with a number of hills that receive larger amounts of rainfall
and are characterised by forest through deep gorges, waterfalls, river
captures and the watersheds, interlaced with denser evergreen and semi-
ever green forests. The northern parts of this region are about. 450 to
600 meters and southern parts arc with 900 to 1500 meters in elevation.
I he terrain and rainfall combine gives Malnad a different human
geography from that of western coastal plains and the maidan lying east.
1.2.3 The Northern Maidan
The eastern portions of Dharwad and Belgaum districts and the
1
districts of Haveri. Bellary. Gadag, Koppal, Raichur. Bagalkote. Bijapur,
Gulbarga and Bidar come under the northern maidan region.
The northern maidan provides a mountainous treeless plateau
landscape.
The river plains of the Krishna, the Bheema and the
Tungabhadra with the intervening watersheds are in the northern
maidan.
In the northeastern region of Karnataka drained by Krishna and its
tributaries, erosional topography with residual hills is noteworthy. These
valleys open out to form undulating surface features.
The Mahadeo
range ending at Bijapur acts as the watershed between Bheema and the
Krishna.
South east of this tract, outcrops of quartzites, lime stones and
shales
take the form the residual hills of the Malaprabha and
Ghataprabha.
Southeast of these hills is a plain with an undulating
surface drained by Malaprabha rivers and its tributaries. The south is
also partly drained by Tungabhadra. Northeast of the Sandur hills cover
much of Raichur and Bellary districts and goes north right up to Bidar
hills.
The elevation of Plains is between 300 and 450 meters.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Depl of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
An
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()00-2()05
extension of this plain of black soils is found westward up to Horti hills
and beyond the state border.
1.2.4 The Southern Maidan
The eastern parts of Mysore, Hassan. Chickmagalur. Shimoga
districts and the districts of Bangalore (Rural), Mandya, Bangalore
(Urban), Kolar, Tumkur. Chitradurga, Davanagere (part) come under
Southern Maidan region.
The Maidan is characterised by an undulating landscape with
broad-based valleys. The Southern Maidan is a relatively flat plateau
rising between 900 to 1200 meters in the south. The upland consists of
a series of granite hills in Tumkur and Kolar districts.
The eastern
stretch is the well defined Biligiri-Rangana hills with a width of 16 to 30
i
Kms running up to Pavagada, appearing in clusters like Narayanadurga
hills between Hemavathi and Shimsha rivers, Devarayanadurga between
*
the Shimsha and Arkavathi rivers, Nandidurga between the Arkavathi
and Ponnaiyar rivers. The main ridge also lies between the Cauveiy and
Tungabhadra rivers.
1.3
GEOLOGY
1.3.1 The Coastal Area
The region is principally made up of sandstone and laterite
deposits.
It covers about 3200 sq kms in extent and includes perhaps
much of the laterite deposits. Underlying that there may be cuddalore
sandstone and warkalli bed formations. The recent formations seem to
consist of alluvial deposits along the coasts. Other coastal deposits along
the riverbanks are estuarine (backwater) deposits, blown sands along the
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Depl of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitaiion in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
coasts the thin lime shell beds occurring in places in Mangalore, Udupi
and Kundapur taluks.
The above Geological formations come under the coastal region of
three districts namely Dakshina Kannada ,Uttara Kannada and Udupi
The ground water availability of the coastal region is good because
of the coastal rock formations mainly being sandstone and laterite.This
rocks show very good porosity and permeability,but the storage capacity
is moderate. The ground water reserve is higher in Uttara kannada
district as the area is covered by forest and it receives heavy rainfall.In
addition, many streams and rivers from Western Ghats How towards the
Uttara Kannada recharging the aquifer continuously.
1.3.2 Western Ghats or the Malnad
The Western Ghats region shows schistose type of rocks covering
in the aggregate about 1,600 sq kms separated from granitic areas. They
are exposed formations of the steep scarps of the Western Ghats. The
schists run along this line from the northernmost part of the western
ghats for a distance of 240km,then in south of Shimoga belt.
4 he ground water sources in Western Ghats are poor to moderate,
because of high run off and low infiltration. In this region even though
the rainfall is more compared to the other regions the recharge is less
because of hard rocks and steep slopes.
In the southern parts of
Western Ghats the rocks are highly jointed and fractured. Therefore, the
ground water percolation is very deep and sub-surface (ground) water is
not readily available at reasonable depths.
1.3.3 The Northern Maidan
In the central part of the region, the closepet granitic belt runs east
of Bellary and Raichur districts.
Further, a closepet granite belt runs
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Kaincitaka : Strategy Paper 2()()0-2()()5
east to west for a width of 8 to 10 km in the cetnre of the region. To the
east of this belt up to the state boundary in Bellary, Raichur and
Gulbarga districts, a younger gnessic rock belt is running.
Towards
north of Dharwar in the eastern end of Bagalkote for a length of about
160 km east to west and a width ranging from 40 to 60 km horizontal
there is a system of sedimentary rocks unconformably the crystalline
schists of the Dharwar system. This belt is called "Kaladgi series". Eastnorth-east of Kaladgi series for a length of 175 kms and a width ranging
from 16 km to 32 km runs the "Bhima Series" named after the river
Bhima. The formation rests unconformably on the Archean formations
and is overlain by Deccan Trap.
Further north of Kaladgi and Bheema
series, Deccan Trap occurs in the northern border of Karnataka state,
running from Belgaum in an east-north direction for a length of about
450 Km with a width ranging from 40 km to 110 kms. This covers about
25,600 sq km in the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, Gulbarga and Bidar
districts, except for a formation of tertiary to quaternary of small width in
i
the borders of Gulbarga and Bidar districts. •
The area under gnessic belt and schist belt is having good porosity
to hold groundwater. But the ground water is saline and brackish even
in the command areas of reservoirs due to existence of black cotton soils
1.3.4 The Southern Maidan
The Central range
closepet granite belt,
called
Ramanagar-
Rayadurga range, runs in the state with a width vaiying from 16 km to
24 km from south, Shivanasamudram to Molakalmuru in the north
through the districts of Bangalore, Tumkur and Chitradurga.
This
closepet granite belt in eastern range also forms a group of isolated hills
parallel to the general trend of Eastern Ghats at Kolar, Chintamani,
Bagepally and Gudibanda taluks of Kolar districts. The younger gneissis
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Slraiegy Paper 2OOP-2005
complex belt is observed around Bangalore, west and northwest, of Kolar
districts.
The older gneissic complex belt is distributed in almost all
parts of Southern maidan region towards west of closepet granite belt,
except
Dharwar
schist
belt
(Bababudan
group)
in
parts
of
Chikkamagalur, Tumkur and Chitradurga districts.
Hydrogeologially, the rock types in the area could be classified as "
unsuitable lor ground water developnrent. But the joints and fractures
enable these hard rocks to hold and transmit water.
The gneissic belt
and schist belts in the region are having porosity to hold ground water.
ANNEX - II shows the geological division of the State of Karnataka
1.4
WATER RESOURCES
Karnataka is blessed with surface water resources in its numerous
rivers and streams and to a limited extent in its ground water resources.
The surface water resources are attributable to the different river
systems namely the Krishna, the Godavari, the Cauveiy. the West-
Flowing rivers, the Palar, North Pennar and South Pennar. The average
annual flow of the state is estimated to be of the order of 100,000 M.
Cum, which is roughly six percent of the country's water resources.
A brief description of the course of the major rivers and their
tributaries, which together form the river basins of the State, is given in
sections 1.4.1 to 1.4.6.
With regard to ground water, it has been estimated that the Net
Amount of Recharge (NAR) in the state is about 15, 42, 481 ha m
(hectare metre). Against this, the Net Annual Utilisation (NAU) as on
31/3/1991 is about 5,76,921 ha m, that is, approximately 37% of the
NAR.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-201)5
Status of "ground water development of the taluks which are
considered as critical" from the point of view of exploitation of ground
water is presented in ANNEX-III.
1.4.1 The Krishna
The river Krishna rises in the Western Ghats just north of
Mahabaleswhar in Maharashtra State.
It enters Karnataka State and
passes through Belgaum and Bagalkote districts.
It goes further along
the borders of Bagalkote and Bijapur districts and enters into the
borders of Raichur and Gulbarga districts.
Then it flows through the
State of Andhra Pradesh to empty itself into the Bay of Bengal. The total
length of Krishna is about 483 kms in Karnataka out of the total length
i
1400 kms.
The major tributaries of the Krishna flowing in the State are the
Bhima, the Tungabhadra, the Hiranyakeshi, the Ghataprabha and the
Malaprabha.
Krishna basin in the State covers 17 districts, eight of which arc
wholly
in
the
basin
(Bellaiy,
Bijapur,
Bagalakote,
Chitradurga,
Davanagere, Gulbarga, Koppal and Raichur) and nine are partly located
in the basin.
These are Belgaum, Dharwar, Gadag, Chikkamagalur,
Shimoga, Tumkur, Hassan, Bidar and Uttara Kannada. The total basin
of Krishna is about 25,000 sq .km together with its tributaries. It drains
about 704 kms length of the Western Ghats, the chief source of the
Krishna waters. In Karnataka State the catchment area of Kidshna River
is 1,13,271 sq kms which is about 59% of the total area of the state. The
estimated average flow of Krishna is 27,500 M cum.
1.4.2 The Cauveiy
The river Cauvery has its origin in the Western Ghats in Kodagu
(Madikeri) district of Karnataka State.
The Cauveiy River flows from
Kodagu to Mysore and then Mandya district.
Once again it enters into
Projecl Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanilaiion in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Mysore district and further flows along the border of Mandya, Bangalore
Ruial and Chamarajanagar before it enters Tamilnadu. Out of its total
length of 804 Kms. 320 Kms are in Karnataka State.
The major tributaries of Cauvery in Karnataka are the Hemavathi.
the Lakshmanatirtha. the Harangi. the Kabini, the Suvarnavathi. the
Lokapavani. the Shimsha and the Arkavathi. In addition, there are two
»
livers namely. Mayor and Palar. The former forms the boundary between
Mysore and Nilgiri and the later between Mysore and Coimbatore district
of Tamilnadu.
The Cauvery' basin covers 18% of the State area comprising eight
distiicts. The whole of Mysore. Mandya and Chamarajanagar and parts
of Kodagu, Chikkamagalur, Hassan, Tumkur and Bangalore (Rural)
districts lie in the basin.
The area of the basin in Karnataka State is
34.273 sq kms, which is 17.87% of the area of the State.
Its average
■ annual flow is 11.000 M cum.
1.4.3 Godavari river basin
The Godavari river does not flow in the State.
However, two
tributaries. Manjra and Karanga, which flow through Karnataka, form
part of the Godavari basin in the State.
1.4.4 Uttara Pinakini
An inter-state river, the Uttara Pinakini, flowing in Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh rises in the Chenna Keshava hills of the Nandidurga
mnge in Karnataka.
It flows in a northwesterly direction through the
Kolar and Tumkur districts for a distance of 48 kms before it enters
Andhra Pradesh.
After flowing 67 kms through the Hindupur and
Penukonda taluks of Ananthpur districts the'river re-enters Karnataka
and cuts across the Pavagada taluk of Tumkur districts for a distance of
13 kms. The length of the river in Karnataka is 61 kms out of total of
597 kms.
The piincipal tributaries of the river in Karnataka are the
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayai Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2()()5
Jayamangali in Tumkur district, the Chitravathi and Papagni in Kolar
district. Out of the total drainage area of 55.213 sq kms. it drains 6937
sq kms in Karnataka.
1.4.5 Dakshina Pinakini
Another
inter-state
river
the
Dakshina
Pinakini
flowing
in
Karnataka. Tamilnadu and Pondichery rises near Harvashettyhalli village
in Kolar district at an elevation of about 900 m in the hill ranges of
Nandidurga.
After flowing for a distance of 79 km in Kolar and
Bangalore districts it enters Tamilnadu.
1.4.6 West flowing rivers
There are numerous west-fl owing rivers, chief among them are
Sharavathi, the Kali, the Gangavali (Bedthi), the Aghanashini and
Netravathi which rise on the western side of the Ghats and drain into the
Arabian Sea through the districts of Uttara Kannada. Dakshina Kannada
and Uduipi.
The total catchment area of all the west-flowing rivers is
26,214 sq km and their average annual How is 57,000 M cum.
r
I
1.4.6.1 Netravathi
The Netravathi is the biggest river in the Dakshina Kannada
districts with a total length of 96 km and catchment area of 3.335 sq km.
It takes its birth near Samse in Chamadi range of hills.
The main
tributaries of the Netravathi are the Neriyahole, the Kumaradhara. the
Bethagadihole and the Shishilahole.
It joins the Arabian Sea in the
vicinity of Mangalore.
1.4.6.2
Kali
The Kali, a major west flowing river takes origin in the Western
Ghats in Uttara Kannada districts, with a catchment area of 4,841 sq
kms. It joins the Arabian Sea at Karwar after covering a total length of
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2(.)05
184 km.
The major tributaries of this river are the Pandari. the
Tattihalla. the Kaneri and the Vaki.
1.4.7 Irrigation System
The irrigation systems in the State are a potential source of
drinking water supplies in their respective command areas. Some of the
major irrigation projects which are completed are: Krishnarajasagara
(Mandya), Hemavathi (Hassan),
Kabini (Mysore), Harangi (Kodagu),
Vanivilas Sagar (Chitradurga), Tungabhadra (Bellary), Bhadra Reservoir
(Chikkarnagalur), Ghataprabha (Belgaum), Malaprabha (Belgaum), Upper
Krishna
(Bijapur),
Karanja,
(Bidar)
Varahi
(Dakshina
Kannada),
Bennithora (Gulbarga), Hippargi Barrage (Bijapur) and Nugu (Mysore).
In addition, there are a number of medium irrigation projects.
Mention may be made of a few of the medium irrigation projects, which
are completed.
Hagri
These are Tunga Anicut, Anjanapur, Chandrampalli.
Bommanahalli,
diversion
scheme,
Ambligola,
Hathikone,
Dharma
Rajoli
Banda
Ramanahalli
tank,
Reservoir,
Konakanala,
Jambadahalla, Narihalla, Kolchi weir, Areshankar, Kalaskop. Chitwadgi,
Nagathana, Gundal Chikhole, Suvaranavathi, Hebbanaholla, H.D. Kote,
Mangola and Bachanki.
1.4.8 Tank Systems
In the olden days construction of tanks was considered a
meritorious act both for irrigation and drinking water supplies.
In the
old Mysore State almost every valley contains a chain of tanks, the first
overflowing into the second and so on until the tenninal tank is filled.
Thus, there existed an elaborate network Tjf tanks in the old Mysore
State. Major Sankey, one of the first engineers of the old Mysore State,
devoted his attention to the systematic repairs of tanks. He stated that
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
"to such an extent has the principle of storage been followed that is
would now require some ingenuity to discover a site within this great
area suitable for a new tank".
There were 2567 major tanks with an atchcut of 4.48,302 acres
and 22,762 minor tanks with an extent of 3,50,242 acres in the year
1956 in the Mysore State.
After re-organisation of the state in 1956,
11,519 tanks with an atchcut of 2,17,300 acres were transferred to the
irrigation department. The Government of Karnataka further invested in
improvements and construction of new tanks in the Five-Year-Plans. Up
to end of 5th Five-Year Plan works in about 19,623 tanks were taken up
and completed benefiting 4,06,409 hectares of existing (old) atchcut and
3,52,845 hectares of new atchcut.
N
Now, most of the tanks are silted up and need to be desilted.
Government of Karnataka is having a programme to desilt the tanks by
mobilising resources from internal and external sources.
This will
improve the storage capacity of the tanks both for irrigation and drinking
water and at the same time underground acquifer will be recharged
thereby increasing the ground water potential. Simultaneously, this will
also decrease the potential health hazard of chemical contamination by
diluting the concentration of the contaminants in ground water.
1.5
RAINFALL AND DROUGHT
1.5.1 Rainfall
The state receives two monsoons.
The Southwest (June to Sept)
and Northeast monsoons (October to November); both give major portion
of the rainfall in the State. Analysis of rainfall data for the period 1901
to 1980 indicates that the State receives 80%
of the annual rainfall
during monsoon period, 12% in the post -monsoon period, 7% in
summer and only 1% in the winter.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
There are two rainfall deficit areas in the state with 500-600 mm of
rainfall. These areas cover Bijapur, east Belgaum, Dharwad and Raichur
district as well as east Bellary, Chitradurga and a small portion of
Tumkur district. Lowest annual rainfall, less than 200 mm of rainfall, is
recorded in the very dry areas of Challakere, Pavagada, Madhugiri and
Bellary.
There are few orographically favourable locations, where extremely
heavy rainfall is recorded, such as Agumbe (8276 mm) in Shimoga
district and Bhagamandala (6023 mm), Pullingoth (5941 mm) and Makut
(5054 mm) in the Kodagu district.
The Region-wise/ District-wise annual rainfall during the last
decades is presented in ANNEX - IV.
1.5.2 Droughts
About two-thirds of the area of the state having 750 mm or less
I
annual rainfall is considered drought-prone. There are more droughts in
June to September season than in the year taken as a whole.
Considering only moderate and severe drought, the prominent years of
draught in the past were 1899, 1905, 1908, 1911, 1918, 1920, 1934,
1965 and 1972, when six or more districts had moderate or severe
drought. On the average, the northern districts have more moderate or
severe droughts than the southern districts. The districts, which had the
largest number of years of moderate drought, are Bidar, Gulbarga,
Raichur and Tumkur. Taking all droughts into consideration, the largest
number, (30 in 75 years) have been in Bidar and Raichur districts. The
total number of all categories of drought is highest in Mandya, Mysore ,
Kolar, Tumkur and Chitradurga districts being 32 in 75 years.
It has been found that there exists no definite periodicity in the
occurrence of drought although there is a slight tendency towards a
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
periodicity of about three years in the northern districts of the State.
Although there is no regular periodicity; considering the number of years
of drought occurrence over a long period,
it is found that the average
recurrence period of draught is once in four years in the southern
districts and once in three years in the northern districts.
1.6
TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
1.6.1 Temperature
The minimum temperature is recorded in the early January. The
mean daily temperature varies from 31°C to 32°C in coastal areas to
24°C to 27°C in ghat areas. This will be a little above 30°C in northern
maidan area and 27°C to 29°C in the rest of the State (southern maidan).
May is the hottest month over a major part of the State,
The
temperatures reach 35°C to 36°C in coastal area, 32°C to 34°C in
western ghats and Malnad areas, 36°C to 38°C in the southern maidan
and exceed 40°C in Bidar - Gadag - Bellary area and 43°C in Gulbarga -
Raichur area of northern maidan. The temperature decreases after May
and appreciably by July. After October, temperature gradually decreases
throughout the State reaching the lowest in the beginning of January.
1.6.2 Climate
The tropical monsoon climate covers the entire coastal belt and the
adjoining area.
The southern half of the state experiences hot,
seasonally dry typical savana climate. On the other hand, the northern
half, by and large, experiences hot semi-arid, typical steppe type of
climate. About two-thirds of the area of the State is arid or semi-arid.
This amounts to 15% of the total semi-arid and 3% of the total arid areas
of the country.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
15
*
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
1.7
FOREST
1.7.1 Area and distribution
The total forest area of Karnataka State is 36,384.06 sq km against
the geographical area of 1,92,791 sq km. The percentage of forest area to
geographical area is 20 as against the all India percentage of 23 AND
THE TARGETTED 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy.
I
It may be seen from ANNEX-VII that the average forest coverage in
the Coastal Region is 67%, in the Western Ghat region it is 27%, and in
the Southern Maidan and Northern Maidan regions, these figures are
15% and. 10% respectively.
-1.8
AREA AND POPULALTION
1.8.1 Area
The Geographical area of the State is 1,91,791 sq kms.
This
accounts for 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of the country.
1.8.2 Population
According to 1991 Census, the population was 44,977,201 with
22,951,197 Males and 22,025,284 Females,
69.08% of the population
live in rural areas and 30.92% in urban areas. The percentage growth
rate during the decade 1981-91 was 21.12 against 26.75 during 1971-
81.
1.8.2.1
Population Density
The State had a density of population of 193 in 1981.
Bangalore
district has the highest density (615) among the districts of the State.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
16
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Mandya (285) and Dakshina Kannada (281) districts come next, as they
are prosperous agricultural areas. Belgaum, Dharwad. Kolar and Mysore
districts form zones of high density.
The Malnad districts and the
northern maidan districts of Bijapur, Bellary, Gulbarga
have densities lower than the State average.
and Raichur
Kodagu and Uttara
Kannada districts have the lowest densities, as these are areas of
plantations and of forests. Among the districts of Malnad, Shimoga has
a high density possibly in view of the location of industries at
r
Bhadravathi etc.
1.9
PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL HABITATIONS
An important factor that influences the strategy for promoting
water supply and environmental Sanitation in the rural areas is the
varying pattern of rural habitations in different parts of the state.
I
As
generally understood, a village or a Hamlet in Karnataka is a cluster of
residential houses located within an area of usually about a square
E
kilometer and linked by a network of roads/streets. These houses
typically share many common facilities like water supply, street lighting,
drainage network, community halls, and schools. The number of houses
in the villages may vaiy greatly depending upon whether a village is
small or large but the other characteristics will be common to all such
villages.
The above description, while true in the case of a majority of the
villages in the state, has very important exceptions. Notably, many
villages and hamlets in the coastal region and the Malnad region (the
Western Ghats) differ considerably from the above pattern. In these
regions the households in any given village are scattered over a wide area
(usually over the entire area of a revenue village as a unit of land survey)
and are not necessarily linked by a network of streets and lanes. Often
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
17
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
each house is located in a separate farming unit or a homestead and any
drainage or road is to be provided independently to such a house.
Needless to say that in villages of this kind only a limited number of
facilities like a village school or community hall are shared by the entire
village and providing common environmental sanitation facilities is not
feasible in many such villages.
Out of the 56682 rural habitations in the state, 31741 habitations
are located in the Northern and Southern Maidan regions and account
for 79% of the State’s rural population. The remaining 24941 habitations
are located in the coastal region and the Malnad area.
1.10 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN OF RURAL HOUSE HOLDS:
Another important socio economic factor that influences rural
water supply sanitation is the occupational pattern of the households in
the rural areas. The rural households in the state depend mainly on
agriculture and allied occupations. Further, agriculture in the state is
predominantly non mechanised and depends on cattle for the draft
power in various agricultural operations. Cattle and other livestock
contribute significantly to the household demand for water particularly
duiing summer months and in arid areas when open sources of water
around the village dry up. Traditionally, agriculturists in Karnataka also
keep their cattle in their dwelling houses at night. This has very
important implications to household sanitation as the solid waste
generated by a rural household has significant parts of cow dung, fodder
icsidues etc., and maintaining household hygiene needs to take into
account the requirement of disposing of cow dung and other waste
materials on a daily basis.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
18
«•
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
CHAPTER II
RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN KARNATAKA: EVOLUTION OF POLICY
2.0
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
2.1
THE PERIOD - 1954 to 1980
Rural Water Supply is a State subject.
Accordingly, funds were
provided in the State budgets for the development of this sector right
from the commencement of the First Five-Year Plan. A National Water
Supply and Sanitation Programme was introduced in the Social Welfare
Sector in 1954.
r
During the initial years, the program mainly was
devoted to the construction of open wells in habitations having no
drinking water wells and where the number of open wells was not
adequate. These works were being executed with peoples’ participation.
During 1960s, it was observed that only easy habitations were
being repeatedly attended to leaving the difficult habitations to their fate.
Recurring droughts in the State made the situation worse. Ground water
table fell, and the open wells went dry and the people faced serious
scarcity of drinking water.
At this juncture, the State Government felt
the need to develop deep bore-wells particularly in hard-core-habitations.
Measures for the development of ground water were initiated in 1966,
when
an
independent Directorate
of Ground
Water
Supply and
Investigation in the Department of Mines and Geology, was created. A
bore-wells programme was started by the Government of Karnataka
through the Minor Irrigation and Public Health Engineering Department
in the year 1971 with the help of 5 drilling rigs received from the
UNICEF.
For the successful implementation of the programme it was found
necessary to identify areas of water scarcity and lay down priorities
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
19
!
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
among them. The criteria for identification of difficult habitations were
as under:
❖
Habitations without any sources of water or where the sources of
water were inadequate;
♦
Habitations having no source of water within a distance of 1 mile (1.6
kins)'
♦
Habitations where source of water was available at more than 50 ft
below ground level (bgl);
n
❖
Habitations where available water was chemically contaminated;
*
Habitations where sources of water were not perennial; and
♦
Habitations where water-borne diseases were endemic.
It was stipulated that one bore-well for every 250 population would
be provided under the program. The assumption was that one bore-well
(HP) could deliver 10.000 litres per day to meet the demand of 250
persons @ 40 litres per capita per day (Ipcd).
Taking into account the magnitude of the problem and to
accelerate the pace of coverage of problem habitations, the Central
Government introduced the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
(ARWSP) in 1972-73 to assist the States and the Union Territories with
100% grants-in-aid to implement the schemes in such habitations. This
programme continued till 1973-74.
But with the introduction of the
Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) during the Fifth Five Year Plan (from
1974-75), it was withdrawn. The programme was, however, reintroduced
in 1977-78 when the progress in the supply of safe drinking water to the
identified problem habitations under the Minimum Needs Programme
was not found to be satisfactory.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
20
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
2.2
1980 - ONWARDS
Till 1980. there was no separate agency exclusively for Rural Water
Supply in the State and the PHE Department used to implement both
Minor Irrigation and Rural Water Supply works.
In 1980, the Public
Health Engineering department with an independent Chief Engineer, was
However, with the introduction of the Zilla Panshads and
created.
Mandal Panchayats in 1987 the PPIED was reorganised. Implementation
of Rural water Supply and Sanitation Programs now stood transferred to
the Zilla Parishads.
design,
technical
Nevertheless, all matters with regard to planning,
guidance and
monitoring were
retained
I A-
at the
Divisional and the State Level of the Department of Public Health
Engineering.
During 1980. at the instance of the Government of India, the State
Government conducted a survey to identify the problem habitations on
the basis of the criteria suggested by them.
The Problem habitations were identified under the following
Categories
Category
Category -I
Identified as
on 1.4.80
Problem Habitations Criteria
Habitations with no water source, or where
water was not available within 50-ft bgl or
where water is not available within a
horizontal distance of 1.60 kms.
14,764
r
Category - II
Habitations
where
the
chemically contaminated
was
3,037
Category -III
Habitations where water-borne diseases
like cholera,
typhoid,
gastroenteritis,
guinea worm etc. were endemic
2,202
water
Total
Piojecl Planning and Monitoring Unit. Depl of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
»
20.003
21
40^'^
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnat aka : S l rate gy I ’ape r 2 (K)()-'_’()()5
Once again, during the 7^h Five-Year Plan (1985-86) the Centra!
Government requested the State
to
prepare
habitations to be tackled during the plan period,
the
iisl
of problem
The priorities were
indicated as under:
I
Priority -I
Problem habitations as already identified as on 1.4.1980 i
but could not be provided with drinking water i
facilities within the 6th Five Year Plan period
Problem habitations subsequently identified as on 31-3- i
1985 based on the existing criteria, giving the highest |
priority to " Guinea worm affected habitations ".
i
Adequate coverage of partially covered problem |
habitations with particular emphasis on the coverage I
of SCs and STs.
i Priority - II
I
I
New problem habitations identified with
problem habitations in which
;
— sources
----------- of water
---- source
j
were not available within a horizontal distance of 0.5 Km |
or an elevation of 15 meters in hilly areas.
Priority - III Other problem habitations
____________ L
Accordingly,
the
i
habitations were laentiiiect
identified as
as on
1/4/1985 based on the above priorities.
Out of the total 52.623
habitations (2/,028
problem
iiain villages + 25,595 habitations), the
ate
Government again identified 17,132 problem habitations totally bringing
the problem habitations to 37,135 (20,003 as on 1/4/1980 and 17,132
heshly identified as on 1/4/1985).
The problem villages were being
tackled from 1/4/1980 to bring the villages to the specified norms of
supply with the help of funds allocated by the State and Central
Governments and funds received from External Agencies.
The essence of the above approach of the State Government was to
bring the service level of 25 Ipcd within a time frame which would be
enhanced to 40 Ipcd in future, depending upon the availability of funds.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Pancliayai Raj. Govt of Karnataka
09
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()OO-2()()5
During the early period of 90's, the Government of India was
increasingly getting the impression that only the main villages were
getting attention from the service providers and the hamlets surrounding
the main villages were neglected.
Such a situation was prevailing in
most of the Stat.es/UTs. The concept of hamlets was introduced in the
year 1991. A survey was initiated by Central Government to identify the
problem villages and hamlets surrounding the main villages. In the State
of Karnataka also, the identification of problem villages and hamlets was
taken up afresh during 1991.
ANNEXURE-V indicates the number of
villages, number of hamlets and total number of habitations Region
wise/District-wise in the state.
In all. there are 27.076 villages and
29.606 hamlets, which accounts for 56.682 habitations in the State.
Region-wise / District-wise population of villages and hamlets is
given in ANNEXURE-VI(a) to VI(d).
The Mission Approach
During the 80's, the program of Rural Water Supply was given a
new dimension when a Mission approach was adopted under the
Technology Mission on Drinking Water and Related Water Management,
also called National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM).
NDWM was
introduced as one of the societal Mission in 1986 and was subsequently
renamed as Rajeev Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission in 1991.
The main objectives of the Mission were:
*
To cover residual problem habitations as on 1/4/1986;
®
To evolve appropriate technology mix;
•
To improve performance and cost effectiveness of the on-going
schemes;
Project Planning anil Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
23
Rural Waicr Supply and Sanitation in Karnaiaka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2(X)5
*»
To create awareness among the villagers on the use of safe drinking
water:
e>
lo take measures lor sustainability of the sources and the systems.
It was during this period that an Integrated Mini-Mission approach
was adopted with district as the unit.
In this approach it was
contemplated that all issues related to Drinking Water Supply would be
tackled in collaboration with other concerned departments of the
State/Central Government. Other important aspects of the Mission
Approach included tackling the problem of Water Quality. Sustainability
ol the sources and the systems, Guinea-Worm eradication etc under
respective Sub-Mission on Water Quality.
The Mission Approach continued with some modifications from
a
time to time till the GOI issued the new "Guide Lines for implementation
!■
of Rural Water Supply Programme" in 1998. In the new Guidelines there
■
is a qualitative shift from a supply driven approach to a demand
responsive approach.
The Changing Norms
In the year 1988-89, the State Government, modified the norms of
implementing RWS programme to full adequacy depending upon the
availability of funds.
The norms of determining priority for taking up
RWS programmes were laid down as follows:
Group -I
Habitations with population more than 30 but less than 50
and which are without a single source of safe drinking
water
Group - II
Habitations with population between 51 and 250 shall be |
provided with a successful borewell with handpump
Group - III
Habitations with population between 251 and 750 shall be
provided with two successful borewell with handpumps
Pniiecl Planning and Monitoring Unit. Depl of Rural Development and Panchayai Raj, Govt of Karnataka
24
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2()()5
| Group - IV
Habitations with population between 751 and 1000 shall I
be provided with three successful borewells
I Group - V i Habitations with population between 1000 and 1500 shall i
i be provided with four successful borewells, or one Mini i
i Water Supply scheme out of the existing high yield I
j borewell to give at least a service level of 25 Ip cd
;
i__________________
i
Group - VI
Habitations with population between 1 500 and 2000 shall
be provided with one Mini Water Supply Scheme out of the
existing borewells or if not existing high yielding borewell is |
i available, a fresh borewell with a Mini Water Supply |
I Scheme shall be provided to give at least a service level of I
i 25 Ipcd
■,-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i Group - VII
Group - VIII
2.3
If the habitation is provided with Piped Water Supply i
Scheme or a combination of Piped Water Supply Scheme i
and Borewells, based on the existing status, if the per i
capita availability is less than 20 Ipcd, it shall be
supplemented by borewells or a Mini Water Supply Schenr
presuming that, one borewell with HP will provide 6,750 |
litres/day and a Mini Water Supply will provide 45,000 ;
litres per day to bring the service level to at least 25 Ipcd
If any habitation, whose population is more than 250 and
is
situated in tough and hydrogeologically and
geographically problematic area affected with fluoride
content, guinea worm disease or brackishness or is an
isolated habitation situated at an elevation where it is not
possible to locate a successful potable water source within
the habitation and if a distant source is inevitable to be
tapped, the habitation shall be provided with a distant
source provided that the cost of such scheme does not
exceed Rs. 1.00 lakh.
PRESENT STATUS OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
The rural water supply program has been implemented under MNP
in the State Sector and ARWSP in the Centro 1 Sector. The program has
also been implemented under the World Bank Assisted Integrated Rural
Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project as well as under the
bilateral assistance programs of the Netherlands and DANIDA.
that
the
regards
ARWSP.
Project PI..
and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
it
was
envisaged
program
would
As
be
25
h
k
I
r
F
■
Rural Vvaicr Supply and Saniiaiion in Kainaluk. : Siraicgy Paper
discontinued by the end of 8lh five-year Plan.
However, the objective of
the program of providing drinking water to all habitations could not. be
achieved due to various reasons such as lack of sufficient funds and
reemergence of Not-Covered (NC) habitations and identification of Not-
Safe-Source (NSS) group of villages due to Chemical contamination of
souices.
I herelore the ARWSP program continues to be implemented
during the 9111 Five-Year Plan.
'rhe Stale Government has covered almost all I he habitations with
drinking water facilities with varying ranges of per capita supply
The
water supply schemes mainly depend on ground water sources (about
96%) for this purpose. The coverage of villages with different ranges of
*
Per Capita Supply is tabulated in ANNEXURE-VII.
The coverage of villages with potable water has undoubtedly
brought down water-borne diseases like Cholera, typhoid, gastroenteritis,
dysenteiy. guinea-worm etc.
While Guinea worm has been completely
eradicated from the State, cases and deaths due to water-borne diseases
have also been reduced appreciably.
ANNEXURE-VII1 shows the
incidence of cases and deaths due to water-borne diseases in the State.
I lie erratic nature of the incidence of cases in some years may be
attiibutable to lack ol awareness among the people.
While the introduction of drinking water supply through Hand
Pumps tapping the ground water has drastically reduced the incidence of
watei borne diseases, consumption of ground water contaminated with
excess fluoride in many taluks of the Stale has been responsible for
incidence of crippling diseases like Dental and Skeletal fluorosis.
The
Slate Government has taken up Water Quality Analysis in all taluks and
has identified a large number of Villages/Hamlets affected with excess
chemical content including Fluoride, ANNEXURE-1X shows the district
wise distribution of quality affected sources as per the surveys completed
so far.
Projecl Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayai Raj. Govt of Karnataka
26
Rural Waier Supply ami Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()O()-2OO5
CHAPTER III
WATER SUPPLY; APPROACH TO THE MASTER PLAN
3.0
FACTORS 'i iiAT I NFLUENCE MASTER PLAN
Having identified the problems of drinking water supply in the
k
Slate, an attempt is made in this document to delineate a master plan to
r
k ■
provide drinking water to all the villages within a reasonable time frame.
The following aspects of the approach to a master plan are outlined in
r
the present chapter.
3.1
Norms for providing drinking water - its standard and deviation:
3.2
Order of priority in tackling the problem villages;
3.3
Selection of sources of supply:
3.4
Mode of supply i.e. HP, MWS are PWS;
I
3.5
Innovative and non-conventional technologies;
I
3.6
Preparation of project reports;
3.7
The delivery systems:
3.8
Water Quality monitoring and surveillance;
3.9
Sustainability of sources and related issues;
ii
3.10 Capital Cost sharing and Operation and Maintenance (O&M):
3.1 1
Financial requirements and sources of funds.
These are discussed in the subsequent paragraphs
3.1
NORMS
3.1.1 Quantity
Purpose
Quaniity |
(ipcd)__ ’
Since the introduction of the Accelerated
2
Rural Water Supply programme in the Central
Sector, the Government of India has prescribed
a norm of providing a minimum of 40 Ipcd of
7
5
Drinking______
Cooking________
Bathing
Washing Utensils
& House__ __
Ablution________
Total
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panehayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
■’A'
5
15
A
-7-
J
10__ I
40
27
i
Rtiral Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-20()5
water supply to meet the basic requirements. These norms have
been adopted by most of the States/UTs of the Indian Union including
Karnataka. Some States, have, however, adopted higher norms for
specific projects as in the case of the World Bank aided Integrated Rum'.
Water Supply & Sanitation Project in Karnataka.
The Government of Karnataka has r
accorded the highest priority to Rural Water
Supply since the inception of the Minimum
Needs Programme (MNP) under the State
Sector and the Accelerated Rural Water
Supply
Programme
Central Sector.
(ARWSP)
under
Habitations
No of
!
Lped Category w ise
Habuaiions i
i 146
Less than 10 Iped
2 10 to 20 Iped
4412
20 to 40 Iped
12423
S53(->~
£ 40 to 55 Iped
I
5 More than 55 Iped i
30165
566S2
Total
J_
J
j
Karnataka.
30,165
J
the
Out of 56,682 habitations in
habitations have schemes with installed capacity for a supply level more
I
I
than 55 Iped. Only 5.558 habitations have installed facilities for a supply
level less than 20 Iped (1,146 habitations have facilities for a supply level
less than 10 Iped and 4,412 habitations have facilities for supply
between 10 to 20 Iped).
At this stage it is necessary to be clear about the levels of service
provided in the villages as mentioned in the above paragraph. Any level
of water supply indicated above refers only to the capacity of the water
supply works to deliver the service under optimum operating conditions
and not to the actual quantities of water supply.
Even though a given
village may have a water supply scheme capable of delivering 55 LPCD
supply, it would be contingent upon power supply for a period of
12
hours during the day time. This is a condition, which is seldom fulfilled
in the rural areas, given the shortage of power supply and the low voltage
problems due to the weaknesses in the system of power distribution. To
the extent that the availability of power supply during day time is
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
28
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
reduced from the assumed pumping time of 12 hours, the level of supply
also gets automatically reduced.
The quality of maintenance of the water supply schemes affects the
service delivered by them substantially.
Poor maintenance results in
frequent shut down for repairs to pumps, pipe lines etc., and during
such periods the communities receive only a part of the designed level of
supply. There are also seasonal variations in the levels of water supply
due to the fluctuating water table in the aquifers. Typically, during the
summer months the water levels in the borewells are very low due to
poor recharge and excessive pumping of water in the vicinity for
irrigation purposes. The daily output of water from the borewells thus
goes down considerably reducing the level of service available to the
communities.
The above facts point to the need for providing for some excess
capacity in designing rural water supply schemes and creating adequate
stand-by facilities in the form of borewells fitted with handpump, open
wells, etc., so that the communities can use such sources when the
service provided by the water supply schemes is adversely affected for
technical or other reasons.
Another justification for the above approach is the fact that most of
the rural areas in Karnataka are diy and drought prone. The open
sources of water like ponds and streams are highly seasonal and dry up
completely during the summer months. Thus, during the dry periods of
the year rural water supply schemes have to cater to the needs of even
the live stock population in the villages. The guidelines issued by
Government of India explicitly recognize such a contingency in the case
of DDP (Desert Development Programme) districts and require that the
rural water supply schemes in such areas should be designed for a
capacity of 70 LPCD taking into account the water needed for the
lifestock population in the villages.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj, Govt of Karnataka
29
ff
■
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Government of Karnataka has traditionally accorded a very high
priority for supply of drinking water in the rural areas. The rural
communities have thus come to expect a satisfactoiy and dependable
level of service. Further, the State Government recognizes the fact that
availability of water in adequate and assured quantities is one of the
factors that influence the quality of life in the rural areas through higher
levels of sanitation, health and hygenine practices. Thus, higher levels of
consumption of water in the rural areas are considered a desirable social
objective in the interest of promoting a better quality of life.
The Government of Karnataka not only proposes to adopt the norm
of providing at least 55 Ipcd water supply but also to achieve the goal of
covering all habitations in Karnataka by the year 2005 with this water
supply norm. All the partially covered habitations, i.e., habitations with
water supply less than 55 Ipcd are proposed for upgradation to supply
level oi at least 55 Ipcd. It is also proposed to provide individual house
service connections at 70 Ipcd in case of piped water supply schemes
following a demand responsive approach. The effective supply level for
which the schemes are to be designed will be higher than 55 Ipcd as
worked out below.
SI
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Stand Post Supply
% ______ Ipcd
B
C
_______ Bx55/100
100
55.00
90
49.50
80
44.00
70
38.50
60
33.00
50
27.50
40
22.00
30
16.50
House Connection
Supply
%
Ipcd
D
E
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Dx70/100
0.00
7.00
14.00
21.00
28.00
35.00
42.00
49.00
Net Supply
Ipcd
F
C+E
55.00
56.50
58.00
59.50
61.00
62.50
64.00
65.50
System
losses @
15%
G
Fx15%
8.25
8.475
8.7
8.925
9.15
9.375
9.6
9.825
Gross
Supply Ipcd
H
F+G
63.25
64.98
66.70
68.43
70.15
71.88
73.60
75.33
In areas where water is chemically contaminated in hard-core
villages where sources are not available within a reasonable distance and
supply of drinking water is made through the tankers, and in habitations
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
30
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
where non-conventional treatment plants are proposed, a dual water
supply policy may be adopted. The supply norm of 10 Ipcd of water free
from quality problems for drinking and cooking purposes may be
adopted. For other purposes, available water from the existing water
supply systems may be utilized.
3.1.2 Quality
Water quality issues are gaining recognition as groundwater
I
depletion worsens. The level of natural contaminants such as fluoride
and arsenic, and chemical pollutants such as pesticides and insecticides,
is
high
and rising.
Water quality concerns
clearly
have serious
implications for the supply of rural water supply and are important
F
I
determinants of public health. For all rural water supply schemes care
should be taken to provide water of quality conforming to the standards
prescribed by the Government of India from time to time. ANNEXURE-X
shows the drinking water quality standards for physical, chemical as well
as bacteriological standards. In case of habitations where water quality is
affected, the norms of dual water supply may be adopted.
3.1.3 Distance
In most rural water supply systems, water is provided through
stand posts or bore-wells. Individual house connections are also planned
in some cases. As per the existing norms, the source of collection of
water should be within a horizontal distance of 1.6 kms in plains or 100
mtrs elevation in hilly areas. Since it is now proposed to provide
individual house connections in rural water supply schemes,
the
objective of social justice makes it desirable that the water is made
available to other stand-post users also at a reasonable distance and
elevation. The State Government thus proposes to adopt the following
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
31
J
Ruial Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
distance norms, which were recommended by the conference of Chief
Ministers in 1996.
Horizontal distance in Plains -
0.50 Kms
Elevation in hilly region
50 mtrs.
A
3.2
ORDER OF PRIORITY OF THE PROBLEM VILLAGES TO BE
TACKLED IN THE MASTER PLAN
The instances of wide spread incidence of diseases due to arsenic
contamination in West Bengal and Bangladesh and the prevalence of
dental skeletal fluorosis in the State of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan and other states are glaring examples of
the effects of contaminated water on public health. Therefore, while
supplying water.to problem habitations priority is to be accorded to the
chemically contaminated habitations. Among them top priority is to be
I
accorded to the habitations affected with more toxic substances.
In addition, highest priority is to be accorded to provide water to
habitations with severe deficit in water supply levels, i.e., habitations
with water supply less than 10 Ipcd followed by habitations with water
supply between 10 to 20 Ipcd. Other partially covered habitations shall
also be upgraded as per norms.
In general, the following order shall be followed in prioritizing rural
habitations for taking up water supply schemes.
Priority 1
Habitations with water supply level less than 10 Ipcd
Priority 2
Habitations with water supply level between 10 to 20 Ipcd
Priority 3
Quality affected Habitations
Priority 4
Habitations with water supply level between 20 to 40 Ipcd
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
32
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Priority 5
3.3
Habitations with water supply level between 40 to 55 Ipcd
SELECTION OF SOURCE OF SUPPLY
Since the inception of the Rural Water Supply programmes in the
State, ground water sources have been predominantly selected as the
sources of supply.
Over 95% of the Rural Water Supply Schemes are
currently based on ground water sources. During last two decades, the
ground water table has gone down progressively due to indiscriminate
withdrawal of ground water for irrigation, and industrial purposes and
inadequate recharge of ground water acquifers. Chemical contamination
lb
of ground water has since been observed in high concentration. Because
of chemical contamination in many places, the ground water, which was
thought to be a good source for drinking water, has become unfit for
human consumption in many areas. Under the above circumstances, it
will be necessary to look for alternative sources of supply to supplement
ground water sources.
In the section on “Water Resources” the subject of availability of
drinking water sources has been discussed in detail. The ground water,
the river systems, the irrigation systems and the tank systems in the
State are the potential sources of Water Supply Schemes. The tank
systems, which are silted up today, are potential sources of drinking
water supply in a big way. These tanks once renovated need continuous
development and monitoring through catchment area and watershed
management. The irrigation systems and the river systems are another
source of supply. Since drinking water supply is to be given top priority
among all uses of water, there should be no difficulty in selecting these
as the sources of Water Supply Projects, although at present these are
predominantly utilized for irrigation.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
33
i
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Ground Water Sources free from quality problem with adequate
recharge measures are still to be preferred in view of the low cost of
Operation & Maintenance and low capital costs.
However, in areas
where ground water sources are severely affected with quality problems
or in other problematic areas, surface sources available within a
reasonable distance may be preferred. The issue of sustainability and
quality of water supplied may result in the communities preferring the
suiface sources. The costs are to be the guiding factor for selection of
sources and designing the schemes.
3.4
MODE OF SUPPLY
•I
In Karnataka, the mode of supply of drinking water to the villages
is mainly through Hand Pumps (HPs), Mini Water Supply Schemes
(MWSS) and Piped Water Supply Schemes (PWSS).
Hand pumps are provided in the case of villages with a population
less than 500 where adequate ground water is available within a
reasonable distance of 1.00 Km from the village. Mini Water Supply
schemes are provided to villages tapping bore-wells fitted with power
pumps. The population of such villages would be between 500 and 1000.
Mini Water Supply Schemes are provided with a skeleton distribution
system or with a centre point supply through cisterns located at suitable
places in the village. For villages with a population of more than 1000,
Piped Water Supply Schemes are provided. In these schemes nearby /
remote sources are tapped through borewells and water is supplied
through a more elaborate distribution system and stand posts. In certain
cases, house service connections are also provided.
There are veiy few cases of Regional Piped Water Supply
schemes
in the State covering a large group of villages affected with poor water
quality and scarcity.
However, with the increasing number of water
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
34
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
quality and water scarcity villages, it may be imperative to go in for.
Regional Water Supply Schemes tapping remote sources, like tanks
irrigation canals or reservoirs. In the proposed Master Plan the concept
of Regional Water Supply Schemes is incorporated along with the
existing mode of supplies.
In the case of isolated habitations having quality problems, the
mode of supply may be a non-conventional system of a water treatment
plant. This has not yet been practiced in the State except on an
experimental basis.
3.5
INNOVATIVE AND NON-CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
With
increasing
industrial
and
agricultural
activities
and
continuous discharge of huge quantities of Municipal waste, the ground
and surface water are increasingly getting contaminated. Innovative and
Non-Conventional Technologies such as Reverse Osmosis / Electro
Dialysis and combination of other Membrane Technologies will have to be
tried out in the future. It is essential that the State Government adopt
the non-conventional technologies at least on a pilot basis so that the
Government agencies and
Communities
can gain
experience
and
knowledge of the latest development of technologies in water treatment.
There are remote villages and hamlets where such non-conventional
technologies may be of good use since conventional technology may not
be adequate to overcome the hazards of contaminated drinking water in
such remote villages.
3.6
PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT
The implementation of RWS Projects, i.e., design, procurement and
construction management of rural water supply schemes is carried out
by the Zilla Panchayats. However, planning, technical assistance and
monitoring are retained at Circle / State level of the Rural Development
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
35
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Engineering Department (RDED). The RDED consolidates, reviews and
makes recommendations on all water supply programmes and
is
responsible for providing monitoring and technical support to the ZP
Engineering divisions that implement the schemes.
Most engineei ing problems stem from inadequate data and
assumptions regarding the quantity as well as the quality of water
sources.
Insufficient delegation of powers regarding
procurement,
tendering procedures, sanctioning of estimates compounds the problem
and causes delays in implementation resulting in time and cost
overruns • Design and supervision staff at the field level as well as
management levels are know to give inadequate importance to quality
control, as they arc also responsible for other sector civil works of
Panchayat raj institutions. The technical officers of RDED and ZP
Engineering divisions after do not find time to carry out detailed survey
that is necessary for a Piped Water Supply Scheme for a cluster of
villages.
Rural Development Engineering Department (RDED) and the Z.P.
Engineering Divisions need to be strengthened and trained in modern
methods of design, quality control and preparation of project reports.
Adequate delegation of powers within the implementation machinery
needs
consideration.
Private
Sector
Consultancies
and
Technical
Education Institutions are also to be encouraged to work with Govt,
agencies lor preparation of project reports, surveys and investigation,
project design and physical implementation. These agencies are to act as
technical assistance partners to Zilla Panchayaths and Gram Panchayats
who are to assume the responsibility of Water Supply Management.
3.7
THE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Pi eject Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
36
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2OOO-2()()5
The current emphasis on targets and norms encourages excessive
investment, undermines efficiency and deters the transfer of ownership
to
the
institutions
responsible
for
operations
and
maintenance.
Government domination of the sector services has limited the potential
scope for participation by non-government organizations, private sector
partners and most important of all the user community. The experiments
in externally aided projects under implementation in Karnataka have
been encouraging in regards to increasing the levels of community
participation and Panchayat raj institutions in the execution and in the
operation and maintenance of water supply schemes.
Decentralisation is viewed as an opportunity to provide more
responsive planning and delivery of services. Panchayat raj institutions
can accommodate local aspirations and needs better. As such the Gram
Panchayats (G.Ps) at the lowest level of government and together with
i.
local communities should have a role locating the facilities, choosing
t.
technologies and monitoring payments. Ownership and management
must be community based and as free as possible from bureaucracy and
politicization.
The Master Plan proposes to promote and facilitate participation of
the NGOs and the private sector in management of water supply
schemes. The NGOs and private sector agencies can provide alternatives
to the public provision of services.
3.8
WATER QUALITY, MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE
With the launching of the National Drinking Water Mission by the
Government of India, a Submission on Water Quality Monitoring and
Surveillance was
established in
1986.
Since
then Water Quality
Monitoring has become an integral part of drinking water supply
programme.
37
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
^158-6
*•
Rmal Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2()05
In the Master Plan, it is proposed to make all the laboratories
functional within a year because Water Quality Analysis is a prerequisite
lor identification of Quality Affected Habitations. The State Government
is committed to cover all NSS .(Not Safe Source) categoiy villages within
one year. It may be mentioned here that many villages, which are
supplied with chemically contaminated water do belong to NSS (not Safe
Source) habitations and deseiwe safe drinking water on top priority. As a
prerequisite to achieving this goal, the establishment of laboratories
deserves immediate attention.
It has been observed that a large number of ground water
sources
are affected with chemical contamination. Analysis of these sources is
carried out for 14 parameters as prescribed by the Government of India,
ANNEXURE-X shows these parameters with respective permissible limits
and the limit for Cause for Rejection”.
As per the data maintained by the Department of Mines and
Geology, drinking water sources in rural areas of 69 taluks spread over
18 districts of the State-are chemically contaminated. (The list of taluks
is furnished vide ANNEXURE-XI).
It may be observed here that the problems of Fluoride. Total
Dissolved Solids and Nitrate are widespread in the State. The problem of
fluoride in drinking water, which is prevalent in arid and semi-arid
regions of the State has posed a threat to Public health and is a serious
cause for concern. Presence of iron and hardness are also observed in
many areas.
Testing of drinking water samples in rural areas has been
undertaken by the Rural Development Engineering Department (RDED),
on a massive scale in all the taluks of the State and the work is in
progress. So far. testing of samples has been completed for 37,776
sources in 45 taluks. As per the test reports, 15,025 sources in 5,008
Projcci Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
38
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()0-2()()5
habitations are affected with quality problems. This goes to show that
due to over exploitation of ground water and depletion of water table,
concentration of chemicals has increased causing contamination.
On the basis of the above representative water quality analysis
reports, it is estimated that out of the total 56,682 habitations, about
10.277 habitations may have quality problems in drinking water. The
partially covered (PC) habitations out of these 10.277 shall be tackled
while upgrading the facilities. The fully covered (FC) habitations affected
with quality problems are estimated to be 5,810. To provide safe drinking
water to these PC and FC habitations, through distant borewell sources /
surface sources / treatment plants / artificial recharge measures the
total amount required would be approximately Rs. 1,150 Crores.
3.9
SUSTAINABILITY OF SOURCES AND RELATED ISSUES
Sustainability of sources has posed a major problem ever since the
water table have been observed to fall sharply in many taluks due to
excess and indiscriminate withdrawal of ground water. Depletion of water
r
I
table has resulted in either the non-functioning of large number of tube
wells or very low yields. Excess withdrawal has also been considered
responsible for geochemical changes resulting in wide spread chemical
contamination of ground water not observed in the past.
Capacity of surface sources like rivers, lakes, reservoirs and tanks
have also come to the lowest due to destabilisation of their catchment
areas on account of deforestation and associated human activities and
siltation.
However, contrary to the general belief,
there has been no
appreciable change in normal and average rainfall in any region or
district of the State. ANNEXURE-XII substantiates this statement. Thus,
rainfall remaining the same, there has been a general neglect in the
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
39
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 20()()-2()05
conservation of the precipitation received. Due to lack of conservation, a
major part of the rainfall goes waste by way of evaporation and run-off to
the sea. Only a small part is recharged to replenish ground water and
stoied in tanks, lakes etc., as surface water. Therefore a conscious
decision has to be taken to resort to artificial conservation measures for
ensuring sustainability of sources.
The following measures are suggested to be taken up in the Master
Plan period as medium and long-term measures:
♦
To regulate indiscriminate ground water withdrawal by enacting
appropriate legislation;
♦ To protect resources against quality degradation;
♦ To adopt appropriate measures for augmenting recharge of ground
water acquifers;
♦ To resort to watershed development programmes aimed at soil and
water conservation by arresting the run-off;
♦ To resort to desiltation of the tank and reservoir systems of the State
and
catchment
area
development
through
micro-watershed
Management;
♦ To resort to afforestation of deforested areas;
♦
fo conserve water through Rain Water Harvesting wherever possible.
In the light ol the above, it is recommended to adopt a “Sub
Mission approach for Sustainability of Sources and Systems”. A provision
of a maximum of 20% of annual budget of R.W.S. should be earmarked
for the above purpose. The amount may be utilized to protect and
recharge ground water sources of water supply systems. Restoration of
water bodies and recharge of ground water in general shall be the
objective to be promoted by Government through departments like Minor
Piojeci Planning and Monitoring Unit Depl of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
40
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Irrigation, Watershed Development etc., and not under water supply
programmes directly.
3.10 CAPITAL
COST
SHARING
AND
OPERATIONS
AND
MAINTENANCE
Sustainability and Operation & Maintenance of water supply
systems are as important as the creation of systems. Insufficient
attention to O&M of the systems as well as the stistainability has
resulted in non-functioning of a large number of systems. The economic
and environmental benefits of sustainability and proper O&M of the
systems have in the past been overshadowed by the enthusiasm of
extensive coverage of habitations. The traditional approach of centralized
planning and prescription, reliance on government for capital and
recurring cost of O&M, which were central to supply-driven approach,
I
requires reconsideration while following a demand responsive approach
in the coming years.
Since the introduction of Panchayat Raj in Karnataka, operation of
i*
water supply schemes have been the responsibility of Gram Panchayats.
The Zilla Panchayats were responsible for maintenance of the schemes.
The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 provides that the O&M of rural
water supply schemes is one of the statutory responsibilities of Gram
Panchayats. However, the responsibility in this context was poorly
defined.
Despite the complexity in institutional arrangements, operations &
maintenance arrangements can generally be categorized by the type of
technology, viz, handpumps, MWSS and PWSS. Maintenance of MWSS
and PWSS not only involve payment of wages to personnel deployed for
operation of water supply schemes but also payment of electricity
charges, maintenance of power pumps and distribution systems and
attending to minor repairs. Maintenance of handpumps, though appears
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
41
i
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-2()O5
to be simple, depends upon the availability of trained
manpower and
service providers. Maintenance of water supply schemes at ZP level
resulted in inadequate attention to sustainability thereby reducing the
life of the water supply systems.
in order to create a sense of ownership of the assets created by the
Government for water supply in rural areas and to make the grass root
level Panchayat Raj Institutions and the user communities responsible
lor O&M, the Government of Karnataka has now transferred O&M of all
Mini Water Supply schemes and Piped Water Supply schemes to the
Gram Panchayats. At present the government continues to partially
share the O&M cost of these schemes. However the government proposes
to gradually withdraw such partial cost sharing making the GPs
responsible for meeting 100% O&M cost by collecting user charges
through VWSCs.
The
Government
of
Karnataka
has
also
transferred
the
maintenance of all handpumps to TPs. This has been retained with TPs
to ensure economies of scale in maintenance and because of the fact that
the trained manpower and service providers are not otherwise available
in the market for the GPs.
While creating new schemes community participation is envisaged
by not only empowering them in the decision making process but also by
motivating them to contribute towards the capital cost of the schemes.
Provision of water supply services has an economic value also to the
society and private users in addition to being a socially desirable
objective. Continued subsidization of the services by the government
distorts the signals to the users of the scarcity value of water. It also
undermines any efforts to promote a more efficient and sustainable use
ol water. It is therefore proposed to introduce and implement a capital
cost sharing policy to ensure that Panchayat Raj Institution and
communities are partners to make capital investment and transfer of
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj. Govi of Karnataka
42
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()0-2()(>5
ownership more efficient. A predefined capital cost formula will drive
investments and encourage affordable investment profiles with more
realistic user expectations.
In Karnataka, the experience in capital cost sharing by the user
communities has been encouraging though the demand generation has
been slow. While there was no capital cost sharing in some of the early
projects where only operation and maintenance of the schemes were
entrusted to the user communities, later in the World Bank assisted
IRWS & ES Project, there was a 30% capital cost contribution towards
sanitation facilities which accounted for 7% of the project cost. Similarly
in the DANIDA assisted project under implementation a 5% capital cost
sharing formula has been followed. The government proposes to continue
with the experiment in externally aided projects and GOI sector reforms
projects. After evaluating the impact of such cost sharing on the
sustainability of water supply schemes in terms of the predefined goals
and objectives, the government will consider applying the policy of such
capital cost sharing to the sector of rural water supply in Karnataka
throughout the State.
t
3.11 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCE OF FUNDS
The financial requirements of the sector as per the stated goals
and objectives have been worked out to be approximately Rs 2,650
crores. It is expected to meet these requirements within the Master Plan
period by the year 2005 from State sector MNP, Central Sector ARWSP.
external aid for projects in the sector, GOI sector reforms project and
sub-mission projects and capital cost sharing by user communities and
Gram Panchayats. The state allocation may be increased to the desired
level to achieve the goals and objectives of the sector.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Develop!micnt and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
43
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2(X)0-2005
CHAPTER - IV
THE MASTER PLAN 2000-2005
4.0
COVERAGE:
The Government of Karnataka has adopted a policy of providing at
least 55 Ipcd of water supply in the rural areas of Karnataka. All Partially
Covered Habitations (PCHs), i.e.. habitations with present water supply
level less than 55 Ipcd are to be upgraded to the supply level of at least
55 Ipcd by the year 2005. Further all Partially Covered Habitations as
well as Fully Covered Habitations (FCHs) are to be provided with water
free from quality problems adopting norms of water quality prescribed by
Government of India by the year 2005. Water is to be made available
within a distance of 1/2 km from habitations in plains and 50 meters
elevation in hilly areas.
4.1
ORDER OF PRIORITY:
A judicious mix of Demand Responsive Approach instead of Supply
Driven Approach with due regard to
the obligatory functions of
Government is proposed to determine the priority. Habitations with
severe deficit in water supply level as well as the habitations facing acute
quality problem shall be accorded highest priority. The remaining
habitations are proposed to be covered as per norms following a Demand
Responsive Approach so as to achieve the goad of coverage by the year
2005 for all habitations.
4.2
SELECTION OF SOURCES:
Ground Water Sources free from quality problems with adequate
recharge measures are to be given highest preference as sources for rural
Proiccl Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
44
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
water supply schemes, as they are less expensive and are easier for
Operation & Maintenance. Surface sources, wherever available are to be
considered particularly in areas where ground water sources are severely
affected with quality problems. Problematic hard-core areas may be
covered with multi-village schemes. The per capita capital cost and the
O&M cost are to be the guiding factors in the selection of sources and in
designing schemes. A community preference approach is proposed to be
followed within the above framework.
4.3
MODE OF WATER SUPPLY:
The following modes of water supply are to be followed as the
norms for rural water supply schemes :1
Habitation with Population less Bore Wells with Hand Pumps (BWs
than 500 in plains and les£ with HPs)
than 350 in hilly areas
One BW per 100 Population
2
Water
Habitation
with
Population Mini
more than 500 and less than (MWSS).
1000 in plains and more than
350 and less than 700 in hilly
areas
3
Water
Supply
Scheme
Habitation
with
Population Piped
more than 1000 in plains and (PWSS) with provision of individual
house service connection.
more than 700 in hilly areas
Supply
Scheme
Selection of the type of scheme shall be done based on the present
population, whereas population 2021 is to be considered while designing
the capacity of the Piped Water Supply Schemes.
4.4
INNOVATIVE AND NON CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES:
Innovative and Non-Conventional Technologies are to be promoted
with IEC campaign to ensure community awareness, particularly in
hard-core problematic villages.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
45
Rin al Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
4.5
PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT:
Rural Development Engineering Department (RDED) and the Zilla
Panchayath Engineering Divisions are to be strengthened and trained in
modern methods of design, quality control and preparation of project
reports. Private Sector Consultancies, Technical Education Institutions
are also to be encouraged. These agencies are to act as technical
assistance partners to Zilla Panchayaths
in the construction of water
aupply schemes and to Gram Panchayats who are to
assume the
responsibility of Water Supply Management.
4.6
THE DELIVERY SYSTEM:
The State Government will
promote and facilitate participation of
the NGOs and the private sector and
to enable Panchayat Raj
Institutions and the user
community groups to assume the lead in
decision-making. Gram Panchayats (GPs) shall be the nodal agencies for
Water supply management. The actual construction of water supply
schemes shall be carried out through private sector contractors or
through Government agencies like KLAC under the supervision of the
Zilla Panchayath Engineering Division and the RDED. The GPs and the
village water supply and sanitation communities shall be associated in
planning and executing the water supply schemes.
4.7
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE:
AU district level laboratories are to be strengthened and made
functional for monitoring the water quality. AU sources of water supply
are proposed to be tested for quality twice a year.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
46
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Slralegy Paper 2000-2005
4.8
SUSTAINABILITY OF SOURCES:
Ground Water Recharge measures shall be adopted near all ground
water sources of Piped and Mini water supply schemes as part of water
supply projects. Up to 20 % of funds for the water supply sector shall be
allocated, for such measures in the case of existing Piped and Mini Water
Supply schemes.
4.9
CAPITAL
COST
SHARING
AND
OPERATION
AND
MAINTENANCE (O & M):
The GPs are responsible for O & M of all water supply schemes
except borewells with handpumps. The handpumps are maintained by
Taluk Panchayats (TPs) to ensure economies of scale. Moreover trained
manpower and services for maintenance of borewells with handpumps
are not available in market. The responsibility for maintenance of
handpumps may be transferred to Gram Panchayaths after building up
the required technical skills and financial capability at the village level.
The impact of experiments in externally aided project districts shall
be observed and evaluated in terms of capabilities of VWSCs and GPs for
the first three years of the Master Plan. The reform process of O&M by
GPs through VWSCs by meeting 100 % O&M cost shall then be extended
with necessary modifications, if any, to the entire state by the end of
Master Plan period (2005). VWSCs shall be constituted for all scheme
villages. The technical capability of GPs shall be enhanced to meet the
challenge. User charges shall be collected to meet 100% O&M cost. The
reform process is to be allowed a consolidation period of another three
years and by the end of the year 2008, all villages in Karnataka are
proposed to Operate and Maintain Water Supply Schemes by themselves
meeting 100 % O&M cost. GPs through VWSCs shall be responsible for
collecting user charges. Capital Cost sharing by the user community up
Piqject Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
47
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
to 10% shall be compulsory for water supply schemes taken up under all
externally aided projects as well as GOI Sector Reforms Projects. The
impact of experiments of partial capital cost sharing shall be observed
and evaluated in terms of affordability and acceptability of the user
communities (VWSCs and GPs) for two to three years to consider
extension of this norm of costjsharing with necessary modifications, if
any, to the entire state. The objectives shall be to introduce the concept
in all villages gradually by the end of 2005. The policy of capital cost
sharing shall, however be applicable only in case of Piped Water Supply
Schemes and Mini Water Supply schemes taken up along with Piped
Water Supply Schemes. The Government considers it obligatory to
provide water to smaller habitations through BWs with HPs and MWS. As
generally weaker sections of the society inhabit such habitations, it is not
socially desirable to deprive them of minimum needs by strictly following
the Demand Responsive Approach.
The Master Plan, therefore, proposes the goals of policy reforms in
capital cost sharing and O & M as follows:
Scheme Type
1
2
3
Capital Cost Sharing
O&M
Habitations
only
Nil
By Taluka Panchayats
with BWs with HPs
(TPs)
(Population < 500)
Habitations
only
Nil
By GPs through VWSCs
with MWSS
meeting
100% O&M
(Population
below
costs
1000)_______
PWSS/PWSS
with 10 % of capital cost to be By GPs through VWSCs
MWSS/PWSS
with contributed by the user meeting
100% O&M
BWS with HPs
community_______
costs
4.10 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS:
In order to achieve the goal of providing 55 LPCD water supply in
all villages and other objectives set out in para -1 above by the year
2005, the requirement of funds is worked out as follows:
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
48
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-20()5
Item Category
1
2
Upgrading all Partially Covered Habitations to a
minimum of 55 Ipcd supply level_______________
Providing water as per norms. to all Quality
affected Fully Covered Habitations_____________
Total
Amount Required I
(Rs in million)
14819.00
11620.76
26439.76
The Govt of Karnataka proposes to meet the cost in a five year
Master Plan period as follows:
Item Category
1
2^
1
4
5
State (MNP) and Central (ARWS) Sector grants
(Rs 2240 million per year)______________________
WB assistance for the follow-on project_________
GQI Sector Reforms Projects___________________
Other Externally Aided Project (DANIDA, etc)
Capital Cost sharing by the user community
Total
Amount Required
(Rs in million)
12000
10000
2000
"1000
1500
26500
User community contribution @ 10 % capital cost is considered only for item no 2. 3 &
5. Additional user community contribution at the end of Master Plan period when the
sector reforms agenda is extended to entire state is expected to meet the costs of
additional requirements / shortfalls, if any
At the end of the Master Plan Period, it is expected that the norms
of coverage and quality of water supply shall be achieved by adopting a
demand responsive approach together with partial capital cost sharing
and 100 % O & M cost financing by user community. The Panchyat Raj
Institutions in Karnataka provide a politically, legally and institutionally
supportive environment to facilitate the implementation of the reform
process. The emphasis on devolution of responsibilities to grass roots
level shall result in the sustainable management of community based
water supply systems in the rural areas.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
CHAPTER - V
PROGRAMMES FOR RURAL SANITATION IN KARNATAKA
5.0
INTRODUCTION
Improved sanitation is considered as an essential requirement for
socio-economic development and an important factor in upgrading the
quality of life. Sanitation is critical to Health and Well being which are
an index of Human Development.
However, while the importance of
providing potable water supply in the rural areas through State
initiatives was recognised veiy early in the development strategy,
promotion of rural sanitation as a significant component of the strategy
foi rural development is a relatively recent phenomenon in the State of
Karnataka and in India. Even today, the direct budgetary allocations for
rural sanitation both at the Central and the State level represent a
comparatively small proportion of the allocations for rural development
programmes. Also, the preventive health programmes do not incorporate
promotion of sanitation as an important component of their strategy.
The low priority accorded to rural sanitation in the strategy for rural
development is perhaps the result of a combination of factors like the
non-availability of resources on a sufficiently large scale to make a visible
impact in the sector, and the perceived need to use the available
resources for investment in more directly ‘productive’ activities. Another
icason for the neglect of this sector was perhaps the lack of effective
articulation of the demand for sanitation facilities by people in the
villages.
Early initiatives in the field of rural sanitation focussed mainly on
two aspects i.e., construction of sullage and storm water drains and
provision of community toilets.
Both these activities were attempted
mainly by the local government institutions like the Village Panchayaths
Pi eject Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
50
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
or Taluk Development Boards/Taluk Panchayaths. The limited finances
available with these institutions meant that their efforts remained
sporadic and often did not go beyond the provision of the most
rudimentary open sullage drains built along the ‘more important’ streets
in a village without the assurance of such drains leading off the sullage
outside the village*.
The community latrines built, mainly intended to
provide privacy to women, vzho could not use the open fields as toilets
during day time, were rendered useless almost everywhere, mainly due
to the absence of a system of maintenance. Absence of running water in
the villages also discouraged people from having latrines at the
household level except in the case of a small minority of households who
could build dry pit latrines for their use in their spacious homesteads or
backyards. Thus, access to sanitary latrines remained at a very low level
in Rural Karnataka with only 6.9% households in the villages having the
facility according to 1991 Census.
5.1
CENTRAL RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME
The Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) started by
the
Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India in 1985-86 provided
an opportunity to address the issue of rural sanitation in a systematic
manner. The emphasis of the programme was mainly on construction of
sanitary latrines, mainly of the twin pit pour flush (TPPF) type advocated
by the UNICEF, at the household level. The guidelines for CRSP made
provision for dissemination of technology for construction of rural
latrines and for generating awareness of the importance of sanitation in
the rural areas through IEC activities. Upto 80 per cent of the cost of a
sanitary latrine was given as subsidy to households below the poverty
line (BPL). Similar grants were available to local bodies for construction
of community latrines, particularly for women.
Opening of Rural
Sanitary Marts to disseminate technology and to act as ‘one stop shops’
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
^>0°
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation tn Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
lor supplying various materials for household sanitation was another
novel initiative under the CRSP. An important feature of CRSP was that
it tried to involve rural households in the construction of sanitary
latrines for their use instead of public agencies doing the construction.
Phis made it possible for latrines being built with local materials and at a
very low cost. In Karnataka, the Zilla Parishads and Mandal/Grama
Panchayaths
made
very
significant
efforts
to
implement
CRSP,
particularly in villages where water supply position was somewhat more
comfortable.
The UNICEF provided both financial assistance and
technical guidance in implementing the programme.
While the CRSP succeeded in making the Panchayaths focus on
latrine sanitation as felt need of the people, it could not make a major
impact in the State due to certain limitations. The allocations from the
Centre weie very small compared to the need for construction of latrines.
F urther. the subsidy for household latrines was available only to the BPL
households, for whom latrine sanitation was not always a priority. The
economically weaker sections in the rural areas often lacked the space
required for construction of a TPPF latrine next to their dwelling houses.
Moreover, the poorer households who were seen as the target group (for
subsidies) under the CRSP could not be expected to change their habits
in favour of using sanitary latrines when the rest of the Village
Community were still using open fields as toilets.
Thus, the CRSP
resulted in creating only a limited impact in the field of latrine sanitation,
with only 1.19 lakh households being assisted under the programme
from 1985-86 to 1994-95.
5.2
N1 RMALA GRAMA YOJANA
An attempt to address the limitations of the CRSP in the State was
first made by the Zilla Parishad. Mysore, in 1987. The ZP formulated a
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
52
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()C)0~2()()5
new scheme called the Nirmala Grama Yojana under which a subsidy ol
Rs.500/- per household latrine was made available to any rural
household willing to construct a TPPF latrine for its use irrespective of
whether the household was in the BPL category or not.
Further, the
Village Level Panchalyaths (the then Mandal Panchayaths) were given the
responsibility to build at least one hundred toilets each per year, with the
target of over 16.000 toilets in Mysore district alone for the 165 Mandal
Panchayaths.
The actual performance usually exceeded 10.000 toilets
per year which was still a quantum jump from tire earlier figures of about
one thousand per year in the district.
The Nirmala Grama Yojana (NGY) model of Mysore district was
adopted at the state level in 1995-96 with the launch ol the States NGY
on 2nd October 1995.
Under the NGY. the Grama Panchayaths were
given the responsibility of motivating rural households to build 1PPF
latrines which are economical in their requirement of water foi flushing.
Each Grama Panchayaths was encouraged to motivate about one
hundred households a year which should result in construction of ovei 5
lakh toilets per year with over 5600 Grama Panchayaths functioning in
the State.
A cash subsidy of Rs.2000/- per household is given to BPL
households with non-BPL households being given Rs. 1200/-
The
programme lays greater emphasis on IEC activities, and also provides for
community latrines and institutional latrines in the villages.
The
guidelines of the programme also advocate an integrated approach to
sanitation, including construction of sullage and storm water drains and
removal of manure pits from the vicinity of dwelling houses in the
villages.
However, no specific cost norms and separate financial
allocations were given for components of rural sanitation other than
construction of community and household sanitary latrines of the TPPF
type.
53
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. De|)t of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
Af/5 0-6
Rurai Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-20()5
The launch of the NGY at the State level has proved a spectacular
breakthrough for rural sanitation in the State. While the IEC campaign
associated with the NGY increased people’s awareness about the need for
building latrines, the subsidy/incentive provided under the programme
has drawn a great deal of response from the rural households.
Eventhough the target of building 5.00 lakh latrines per year has not
reached (the programme budget was not adequate for the target), the
average performance of building over 1.50 lakh household latrines per
year has exceeded the previous CRSP performance by six to eight times.
The performance of the State in the construction of sanitary latrines
during the last six years is shown in the following table:
Progress Under Nirmala Grama Yojana
Year
Financial (Rs. In Lakhs)
Target
Achievement
Physical (Nos.)
Target
Achievement
1994-95
1512.00
494.45
10903
25886
1995-96
4204.73
2180.23
252208
132140
1996-97
4150.35
2248.87
282050
163597
1997-98
4431.53
2026.57
278005
149056
1998-99
3600.00
2298.59
225824
155148
1999-2K
2884.94
1942.00
154500
127637
Apart from the NGY. construction of substantial numbers of
household level latrines in the rural areas is undertaken as part of the
Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation project
funded by the World Bank which is being implemented in sixteen
districts of the state.
Nearly 89000 latrines have been built under this
pioject since 1993 and till August 2000. Smaller numbers of household
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()()-20()5
latrines have been built as part of the Netherlands Aided Rural Water
Supply and Sanitation Project (1730 latrines) implemented in five
districts and the DANIDA Assisted Rural Drinking Water Supply and
Sanitation Project (5719 latrines) in four districts. These three projects
have succeeded in enabling the State Government and the Panchayaths
to appreciate the need for adopting an integrated approach to rural water
supply and sanitation and involving the user households in the
construction and maintenance of these facilities for their long term
sustainability.
5.3
SCHOOL SANITATION PROGRAMME
Another major initiative which is associated with Mysore district is
the successful implementation of a School Sanitation Programme by the
Zilla Panchayath with the assistance of the UNICEF.
Recognising the
. importance of inculcating appropriate sanitation practices among school
children, the Zilla Panchayath has taken up a campaign to provide water
supply and latrine sanitation facilities to all primaiy schools in the
district. The schools are also assisted in the construction of compound
walls to enable children to maintain the school premises clean and neat.
Novel strategies are adopted under the campaign to sustain the
motivation of the school children and the teachers at a high level. So far
277 primary schools in the taluks of Mysore, Hunsur & Periapatna the
district with a student population of about 43,000 have been covered
under the campaign and new areas are being added for coverage every
year.
The
Mysore
experiment is being replicated with
the State
Government and the UNICEF launching a school sanitation campaign in
three other districts i.e., Tumkur, Chitradurga and Raichur. The State
Government is also considering the extension of the programme to all the
districts in the State, keeping in view the recommendations of the Task
Force on Primary Education.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dcpr of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
55
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2O()()-2()O5
5.4
LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TO PROMOTE RURAL SANITATION
The Karnataka Panchayath Raj Act. 1993 lists “maintenance of
general sanitation, cleaning of public roads, drains, tanks, wells and
other public places, and constructions and maintenance of public
latrines” among the functions of the Grama Panchayaths (Section 58 and
Schedule I entry XVIII)
“Implementation of Rural Sanitation Schemes"
and Promotion of drinking water and rural sanitation programmes” are
also listed
among the functions of Taluk and Zilla Panchayaths
respectively. (Schedule II entry IX and Schedule III entry X). Keeping in
view the good response to the Nirmala Grama Yojana started in 1995,
and the need for involving elected Panchayaths in the task of promoting
rural
sanitation,
the
State
Legislature
amended
the
Karnataka
Panchayath Raj Act in 1997 to make it mandatory for eveiy elected
Member of a Panchayath to provide a sanitaiy latrine for the use of
his/her household. Those who did not provide the facility could suffer
disqualification from their Membership of the Panchayath.
Further,
having a sanitaiy latrine at home is also made a mandatory requirement
for contesting panchayath elections in the State. These widely debated,
and contested, legislative changes have resulted in increasing the level of
awareness among the elected Members of Panchayaths about the need
foi promoting rural sanitation, and about their own responsibility in this
regard. It is estimated that over 45,000 elected members undertook the
construction of sanitaiy latrines with assistance from Government after
the above legislative changes came into force.
The 1997 amendments
have also enlarged the role of the Grama Panchayaths and Taluk
Panchayaths in rural sanitation to identify the following among their
“mandatory” functions;-
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()<)()-2O()5
Grama Panchayaths:
(a)
providing sanitaiy latrines to not less than ten per cent ol
the households every year and achieve full coverage as early
as possible;
(b)
constructing adequate number of community latrines for the
use of men and women, and maintaining them;
(c)
providing sanitation and proper drainage; and
(d)
earmarking places away from the dwelling houses for
dumping refuse and manure ( Section 58, Karnataka
Panchayath Raj Act, 1993).
Taluk Panchayaths;
5.5
(a)
construction of individual and community sanitary latrines;
(b)
providing adequate number of class rooms and maintaining
primary school buildings in proper condition with water
supply and sanitation; and
(c)
acquiring land for locating manure pits away from dwelling
houses in the villages (Section 145 of Karnataka Panchayath
Raj Act, 1993).
IMPROVED CHULHAS AND BIOGAS PLANTS
Apart from the
Rural Water Supply Programme
two
other
programes of the Department of Rural Development and Panchayath Raj
which make a direct contribution to improving rural sanitation are the
programme for promotion of improved household level cookstoves
[chulhas) and the programmes for Biogas Development.
Both the
programmes are funded partly by the Central Government and partly by
the State.
The responsibility for implementation at the filed level is
mainly with
the
Zilla Panchayaths,
and,
in
the
case
of biogas
development, partly with the Khadi and Village Industries Commission.
5.5.1 National Programme For Improved Chulhas (NPIC)
Indigenously
developed
improved
Chulhas,
having
a
higher
thermal efficiency of 20-30% compared to 6-8% in traditional ones, have
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
57
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()(.)()-2()05
a great deal of potential to conserve firewood, thereby saving forests.
Besides, these Chulhas eliminate indoor air pollution, resulting in
improved health of women and children.
The improved chulha is
estimated to save about 300 kg of fuel wood per year.
Thus.
an
improved chulha is a boon to rural women both in terms of providing a
smokeless kitchen environment and in reducing the drudgeiy involved in
collection of fuel wood or in the preparation of cow dung cakes.
The National Programme on Improved Chulhas has been in
operation in Karnataka since
1983-84.
Under this scheme.
beneficiaries are provided training for the construction of
the
improved
stoves and are also extended subsidy by the Government for the
materials used for construction.
The prevailing subsidy rates
(1999-
2000) are Rs. 63/- per unit for a fixed type of chulha with a chimney and
Rs. 73/- for a portable (metal) chulha without a chimney. The progress
achieved in the installation of household chulhas during the last five
years is shown below:
5.5.2 Progress Under Smokeless Chulha Programme
Year
Financial ( Rs. In lakhs)
Physical (Nos.)
Target
Achievement
%
Target
Achievement
%
1994-95
157.50
106.87
68
175000
118282
68
1995-96
154.00
113.43
74
150000
111295
74
1996-97
112.00
93.98
84
85000
67588
80
1997-98
80.00
65.97
82
88000
88953
101
1998-99
80.00
51.00
64
40000
52668
132
1999-2K
46.38
23.24
50
65000
54707
84
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
58
Rurai Waler Suppiy and Saniiation in Karnataka : Sliaicgy Paper 2()()0-2005
5.5.3 National Project on Biogas Development (NPBD)
Biogas is a clean.
clean, non-polluting,
smoke and soot-free fuel,
containing inflammable methane gas. It is produced from cattle dung,
human waste and other organic matter in a biogas plant, through a
process called “anaerobic digestion”. The Indian biogas system mainly
comprises of collection and processing of cattle dung, production and
delivery of biogas and handling & application of digested sluny in
agricultural fields.
The Government of India have identified the National Programme
for Biogas Development as one of the components of the 20-point
programme. The scheme is in operation since 1982-83.
5.5.4 Objectives of NPBD
•
To provide easy and safe cooking gas for the rural families;
•
To prevent pollution and forest degradation;
•
To protect the health of women and children by creating a Smoke-free
kitchen;
•
To help rural women devote this saving in time to more productive
pursuits;
•
To utilise the manure procured from the biogas plants for agricultural
purposes;
•
To create additional employment in the construction of biogas plants;
•
In the ultimate analysis, to create a clean, healthy and enterprising
village.
Recognising the significance and the numerous benefits of this
scheme, the State Government introduced its own Biogas Promotion
Scheme in 1992-93 called “Anila Yojane”. Under this scheme, the State
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
59
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy- Paper 2000-200?
extends financial aid for setting up biogas plants, which is in addition to
the subsidy provided by the Central Government.
Keeping in view the cattle population in the State, the estimated
potential in the State is adequate to sustain about 6.80 lakh biogas
plants. Out of this, 2.45 lakh biogas plants have so far been constructed
up to the end of 1999-2000. The progress achieved during the last five
years is shown below:-
5.5.5. Progress under National Project on Biogas Development
Financial (Rs. In lakhs)
Physical (Nos)
Year
%
%
Target ; Achievement
---------------4---------------------- i_
1946.21
i 106
i 1995-96 1113.00 I
Target
22500
21821
97
Achievement
1996-97
1141.10
1497.60
I 131
22000
26439
120
1997-98
994.00
1030.53
104
25000
20005
142
1998?99
754.00 ~
946.13
I 125
14500
20642
142
! 1999-2K
740.00 !
i_________ 1
1292.15
175
16000
17832
111
The State has won several awards and prizes from the Central
Government for its performance in promoting the construction of biogas
plants in
the
rural areas.
In
particular,
Belgaum
District
has
continuously got national awards for five consecutive years from 1992-93
to 1996-97.
5.6
RURAL
SANITATION
UNDER
i
----------1
EMPLOYMENT
GENERATION
PROGRAMMES:
Significant investments are being made by the Grama Panchayats
and other local Government institutions to take up construction of
sullage and storm water drains in the villages.
The Grama Panchayats
Project Planning and Monitoring t'nii. Dept ot Rural Developiiicni and Panciiayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
60
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Stialegy Paper 2()()0-20(h
also take up asphalting or stone paving of internal roads in the villages
in their Jurisdiction. Topically funding for these works is made out of the
allocations available to the Grama Panchayats under the Jawahar Rozgar
Yojana (Now renamed as the Jawahar Grama Samruddhi Yojana).
Another source of funding for these works is the allocations made by the
State Government out of the grants transferred from the Central
Government under the award of the Tenth Finance Commission. There
are also instances of the Grama Panchayats raising resources through
taxation and collection of development charges to take up paving of roads
and construction of drains.
The Grama Panchayats in the State have been receiving nearly
Rs. 100 crores per year on the average during the last five years as
allocations under the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY).
The entire
allocation under this programme which is funded in the ratio of 75:25
between the Central and the State Government is passed on to the 5673
Grama Panchayats through the Zilla Panchayats. The average allocation
per Grama Panchayat works out to about Rs.2.00 lakhs with the
panchayats
having
larger
populations
of Scheduled
Castes
and
Scheduled Tribes receiving higher allocations. It is seen that a good part
of this amount is spent on construction of drains and formation of roads.
However, with the allocation under the programme being very small and
even
this
small
amount
being
distributed
among
all
the
habitations/Members' constituencies, the size of works taken up is
usually very small and their impact on the environmental sanitation in
any given village is often marginal. The amount of expenditure incurred
on paving of roads and construction of drains under JRY / JGSY during
the last five years is shown below:
Under the award of the Tenth Finance Commission the state has
been receiving Rs.54.40 crores per year during the years 1995-96 to
1999-2000 as grants in aid of the state to facilitate strengthening of the
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj, Govt of Karnataka
61
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
panchayat raj system. This works out to about Rs. 17.08 per capita (for
GPs Rs. 12 per capita & for Taluk Panchayats Rs.3.00 per capita, for Zilla
Panchayats Rs.2.08 per capita totalling to Rs. 17.08 per capita) of the
rural population in the state. According to a decision taken by the State
Government Rs. 12 per capita per annum out of the above grants is given
as the share of the Grama Panchayats. This amount is to be spent as a
pooled development fund combining it with the resources contributed by
the Grama Panchayats in the ratio of Rs.50 for every Rs. 100 received as
grants.
The
State
Government has
stipulated
that the
Grama
Panchayats must utilise these funds mainly for taking up works relating
to Water Supply and Sanitation.
Pioject Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept ol Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
62
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
CHAPTER-VI
AN APPROACH TO TOTAL VILLAGE SANITATION
6.0,
Background
Poor sanitation is one of the most visible signs of backwardness of
our villages. In most parts of the countiy, and in Karnataka, wherever
villages
consist of clusters
of dwelling houses
(as
distinct from
habitations with scattered houses in hilly areas) it is common to see
heaps of cow dung and garbage, pools and ditches with sullage and
stagnant water and sometimes-human excreta.
Most of the villages have no paving for the streets, which makes
them dusty during the dry season and slushy during the monsoons. The
interiors of the dwelling houses often present an unclean look on account
of the use of traditional cook stoves which emit a great deal of smoke.
Thus there are several aspects, which need to be addressed carefully to
promote integrated sanitation in the villages. The main problems to be
addressed in this regard would include the safe disposal of human
excreta, sullage and storm water drainage, removal of manure heaps
from the vicinity of dwelling houses, paving of internal roads and streets
and providing improved chullas to enable rural households to do their
cooking in a smokefree atmosphere.
Such an integrated approach to
rural sanitation has so far not been attempted in the State to bring about
a transformation in the physical environment of the villages.
6.1
THE PANCHASUTRAs OF RURAL SANITATION
In order to improve the environmental sanitation of the villages in
Karnataka, it is now proposed to adopt an integrated approach of Total
Sanitation for clean villages (Swachcha Grama) consisting of five
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rurai Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Slraiegy Paper 2000-2005
important elements
Pancha Sutras”.
The five elements of integrated
village sanitation strategy would include the following:
1) Paving of internal roads and streets in the village;
2) Construction of efficient sullage and storm water drainage:
3) Provision of community compost yards and removal of
manure pits from the dwelling areas of the village;
4) Provision of smokeless chullas / bio-gas for all households;
5) Construction of household latrines / group latrines with
individual ownership, community latrine complexes, and
institutional latrines in schools.
6.1.1 Paving of internal roads and streets:
Most villages in Karnataka which are located in the plains consist
of thick cluster of dwelling houses with a network of internal roads and
streets / lanes. These streets / lanes are usually very narrow with
adequate space only for the movement of bullock carts and cattle. Most
of these streets are unpaved and do not also have any surface treatment
like macadamising. Even though the surface of these streets / lanes may
be compacted by constant use they tend to become very dusty during the
dry months and slushy during the monsoons. Most villagers walk
barefoot on such roads, which makes it difficult for them to keep their
feet reasonably clean.
Promoting environmental sanitation in the villages would therefore
warrant provision of paving either by asphalting or by embedding stone
slabs to make the roads free from excessive dust and slush. This should
be done as per the requirements and keeping in view the locally available
materials in consultation with the village community. The community
involvement will ensure maintenance of the facilities in a sustainable
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 20()0-2()05
manner. If clean surfaces are provided for all the lanes and by-lanes with
finishes which are easily maintainable. it is likely to motivate the
villagers to keep the entire village clean. In order to ensue this, it is
proposed to provide Asphalt surface for all main roads, Mecadam /
gravel surface for all lanes, and granite stone slab / brick paving for all
by-lanes.
Macadam roads are provided for all lanes to facilitate
movement of Bullock carts with wheels having iron rims.
6.1.2 Sullage and Storm water drains:
The mere provision of paved roads in a village will not significantly
contribute to improving environmental sanitation unless there is a
network of sullage and storm water drains along the streets. In most
villages today, the sullage water is commonly let on to the streets, which
results in the streets remaining slushy and dirty most of the time. Pools
of such sullage also act as breeding places for mosquitoes further
endangering the health of the inhabitants.
The absence of storm water drains particularly in villages located
in clayey soils of Northern Karnataka makes the streets full of slush
during the monsoon season. Even where the local Panchayat has built
drains they are often poorly designed and constructed, without serving
their objective efficiently. Therefore, construction of properly designed
network of sullage and storm water drains (along with soak pits wherever
important
of promoting
integrated
village
necessary)
is
sanitation.
Construction of sullage and storm water drains shall be
an
part
linked to the paving / resurfacing of the streets.
The drains shall be so
designed that they shall finally lead off to a selected place outside the
village to prevent stagnation of wastewater in the village.
Where the local circumstances like the topography or the highly
scattered distribution of dwelling houses in the village do not permit
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
construction of a network drains in a cost effective manner, households
shall be provided with soak pits, if sufficient place is available within the
premises of their houses. They may also be educated and motivated to
develop kitchen gardens to utilise sullage water.
6.1.3 Community compost yards and removal of manure pits:
Rural households, who are mainly dependent on agriculture value
the manure derived from cow dung and garbage. Their lack of awareness
about the health hazards of insanitary manure dumps
and
the
inconvenience of transporting dung and garbage to their agricultural
land frequently has made them have dumps of dung and garbage on any
open space near their dwelling houses. The non-availability of earmarked
space for manure pits outside the village and lack of knowledge of
scientific composting have made these manure pits eyesores in every
village and resulted in poor and insufficient composting of valuable
organic wastes.
Improper / indiscriminate disposal of household solid waste,
garbage and cowdung is becoming breeding places for flies, insects, etc
attracting rodents. To prevent this health hazard, it is essential to design
a proper system disposal of all household solid waste to individual or
community compost pits.
Under the Total Village Sanitation approach, community compost
yards will be identified outside the dwelling areas of the village where
separate compost pits will be allotted to each household. The Gram
Panchayat will ensure that each household shifts its manure dump to
the allotted area in the community compost yards. The Gram Panchayats
will also be enabled to acquire lands for community compost yards
wherever common lands are not available for the purpose.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Papei 2()()0-2()()5
In this arrangement, each household could have their designated
bins/pits at a common location at a reasonable distance from the village.
The villagers would transport their household collections by means of
cart/trolley etc. and utilise the composted manure from their pits after a
period of time.
It would be useful to have people trained in scientific
composting of manure to make the new compost yards a profitable
experiment for the users.
6.1.4 Smokeless Chullas / Bio-gas plants:
Rural households commonly use bio fuels like fuel wood, cowdung
cakes, etc., for cooking. These fuels emit large quantities of smoke, which
makes
the
domestic
environment in
the
rural
households
very
unhealthy. Poor ventilation in the dwelling houses combined with the use
of smoke emitting fuels in the kitchen cause upper respiratoiy infections
and conjunctivitis particularly among women and children. Widespread
incidence of upper respiratory infections among women children is a
cause for concern in the rural areas. Hence, as a first step, it is
important to take preventive measures by promoting smokeless Chulhas
(wood burning stoves) in every rural household.
Specially designed smokeless chullas with chimneys are being
provided under the National Programme for Improved Chullas, which is
being implemented by the Department of Rural Development and
Panchayat Raj. The new rural sanitation strategy will integrate the
promotion of smokeless chullas with the other elements of Integrated
Village Sanitation. Every village covered under the programme will be
converted into a smokeless village with each house being provided with
an appropriate smokeless chulla or wherever feasible, a biogas plant.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
6.2
Construction of Latrines:
One of the essential elements of the Total Village Sanitation will be
to promote use of latrines by the people in the villages. Specially
designed latrines suitable for different areas of the State will be promoted
so that rural households can adopt use of latrines as an integral part of
their lives. This component of the Panch Sutra strategy will be
implemented in four wa vs.
Promoting twin pit hand pour flush household latrines.
Promoting twin pit hand
pour flush group latrines with
individual ownership.
e
Promoting community latrine complex.
Promoting institutional latrines (school sanitation, etc.).
6.2.1 Household Latrines
Household latrines will be promoted in all the houses, which have
minimum space to construct a twin pit pour flush latrine or a single pit
pour flush latrine if the space available with the user households is not
sufficient for construction of a twin pit latrine. As an integral part of the
Total Village Sanitation Programme, the Grama Panchayat will take the
following measures to promote household latrines in the villages.
1. All households which have minimum space shall construct
household latrines.
2. All new houses being built in the village shall have an attached
household latrine. Wherever old houses are reconstructed, such houses
shall also construct a household latrine.
3. Houses constructed under ‘Ashraya’ and other housing
schemes for weaker sections of the society or in submersion /
rehabilitation areas shall be constructed with household latrines.
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2(HH)-2()05
6.2.2 Group Latrines With Individual Ownership
It is also essential to promote group latrines built on public sites
with individual ownership for rural households who do not have
minimum space to construct household latrines near their houses.
Group Latrines will be promoted with suitable design wherever land is
available with gram panchayat or where villagers donate land near the
houses of people willing to take up ownership with maintenance
responsibility of such latrines. This model will have a minimum ol five
latrines in a row. The design of this model will be made available to all
GPs.
6.2.3 Community Latrine Complex
Promotion of household latrines has not been possible in many
villages, especially in northern Karnataka for the following reasons:-
1. Lack of space
2. Closely built clusters of houses
3. Non-affordability among poorest of the poor.
4. Unsuitability of the site due to rocky strata or waterlogging.
5. Unwillingness of people to have latrines located next to or
within their houses.
Though the community is aware of the advantages of household
latrine, because of the reasons as above, they are unable to construct
latrines of their own. Hence, it is essential to promote community latrine
complexes in the villages in order to promote Total Village Sanitation.
However, it is necessary to ensure that these complexes are properly
maintained if they have to be useful to the community on a sustainable
basis. The Gram Panchayats will therefore have to be made responsible
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2O()O-2()O5
lor ensuring regular water supply as well as proper maintenance of the
Community Complexes. If necessary, users will have to be motivated to
pay a minimum charge for using the latrines, either twice a year or once
a year according to their capacity, so that pay and use concept is
inculcated in their minds. The user charges to be collected may be
decided in the Grama Sabha. The GP may allow women and children as
well as the poorest of the poor to use the toilet without charging.
During local fairs and festivals, the GP will make elaborate
arrangements to provide the required number of temporary toilets with
adequate water supply to prevent any health hazard and out break of
gastro-enteritis cases during or after fairs and festivals.
6.2.4 Institutional Latrine
Latrine facilities in village institutions, such as Gram Panchayaths.
Anganwadis,
Schools and co-operative societies,
etc.
in turn will
influence the members of these institutions to promote household
latrines in their respective houses. However, these institutions should
ensure proper use and maintenance of latrines by providing adequate
water and regular cleaning.
6.2.5 School Sanitation Programme
The school health education programme enables the students to
learn desirable health and hygiene practices.
School children who are
used to better sanitation practices at school will be able to cany the
message to their families and their communities. It is thus a good
strategy to promote rural sanitation by creating awareness and imparting
knowledge to the school children about the following:-
•
Advantages of latrine sanitation, and the proper use and maintenance
of latrines.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()0-2()05
«
Importance of personal hygiene.
«
Developing the school garden.
•
Holding periodical hygiene awareness jathas and shramadans.
There are about 46,900 primaiy schools in the State with about
82.00 lakhs children in the age group of 5 to 13 years.
The State is
contemplating provision of facilities for School Sanitation in at least 2000
schools per year starting with 2000-2001.
In order to promote school sanitation schools in the villages will be
provided with the required number of latrines and urinals separately for
boys and girls. The Gram Panchayats will construct the School latrine
complex in all Higher Primaiy and Higher Secondary Schools.
The
school authorities will ensure the proper use and maintenance of these
facilities with the active involvement of the teachers and students. The
periodical repairs will be carried out by GP/TP/ZP. The Chief Executive
Officer. Z.P. will make necessary arrangements through the concerned
Deputy Director of Public Instruction of the District to ensure that all
private educational institution also construct the required number of
latrines and urinals with regular water supply facilities and ensure their
proper use and maintenance.
Apart from providing toilet facilities to the students, it is also
essential to create awareness on desirable personal hygiene practices
and encourage students to adopt the same. Sanitary conditions in the
campus are to be improved by engaging students in maintenance of a
school garden. The Zilla Panchayath shall provide necessary assistance
through the Horticulture and Forest Departments.
6.3
RURAL SANITARY MART
The demand for household latrines has been veiy encouraging
under the Nirmala Grama Yojana and in all the externally aided projects.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 200()-2(Kh
1 he pi ogress achieved in implementation of the NGY is also an indicator
of the gradual acceptance of household sanitary latrines in the rural
aieas. Women in particular are encouraged to use these because of the
piivacy they lacked so far. This attitudinal change has occurred because
ol an intensive IEC campaign. In order to meet the demand generated the
tequired materials should be made available for constructing household
latiines in time and at an affordable price, when the interest is still fresh
in the minds ol the willing households to construct a sanitary latrine.
Local institutions such as the Primary Agricultural co-operative societies,
Taluk Agricultural Produce Co-operative Marketing Societies, NGOs,
CBOs, Self Help Groups, Mahila Swasthya Sanghas, DWACRA groups,
etc may be encouraged to open Rural Sanitaiy Marts wherever necessaiy.
6.4
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
6.4.1 Dustbins
Increasing urbanisation has created problems of Solid waste
disposal in rural areas too and it needs to be arrested before it assumes
alarming proportions. Therefore, dustbins need to be provided according
io the requirement of the village. These dustbins shall be placed at
appi opriate places in consultation with the local community. The
dustbins will be utilised by the petty shopkeepers, and households for
disposing non-bio degradable waste such as plastic items, tins, bottles
< tc. Such households who do not own livestock and who may not opt for
manuie pits will in particular require the facility of dustbins to dispose of
waste material.
The
GPs
will
ensure
that
eveiy
household
disposes
of
biodegradable household waste in the compost yard and non-bio
degradable waste to dust bins. The GPs will also make necessary
Pmjeci Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper
arrangements for regular cleaning of dustbins to prevent possible health
hazards.
6.4.2 Washing Platforms
Women washing clothes and men cleaning domestic animals at
public water points are very common sights in the villages. Such
unhealthy practices cause water-borne diseases, which are almost
endemic in certain areas due to stagnation of water and cesspools. In
black cotton soil areas, even to collect water for drinking and cooking
becomes difficult around water collection points. In order to avoid this
undesirable practice, adequate number of washing platforms will be
provided along with small water storage tanks and proper lead off to the
drain.
6.5
I.E.C. FOR ATTITUDINAL CHANGE
Even though the demand for latrines from rural households has
increased in Karnataka during the last few years, a great deal of
attitudinal change is still required to get a majority of the rural
households to adopt latrine sanitation. Total village sanitation, however,
encompasses many other habits and attitudes of people beyond the mei e
use of latrines.
A large scale and sustained. I.E.C. campaign, will be
necessary to not only increase peoples awareness and knowledge about
various aspects of sanitation, but also to create an effective demand foi
these services so that the people value the facilities adequately to
contribute part of the capital cost and take responsibility for their future
maintenance. The cooperation of the people in the villages will need to
be mobilised for shifting of manure pits and for making other saciifices
to
facilitate
construction
of drains,
paving of roads,
etc.
The
Panchayaths will need to enforce certain standard sanitation practices in
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Kural Waler Supply and Saniialion in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()(K)-?()()5
the village if the environmental sanitation in the village is to be
sustained. This will require I.E.C. strategies applied over a period of
time.
Karnataka
Governmental
has
considerable
Organisations
for
experience
Health.
the
use
of Non
Sanitation
and
Hygiene
in
education in the rural areas. In all the three externally aided projects in
the sector of rural water supply and sanitation, the services of NGOs has
been used for the purpose to vaiying degrees.
A detailed strategy for
conducting I.E.C. campaigns involving NGOs and Grama Panchayats
needs to be worked out to make Total Village Sanitation a success.
6.6
CAPITAL COST CONTRIBUTION AND MAINTENANCE :
The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act provides that creation and
maintenance of Rural Sanitation facilities in rural areas shall be the
responsibility of Gram Panchayats. Therefore, the GPs shall be made the
focal point for implementation of the Village Sanitation measures. The
GPs shall be responsible for planning, implementation, project fund
management and maintenance of sanitation facilities in the villages. The
programme for total village sanitation on the lines of Panchasutras is to
be implemented with the active participation of the village communities
concerned.
In order to create a sense a ownership of the assets created and to
make the GPs and user communities responsible for maintenance, it is
pioposed that the GPs and the user communities share the capital cost
of the project. The Gram Panchayats will serve as institutions mobilising
people s participation not only in terms of sharing the cost of the
programme but also in terms of taking up the full responsibility for the
maintenance of the facilities created.
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()()0-2()()5
CHAPTER-VII
IMPLEMENTING TOTAL VILLAGE SANITATION
7.0
THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS
As indicated earlier, the major responsibility for implementing the
Panchasutra approach to total sanitation is to be shouldered by the
Grama Panchayats. keeping in view the need ’ >r adopting a participatory
and demand responsive approach.
Only su
to take up the responsibility for mobi1
i GPs which come forward
mg the communities for the
implementation of the project will be selected for the programme.
•
The GP passes a resolution to adopt Panchasutras for total sanitation
in one or more of its villages;
•
The GP registers its request for inclusion in the programme with the
Zilla Panchayat along with a deposit of a prescribed amount ;
•
The GP passes a resolution, after consulting the Grama Sabha of the
village concerned, agreeing to collect taxes and user charges to meet
the full cost of the maintenance of the facilities created;
•
The GP agrees to arrange for periodical maintenance of the sanitation
facilities including the daily maintenance of community latrines,
weekly cleaning of the paved streets, and monthly maintenance of
sullage and storm water drains;
•
The GP agrees to maintain the public stand posts of piped water
supply and other water points to prevent any stagnation of water
around them and get the water from every source analysed for
chemical and bacterial contamination at least twice every year;
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanilation in Karnaiaka : Strategy Paper 2()()O-2OO5
The GP agrees to enforce a regulation to prevent, the location of any
manure pits/manure dumps within specified limits of the dwelling
area of the village and agrees to have all existing manure dumps
shifted outside such limits; and
*
TH GP prepares a detailed budget for meeting expenditure on
maintenance of facilities created under the Panchasutra, like the
roads, drains, community latrines and compost yards.
7.1
ORDER OF PRIORITY :
A demand responsive approach to select GPs and habitations
within the selected GPs will be followed. A self-selection process based on
transparent eligibility and prioritisation criteria shall be developed and
followed for the purpose. Preference will be given to larger habitations
facing special problems of sanitation like water logging, high incidence of
communicable diseases etc.
7.2
PREPARATION OF TOTAL VILLAGE SANITATION PROJECTS :
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY :
The GPs shall be responsible for planning the Total Village
Sanitation Projects (TVSP). The Zilla Panchayats (ZPs) shall provide the
I!
lequiied technical assistance to the GPs in the preparation of the
projects. The Zilla Panchayat Engineering Division shall be strengthened
and
trained
in different methods of design,
quality control
preparation of project reports. The services of agencies
like
and
the
Karnataka Land Army Corporation can also be made use of for the
purpose. Private sector consultants and technical education institutions
will be involved in providing technical support to Grama Panchayats.
These agencies are to act as technical assistance partners to Grama
Projcci Planning and Monitoring Unit. Depl of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnaiaka
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
Panchayats who are to assume the responsibility of implementing the
rural sanitation projects. Grama Panchayats will decide on the choice of
technology and level of sanitation service they are willing to finance. The
Government will however prescribe a capita and per Grama Panchayat
ceiling on budgetary support along with a time limit for implementing the
project.
7.3
PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
The master plan proposes to promote and facilitate participation of
the NGOs and
the private sector and to enable Panchayat Raj
institutions and the user community groups to assume the lead role in
decision-making.
The
Grama
Panchayats
will
be
responsible
for
planning, construction and maintenance of facilities with the technical
support of Zilla Panchayats / KLAC. The Grama Panchayats will
empower user, groups (Village Water and Sanitation Committees -
VWSCs) to perform the above functions as necessary.
There will be a TVS Committee at the district level to monitor the
implementation of the programme. Once a Grama Panchayat is selected
for the programme by fulfilling the prescribed conditions, the TVSP
committee of the Zilla Panchayat will designate a Project Support Agency
(PSA) to assist the Grama Panchayat in planning and executing the TVSP
in the habitation concerned. Such PSA, which may be a technical
institution, a NGO or the KLAC, will then prepare detail plans and
estimates for the TVSP in the villages identified by the Grama Panchayat
following a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise. The plans shall
then be discussed in the Panchayat meeting and in the Gram Sabha and
any modifications required shall be effected in the light of such
discussions. The above meeting will also confirm the willingness of the
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayal Raj, Govt of Karnataka
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Rurai W aler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()0()-20()5
village committees to abide by the conditions of cost sharing and taking
over the responsibility lor the maintenance of the facilities.
The GP will then deposit at least 50% of the agreed community
contribution with TVSP fund of the Zilla Panchayat. The TVSP plans and
estimates shall be then scrutinised by the TVSP Cell of the Zilla
Panchayat for technical approval. After such technical approval is
accorded, the*Zilla Panchayat will release
the 1st instalment of the
estimated cost to the GPs. All project funds shall be released by the Zilla
Panchayats to the Grama Panchayats in instalments. The Grama
Panchayats would be responsible for management of the project funds
including expenditure and accounting. The Zilla Panchayat shall ensure
that adequate checks and balances are prescribed for proper utilisation
of the funds. The PSA will assist the GP in getting the works executed by
providing technical supervision and by certifying the works carried out.
As far as possible, the works will be executed in the following sequence.
1. installation of smokeless chulhas;
2. identification of sites for community compost yards and
notice to shift manure pits;
3. shifting of manure pits to community compost yards;
4. identification of sites for construction of community latrines;
5. construction of community and institutional latrines;
6. construction of household latrines;
7. construction of drains;
8. paving of internal roads/streets.
The PSA will be paid such service charges as may be fixed by the
TVSP committee of the Zilla Panchayat. The PSA will also be responsible
for motivating and training the village communities and conduct
IEC
activities to ensure sustainability of the facilities created.
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
7.4
CAPITAL
COST
SHARI NCx
AND
OPERATION
AND
MAINTENANCE :
The programme of Total Village Sanitation on the lines of
Panchasutras is to be implemented with the active participation of village
communities concerned.
The Gram Panchayats will serve as the
institutions mobilising people’s participation not only in terms of sharing
the cost of the programme but also in terms of taking up the full
responsibility for the maintenance of the facilities created. In order to
create a sense a ownership of the assets created and to make the GPs
and user communities responsible for maintenance, it is proposed that
the GPs and the user communities share the capital cost of the project as
follows :
7.5
Gram Panchayats -
10 % of the project cost
User Community -
5 % of the project cost
Project Finance
85 % Of the project cost
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT - ESTIMATING PER CAPITA COSTS
In order to arrive at the likely per capita capital cost of investment
for two main components of the Panchasutra Strategy, namely, the
paving of internal roads and construction of the drains, the works
executed in a sample of 134 villages of Mysore and Mandya Districts
were taken for a study. These villages are covered under the World Bank
Assisted Integrated Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
Project. The actual length of roads and lanes in these villages as available
from the village layout maps was measured and quantified. The cost per
unit of length of road was worked out base on the prevailing schedule of
rates of the year 1999-2000.
A random study of village maps reveals
that the normal percentage of main roads (asphalt roads) in a village
works out to around 30% and the lanes (Macadam roads) to around 30%
and 10% for paving of by-lanes Since these works are proposed for
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt ol Karnataka
7
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
execution from the year 2001 onwards, 10% escalation is added @ 5%
pei year. The details of calculation and data may be seen at AnnexureXIII. The expected average per capita cost towards this component of
Panchasuthra works out to Rs.287.00.
Adopting a similar approach, the actual length of drains in these
villages as available from the village layout maps
was measured and
quantified. Only two types of drains were taken into consideration. One
with size stone masonry to serve as the trunk main and the other with
Pi e cast concrete ’’U” shaped drains of varying sizes from 15 inches to 24
inches depth to serve as house and street drains respectively. Rates for
these items have been worked out based on the prevailing schedule of
rates. A random study of villages reveals that out of the overall length of
drains in a village, the requirement of Pre cast concrete “U” shaped
drains would come to about 70% and that of size stone masonry drains
to about 30%.
The estimates are prepared on the above lines for 134 villages so
as to cover all the streets in a village. These estimates are based on
actual prevailing costs worked out by adopting schedule of rates of the
year 1999-2000. Since these works are proposed for execution from the
year 2001 onwards, 10% escalation is added. The details of calculation
and data may be seen at Annexure-XIV. The expected average per capita
capital cost towards the sullage and storm water drains works out to
Rs.626.24.
7.5.1 Manure Pits :
In calculating the cost of providing alternative manure pits, it is
assumed that an average land area of 10’ X 10’ (100 sq.ft.)
would be
required for depositing the solid waste generated from a rural household
for the purpose of converting it into compost. About 40% of the land area
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Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2005
in the Community Compost Yard needs to be earmarked towards bunds,
pathways etc. The average cost of land per acre is assumed as Rs.40.000
per acre (Rs. 100.000 per hectare) which is generally the prevailing
market rate near the village in dry areas. Further, about 25% of the cost
is taken towards development charges like formation of pits, fencing etc.
The per capita capital cost towards this component of Panchasutra
is calculated as follows :
A
Area required per household
100 sq ft.
B
1 Acre =
43,560 sq ft.
C
60% of area per acre to be utilised for compost 26,136 sq ft.
yards, leaving 40% for bunds, pathways etc.
C=B x .6
D
No. of households to be accommodated in 1 Acre
261
D=C / A (whole number is taken)
E
Cost of land per Acre
Rs.40,000
F
25% towards development charges (F=E x .25)
Rs. 10,000
Cost of developed land per Acre (G=E+F)
Rs. 50,000
H
Capital cost per household (H=G/D)
Rs. 191.60
I
Capital cost per capita (5 persons per household)
I=H/5
Rs.38.32
7.6
PER CAPITA COST
The approximate per capita costs of various components of the
programme are estimated on the basis of the assumptions explained
below:
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Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()0()-2()(i5
7.6.1 Lane Paving
«
Per capita capitaL cost of Rs 287.00 as indicated by the sample
data for the Northern maidan and the Southern Maidan areas.
It is expected that this will increase to about Rs.400 per capita
due to better quality paving proposed.
In the Malnad area, the requirement is reduced to 60% because
of different terrain conditions.
•
In Coastal areas, the requirement is expected to be not more
than 30% as the housing pattern is significantly different.
•
10 % facilities exist presently.
7.6.2 Drains -
•
Per capita capital cost of Rs 626.24 as indicated by the sample
data for the Northern maidan and the Southern Maidan areas.
This is proposed to be limited to Rs.500 by adopting cost
effective designs.
•
In the Malnad area, the requirement is reduced to 60% because
of different terrain conditions.
In Coastal areas, the requirement is expected to be not more
than 30% as the housing pattern is significantly different.
•
25 % facilities exist presently.
7.6.3 Manure Pits -
•
Per household capital cost of Rs 191.6 as calculated.
•
Approximately
component.
40%
(The
households
number
of
only
may
agricultural
opt
for
this
labourers
and
cultivators is 40% of rural population)
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
82
Rural Waler Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()00-2()05
7.6.4 Household Latrines o
A subsidy of Rs. 2000 for Below Poverty Line (BPL) households
and Rs. 1200 for Above Poverty Line (APL) households.
o
A Target Coverage of 50%.
©
Current coverage level is 10%.
50% of household latrines constructed in the Master Plan for
BPL households and remaining 50% for APL households. Hence
an average subsidy of Rs. 1600 is disbursed.
7.6.5 Community Latrines -
Unit cost of Rs. 1.00,000.
•
One Unit per habitation. Larger habitations may require more
than one unit whereas smaller habitations may not require or
demand any. Existing facilities in some villages may only
require rehabilitation.
7.6.6 School Sanitation Programme
Unit cost of Rs. 1,00,000.
•
One Unit per habitation. Larger habitations may require more
%
than one unit whereas smaller habitations may not require.
Existing facilities in many schools / villages may only require
rehabilitation.
Facilities
created
in
recent
years
by
the
Education department may reduce the requirement.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
83
■
Rural_Way.r Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka : Slraicgy Paper 2000-2005
7.6.7 Institutional Support / IEC -
Unit cost of Rs.50,000 per habitation
• The amount is to be utilised for incurring expenditure towards
the fees to be paid to Project Support agency, consultancy
charges of private consultants / NGOs, strengthening the GPs,
administrative cost and conducting IEC campaign.
On the basis of the above assumptions the average per capita cost
ol the Total Village Sanitation with a Panchasutra approach would work
out to about Rs. 1216.00. Thus, for an average village with about 500
households, the approximate cost of sanitation works out to Rs.30.40
Lakhs. The item-wise typical per capita and per village calculations (for a
village of 500 households) are shown below:
SI.No.
i
7
7
7
Sanitation Components
Per Capita (Rs.)
Per Village (Rs. In
lakhs)
Lane paving
400.00
10.00
Drains
500.00
12.50
Manure Pits
20.00
0.50
Household Latrines subsidy
160.00
4.00
1600X250
5
Improved Chulhas subsidy for
500 households
20.00
0.50
6
Community Latrines
40.00
1.00
School Sanitation
40.00
1.00
Institutional Support/ IEC
20.00
0.50
7
7
TOTAL
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit, Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
30.00
84
Rural Waler Supply and Sanilalion in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2000-2.005
7.7
PHASING OF THE PROGRAMME :
Total Village Sanitation with the Panchasutra approach represents
a major expansion of the scope and dimension of the State’s efforts to
promote rural sanitation and would involve per capita investments in the
sector on unprecedented scale. It is therefore, both inevitable and
desirable that it is implemented in a phased manner with a substantial
number of the State’s villages tackled in the first phase of about five
years to make a perceivable impact on the quality of life in the rural
areas of the State.
Such an impact can be created best by improving
conditions in the villages with somewhat larger populations.
Also, the
villages need to be spread out in all parts of the village for the
demonstration effect to result in a change in the life styles of the rural
people.
Keeping the above factors in view, the State can realistically aim at
a sanitation services coverage of about thirty per cent of the ruial
population in a period of five years commencing with the year 2000-2001
which can be the first phase of the programme. At the end of the first
phase in the year 2005-2006. the State will have about fifty per cent of
the rural population with access t rural sanitation ( at least latiine
sanitation ) taking into account more than ten per cent of the population
who already have access to sanitation and those who will acquire these
facilities by their own efforts without any investment from the State.
Thus, if about 30 to 33 per cent of the rural population (about 12
millions) have to be provided with sanitation services at a per capita cost
of about Rs. 1,500. the total investments will be of the order of about
Rs. 1,800 crores.
(Details at Annexure-XV) These investments will have
to be made in about 6000 villages of about 2000 population on the
average. This would also mean that the Total Sanitation Package could
be implemented at least in one village in every Grama Panchayat in the
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
85
Rural Waicr Supply and Sanilaiion in Karnataka : Strategy Paper 2()00-2()()5
State,
assuming that
the Panchayat
seeks
to
participate
in
the
piogramme by fulfilling the conditions stipulated for the purpose. The
lemaining villages in the State could be considered for inclusion in the
pi ogi anime in the second and subsequent phases after the year 20062007.
Even though on the face of it. the programme of Total Village
Sanitation looks ambitious, it should be appreciated that the level of
investments proposed, about Rs. 360 crores per year is both feasible and
necessaiy. It is possible to mobilise about fifteen per cent of these
investments from the communities and the Grama Panchayaths and the
remaining eighty five per cent needs to be funded by the State.
Such a
level of investment in rural sanitation, amounting to about Rs. 300
croies per year appears realistic, particularly in the context of the State
government having already decided to invest Rs.200 crores on the
programme during 2000-2001 with financial assistance of about Rs. 160
crores obtained from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation
(HUDCO). Another Rs. 40 crores is to be mobilised partly from the rural
communities and partly as direct budgetaiy support from the State
Government.
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit. Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
86
ANNEXURE-I
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF KARNATAKA
vaunt
c
r Judas'
yyyanr...
'^ttnRU
r*
wry**
.1:.
7
«
■wmwp
xLuX
£sr
L--
-.
7TZ
v_ ■
>
I - Vf^vrt V-
COASTAL
' MALNAD
£_.l
A
U»
NORTHERN MAIDAN
SOUTHERN MAIDAN
II A
87
ANNEXURE4I
I
sCARSNUTAKA
®E'OL£»®r
!
8®W
’i.'3
s^^x.
TlCi ?i:,-j:-7
8^^
'
•
tr.-n*
0^ Rters.t.-.
*CsP,S;t,-5rjt
'§^8?
y.^-A
’w^txsilrj
153 yc“.:rt-TO O:r?
Cisrap^^A.
5-«i
:T-?.n
CJrC'i^S-
wws
®I®SSS
vj = '^c:
r*
>
*
V
V1®sagS
9WGJ5A
3«
ANNEX - III
!
STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT OF THE TALUKS
WHICH ARE CONSIDERED AS CRITICAL
Region
Dark Taluks
District
Grey Taluks
(>65% to <85° .|
HI
(>85 o/o)
(2)
(II
The Coastal
• 1
Dakshina
1
Banwal
Kannada
2.
.'iuiva
1
Hassan
I.
Channarayapam i
1
Belgaum
1. Chikkodi
1. Athani
2. Hukkcri
2.
Plains
The Main ad
(31
1.
Belt hangadi
1.
Arasikerc
Intermediate Thinks
l>50'’.<»
to -'6.”)'
151
Puttnr
Region
The Northern
Maidan
i
1. Belgaum
Bailhongal
2. Gokak
3. Raibagh
4. Soundathi
2
Bcllarv
1. H.B. Hallv
1.
H. Hadacali
2. k'udligi
3. Bidar
4 Bijapur
1. Indi
1.
Bidar
1.
1.
Bagewadi
1. Mudhol
Humnabad
2. Jamkhandi
3. Sindhaei
5 Koppal
1. Kustagi
1.
Koppal
2. Yelburga
6 Bagalkot
7
I.
Haveri
Bagalkot
I. Hirrkerm
2. Ranibrrrti'
3. I lavert
8 Gadag
rh'* Simind i;
i
Bangalore (Urban
Plains
2
I. Naraguib I
Bangalore (Rural)
3 Chit radurga
Anrkal
2
Bangalore North
3.
Bangalore South
I )<kIdaballapm
2.
Ra manattar
I
Challakere
I
I hnx u r
2
Chit radurga
2
Jagalur
3
M a 1 a k a I n n 111
1. Channapatna
2.
Devanahalh
3.
Ilosakote
Kolar
J
.■ I
1. Chikkaballapur
1. Ch in ta man i
1. Bagepall:
2. Kolar
2. Gowi ibidanur
2. Bangarp< i
3. Ma In r
3. Mnlbagal
3. Gudibandr
4. Sidlaghana
5. Srinivasapui
5. Tumkur
1. Gnbbi
1 . Koratagere
1 • C. N. Hall
2. Madhugir:
2. Kunigal
2. Pavagad;.
3. Tiptur
3. Sira
Tumkur
Turu\e|,-Arc
6. Davanagerc
I. Davanagc-'-
7. Chamarajanagar
2. Channag,r i
1. Kollegal
I. Chainarajanagar
1. Yelandur
9o
i
ANNEXURE - IV
Rainfall and Forest Area in Karnataka
•I
Geographical
Area
(sq kms)
Normal
Rainfall
(mm)
1 'Dakshina Kannada
4,843.00
3,975
2,894.97
2 Udipi
3,598.00
4,119
2,150.76
59.78%
3 jUttara Kannada
10,291.00
2,835
8,291.51
80.57%
Region Total
18,732.00
3,643
13,337.24
71.20%
4 'Kodagu
4.102.00
2,718
1,234.12
30.09%
5 Hassan
6.814.00
1.031
541.07
7.94%
6 jChjkkamagalur
7^201.00
2,179.08
30.26%
7 | Shimoga
8,465.00
1,925
1,664
2,662.45
31.45%
26,582.00
1,835
6,616.72
24.89°/o
5,448.00
847
482.31
8.85%
9 Gulbarga
_16,224.00
777
1,137.85
7.01%
10 Raichur
631
432.29
7.78%
11 Koppal
5,559.00
8,458^00
572
657.73
12 Bellary
8,419.00
636
1,485.11
7.78%
17.64%
13 Bijapur
10,475.00
578
505.86
4.83%
14 Bagalkot
6,592.00
562
318.34
4.83%
15 Dharwad
4,230.00
772
418.49
9.89%
16 Gadag
4,657.00
612
460.74
■ 9.89%
17 Haveri
4,851.00
753
479.93
9.89%
18 [Belgaum______
13,415.00
Region Total
88,328.00
808
686
2,228.65
C, 607.30
16.61%
9.74%
19 Davangere
6,018.00
649
1,260.27
20.94%
20 Chitradurga
8,388.00
573
1.207.87
14.40%
21 Tumkur
10,598.00
688
866.90
8.18%
22 Bangalore (U)
2,190.00
867
319.69
14.60%
23 Bangalore (R)
5L815.00
817
848.86
14.60%
24 Kolar
8,223.00
744
1,039.41
12.64%
25 Mandya
4,961.00
700
193.79
3.91%
26 Mysore
6,269.00
782
2.164.02
27 Chamarajanagar
5,685.00
751
1,962.43
34.52%
34.52%
58,147.00
730
9,863.24
16.96%,
191,789.00
1,199
38,424.50
20.03%
District
CD
DC
05
uo
cd
cd
Q
o
O
(D
cd
c
cd
CD
JZ
Region Total
8 Bidar
(f)
c.
\d
CL
c
CD
_£Z
6
z
CD
i—
cn
z
\d
CL
c
CD
_Z
■4—•
o
(f)
CD
H
Region Total
State Total
Forest Area
(sq kms)
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka.
»
j
% of Forest
Area
L_
i
59.78%
91
ANNEXURE- V
Villages. Hamlets and Total Habitations in Karnataka
c
o
'cn
Q
05
(J)
05
O
District
1 'Dakshina Kannada
cc _2 lUdipi
CD
'JZ
CD
R
3,137
3,657
3901
3 [Uttara Kannada
4,376
5640
Region Total
1,879
10.799
12,678
291
2,369
1,021_
1,440
282
573
1,531
3900
2,345
_ 3366
2,984
4424
5,121
7,142
12,263
225
812
1,001
2296
16 Gadag________
17 Haveri
18 Belgaum
587
1,295
808
588
517
639
608
455
307
582
1,138
Region Total
7,524
5 |Hassan
6 iChikkamagalur
7 iShimoga
Region Total
8 ;Bidar
9 iGulbarga
10 Raichur
CZ)
c
11 |Koppal
Q_
c
12J Bellary
o
13 IBijapur
o
z
14 iBagalkot
(1>
I—
15 Dharwad
19 • Davangere
20 jChitradurga
21... j-------------------Tumkur ------------Q_
_c
•4—•
o
co
CD
H
Number of
Habitations
__iZ66
4 iKodagu
r~
cC
No. of Hamlets
371
244
1,264
CD
Q
No. of Villages
22 Bangalore (U)
23 Bangalore (R)
24 Kolar
25 Mandya
26 Mysore
27 IChamarajana gar
Region Total
State Total
786
932
2,537
681
1,713
2,889
J_,365
1,203
446
__ 121
_1£11
709
___ 651
1168
289
928
____ 26
634
____ 39
494
____ 43
350
48
630
368
3,222
1506
10,746
298
1084
437
1369
2,947
5484
604
1,681
1285
3394
853
3742
508
731
1873
384
1934
830
12,552
8,443
20,995
27,076
29,606
56,682
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka.
92
ANNEXURE - VI
POPULATION 1991 CENSUS : KARNATAKA
Population 1991 Census
- .2
Total
Rural
Rural %
SC
SC %
ST
ST% i
1,633,392
1,115,818'
68.31%
114,272
7.00%
64,493
3.95%
2 - Udipi
1,060,872
815,852!
76.90%
61,276
5.78%
41.666
3.93%
3 'Uttara Kannada
1,220,260
925,744
75.86%
91,990
7 54%
10,168
0.83f C
Region Total
3,914,524
2,857,414
73.00%
267,538
6.83%
116.327
2.97%
Kodagu
488,455
410,514!
84.04%
59,009
12.08%
40,312
8.25%
5 ; Hassan
1,569,684
1,296,962]
82.63%
273,379
17.42%
16,581
1.06%
6 'Chikkamagalur
1,017,283
845,422]
83.11%
195,852
19.25%
26,534
2.6 I %
7 ;Shimoga
1,452,259
981,171j
67.56%
236,526: 16.29%
.32,948
2.27%
78.05%
764,766
16.89%
116,375
2.57%
1
1
03
8
------ j
District
Dakshina Kannada
S
05
«
4
T3
05
C
CD
H
------------------------k
3,534,069
Region Total
4,527,681
8
Bidar
1,255,798
1,010,095)
80.43%
260,033: 20.71%
104,215
8.30%
9
Gulbarga
2,582,169
1,972,3661
76.38%
610,641
23.65%
106,935
4.14%
10 Raichur
1,351,809
249,148, 18.43%
120,444
8.91%
11 Koppal
958,078
1,019,7581 75.44%
810,007? 84.54%
15.53%
59,828!
6.24%
12 IBellary
1,656,000
1,125,746]
67.98%
311,252; 18.80%
147,869'
8.93%
13 IBijapur
1,533,448
1,234,015!
80.47%
291,513
19.01%
17,360
1.13%
14 :Bagalkot
1,394,542
1,005,229
72.08%
218,349' 15.66%
22,175
1.59%
15 .Dharwad
1,374,895
652,726
47.47%
124,6451
9.07%
23,396;
1.70%
16 ,Gadag
859,042
561,085
65.32%
118,850
13.84%
20,534'
2.39%
17 IHaveri
1,269,213
1,065,448
83.95%
167,004] 13.16%
61,169'
4.82%
18 iBelgaum
3,583,606
2,741,820
76.51%
406,955] 11.36%
83,076
2.32%
17,818,600
13,198,295
74.07%
16.32%
767,001
4.30%
19 iDavangere
1,559,222
1,118,714!
71.75%
302,344 i 19.39%
155,600
9.98%
20 iChitradurga
1,312,717
1,095,247]
83.43%
285,621; 21.76%
222,763' 16.97%
21 jTumkur
2,305,819
1,923,656]
83.43%
408,524] 17.72%
167,632
7.27%
22 (Bangalore (U)
4,839,162
669,909
13.84%
711,7751 14.71%
53,631 ]
1.11%
23 'Bangalore (R)
1,673,194
1,369,908
81.87%
326,599J 19.52%
24 i Kolar
2,216,889
1,699,906
76.68%
570,400! 25.73%
49,305' 2.95%
----------- —
153,019! 6.90%
25 Mandya
1,644,374
1,377,5701
83.77%
226,626 i 13.78%
11,936]
0.73%
26 (Mysore
2,281,653
1,465,0341
64.21%
391,780! 17.17%
63,399;
2.78%
883,365
759,690
86.00%
206,141 i 23.34%
38,703]
4.38%
18,716,395
11,479,634
61.33%
3,429,810] 18.33%
915,988
4.89%
44,977,200
31,069,412]
69.08%
7,369,279] 16.38%
1,915,691
4.26%
—;---------------- l
148,775
c
CL
c
CD
t
o
Z
CD
_C
H
Region Total
(Z)
c
CL
c
CD
£23
O
CA)
CD
H
27 (Chamarajanagar
Region Total
State Total
2,907,165
53
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka.
ANNEXURE » V!
POPULATION 1991 CENSUS : KARNATAKA
CD
05
District
(T
05
O
03
0)
o<
_c
TJ
05
c
0)
-C
I-
I
Population 1991 Census
o
Rural
1
Dakshina Kannada
2
3
Urban
Male
Female
I
Main
Marginal
Non
Workers
Workers
Workers
1 = 115,818
517.574
808.820
824.572
708.097
32.385
982.910
Udipi
815.852
245,020
497.436
563,436
404.352
18.080
638,440
Uttara Kannada
925,744
294,516
620,697 i
599,563
428,663
44.494
747 103
Region Tota!
2,857,414
1,057,110
1,926,953
1,987,571
1,541,112
94,959
2,368,453
4
Kodagu
410,514
77,941
246,869
241,586
220.248
9.888
258,319
5
Hassan
1,296,962
272,722
785,144
784,540
589.529
105.108
875.047
6
Chikkamagalur
845.422.
171,861
514,526
502,757
412,276
45,182
559.825
7
Shimoga
981.1711
471.088
739.561
712,698
542,419
39,335
870.505
Region Totai
3,534,069
993,612
2,286,100
2,241,581
1,764,472
199,513
2,563,696
8
Bidar
1.010,095'
245.703
643.191
612.607
466.610
34.033
755,155
9
Gulbarga
1.972,366
609,803
1.316.088'
1,266.081
1.039.922
72.269
1.469,978
1.019.758
332.051
683.258
668.551
555,529
26.675
769.605
10 Raichur
cn
c
11
Koppal
810,007
148,071
483.701
474.377
415.466
28,614
513,998
£
12 Bellary
1,125,746
530,254
842,3001
813,700
708,299
32.442
915.259
746,191
576,877
54,609
901,962
Q_
c
<D
tr
o
13 Bijapur
1,234,015
299,433
- -4
787,257;
14 Bagalkot
1.005,229!
389,313
703,762;
690,780
533,411
54,258:
806,873
z
-i
15 Dharwad
652,726
722,169
710,671 i
664.224
499.583
36,904
838.408
16 Gadag
561,085
297,957
436,321
422,721
349,477
35,415
474.150
17 Haveri
1,065,4481
203,765
655,426'
613,787
500.882
53,802
714.529
18 Belgaum
2,741,820!
841,786
1,834,005,
1.749,601
1,340,802
176,924
2,065,880
13,198,295'
4,620,305
9,095,980
8,722,620
6,986,858
605,945
10,225.797
19 Davangere
1,118,714i
440,508
803,083
756,139
605,296
57.310
896,616
20 Chitradurga
1.095,247
217,470
672,849
639,868
518,820
68.442
725.455
Tumkur
1.923.656
382.163
1,177.233
1,128,586
916.196
183.394
1.206.229
22 Bangalore (U)
669.909:
4.169,253
2,542,950:
2,296,212
1.635.987
22.311
3.180.864
23 .Bangalore (R)
1.369.908:
£ZJ
303,286
860,231;
812,963
623,043
96.513
953.638
24 Kolar
1,699,906]
516,983
1,128,316'
1,088,573
881,514
81.070
1,254,305
(D
25 iMandya
1,377,5701
266,804
837,5971
806,777
635,593
96.170
912,611
1,465,034!
816,619
1,168,291!
1,113,362
822.406
62,382
1.396,865
759,690'
123,675
452,333:
431,032
360,819
26,672
495.874
11,479.634:
7,236,761
9,642,883
9,073,512
6,999,674
694,264
11,022,457
31,069,412
13,907,788| 22,951,916
22,025,284
17,292,116
1,594,681
26,180.403
0)
I—
■p---------------- t-------- r
Region Total
co
c
CL
C
<D
o
co
I-
21
26 Mysore
27 Chamarajanagar
Region Total
State Total
I
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka.
ANNEXURE - VI
POPULATION 1991 CENSUS : KARNATAKA
o
Main Workers - Population 1991 Census
j
District
? I
I
Cultivators
(Z
Agricultural
Labourers
Live Stock & Allied
Activities
Household
Manufacturing
Mining
1
Dakshma Kannada)
100.186
89.095
56.553
2.770
5.634
2
Udipi
I
119.138
89.784
18.363
1.858
6.518
3
Uttara Kannada
141.345
. 82.283
56,937
5,180
8.275
Region Total
360.669
261.162
131,853
9,808
20,427
4
Kodagu
43.854
33.188
85,613 .
905
1.260
5
Hassan
336,246
85.145
43.749
2,909
5,380
6
Chikkamagalur
148.111
101.932
71.991
3.408
4.278
7
Shimoga
190,261
179,876
12,537
2.475
9,269
Region Total
718.472
400.141
213,890
9,697
20.187
8
Bidar
137.791
212.739
5,110
2.203
6.516
9
Gulbarga
316.492
461.055
24.175
14.406
16,906
10 Raichur
175,796
264.178
6,462
5.603
6.322
11 Koppal
142.499
192,594
5,028
1.708
10.635
12 Bellary
227.663
289.605
8:690
15.721
9.687
13 Bijapur
182.379
270.969
9,622
1.171
10,865
tr
o
14 Bagalkot
167,615
208.071
9,266
2,296
24,556
. CD
15 Dharwad
137,297
151.664
5,706
1.094
9,313
16 Gadag
104.186
148,001
5.593
652
10,917
17 Haveri
163.545
227,954
7.146
897
11.091
18 Belgaum
546.273
395.876
21.527
1,937
40.962
2,301,536
2,822,706
108,325
47.688
157.770
19 Davangere
211.923
223,783
7,330
1,516
9,826
20 Chitradurga
219.126
168,665
15,835
3.055
12,912
21 Tumkur
500.439
193.842
20,286
3.735
23,796
22 Bangalore (U)
96,769
75.314
15,894
13.099
21,606
E
23 Bangalore (R)
309.341
132.762
19.270
3.936
17,934
£
o
o
24 Kolar
411.788
229.338
29.874
14,481
11,190
25 Mandya
338.261
158,656
16.841
3.436
7,134
26 Mysore
322,088
188,135
20.899
2.214
11.412
27 Chamarajanagar
125.221
145.455
16,436
3,714
7,957
Region Total •
2,534,956
1.515,950
162.665
49.186
123.767
5.915.633
4.999.959
616,733
116.379
322.151
—
ro
In
cu ra
o CD
O <
0)
H
u
OJ
c
co
a>
-C
t-
cn
c
.5?
CL
c
CD
z
• H
Region Total
in
Q-
CD
CD
JZ
b-
State Total
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU) Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
ANNEXU.RE - VI
POPULAT
Main Workers - Population 1991 Census
o
District
CD
0J
(X
</;
co
c o
O
co
o
Construction
Trade
Transport
Other
Dakshina Kannada
247,160
23 971
72.998
32.589
77,141
2
Udipi
65.819
1.1 019
43.091
10,643
38.119
3
Uttara Kannada
24.833
13.814
38.206
12.489
45.301
Region Total
337.812
48.804
154.295
55.721
160,561
7.445
4.693
14.608
4.536
24.146
17,471
9.328
33,912
12,198
43.191
6
Chikkamagalur
12.005
6.897
24.617
6.060
32.977
7
Shimoga
35.261
11.912
43.992
12.587
44.249
Region Total
72.182
32.830
117.129
35.381
144.563
I 3
Bidar
14.035
6.836
28.720
12.592
40.068
I 9
Gulbarga
33.327
17.696
58.558
19,152
j 10 Raichur
78.155
7.504
5.101
26,517
6,441
51.605
i 11 Koppal
9.788
3.082
20,620
4,398
25,114
; 12 Beltary
30.208
12.706
48.462
18,588
46.969
i 13 Bijapur
12.637
9.955
30.865
10.427
37.987
Bagalkot
38,892
7.939
32.976
8.136
33.664
15 Dharwad
49.969
15.334
55,050
24.690
49,466
16 Gadag
19,825
5.395
24,847
7.406
22.655
19,155
5,878
32,628
6,774
25,814
Belga am
88.004
29.148
85,496
27.758
103,821
Region Tot
323.344
119,070
444,739
146,362
515,318
I 19 ■ avangere
40,235
12.269
47.654
10,117
40,643
'Oiitradurga
16,181
8.551
31,395
7,466
35,634
I umkur
38,836
13.091
48,958
13.848
59,365
Bangalore {
I
• 23 Bangalore (R >
492.149
133.070
321,086
124,240
342.760
50.067
7.450
34.141
9.415
38.737
i 2/ r- '.-Iar
48,377
12.488
52,915
15,817
55.246
•
Mandya
21,374
10.071
33.389
7.523
38,909
26 Mysore
70.690
26.599
74.936
25.498
79.935
17.728
3.679
19,317
3.576
17.736
795.637
227.268
663,791
217.500
708.965
1.528,975
427.972
1.379.954
454.964
1.529,407
Q.
j 14
z
CD
i
! 17 Haveri
T’
I■ 2 7 Chamaraj
^namaraja: . jgar
J
Region Total
State Total
I
J
1
Kodagu
145 Hassan
T3
Non Household
Manufacturing
and Monitoring Unit (PPMU) Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
ANNEXURE - VI
POPULATION 1991 CENSUS : KARNATAKA
Population 1991 Census
o
GcOCl dpCi’Ccji /AtUdf
District
CD
CD
(sq km)
01
co
m
rc CO
o CD
O <
OJ
jr
H
rc
rc
Sex - Ratio
% Growin Rate
(1981-1991)
1
Dakshina Kannada
4,843.00
337
1.019
13
2
Udipi
3,598.00
295
1.133
13
3
Uttara Kannada
10,291.00
119
966
13
Region Total
18,732.00
209
1,031
4
Kodagu
4,102.00
119
979
5
5
Hassan
6,814.00
230
999
15
6
Chikkamagalur
7.201.00
141
977
12
7
Shimoga
8,465.00
172
964
15
26,582.00
170
981
(D
t—
Density
Region Total
I
8
Bidar
5.448.00
231
952
26
9
Gulbarga
16.224.00
159
962
24
10 Raichur
5,559.00
243
978
29
11 Koppal
8,458.00
113
981
29
12 Bellary
8.419.00
197
966
27
13 Bijapur
10,475:00
146
948
21
•c
o
14 Bagalkot
6.592.00
212
982
21
o
15 Dharwad
4.230.00
325
935
19 .
16 Gadag
4,657.00
184
969
19
17 Haveri
4,851.00
262
936
19
18 Belgaum
13,415.00
267
954
18
88,328.00
202
959
19 Davangere
6.018.00
259
942
23
20 Chitradurga
8,388.00
156
951
23
16
co
c
^0
Cl
c
CD
Z
Region Total
tr>
21 Tumkur
10.598.00
218
959
_ro
Q.
22 Bangalore (U)
2,190.00
2,210
903
38
23 Bangalore (R)
5,815.00
288
945
15
24 Kolar
8,223.00
270
965
16
25 Mandya
4,961.00
331
963
16
26 Mysore
6,269.00
364
953
22
27 Chamarajanagar
5,685.00
155
953
22
Region Total
58,147.00
322
941
191,789.00
235
960
c
d)
x:
H
State Total
eject Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Govt of Karnataka
I
I
-C
o
co
i
i
21
ANNEXURE -VII
Rurai Vvater Supply : Karnataka : Ipcd Categon/wise No of Habitations
# c
T
2
District
cn
<L>
CC
Villages
___
1
Number
of
Dakshina Kannada
rc co
O o
2 Udipi
(D
3 Uttara Kannada
___ 371
244
1,264
p
Region Total
I
°<
_76
75
669~
1.575 _ 3.901
144
648.
648
821..
3,952
5,640
1,879
151
1,294
2,814
1,943
6,476
12,678
291
2,369
_ 1,021
1,440
152
13
13
231
131
82'
159
60:;_____ 71
409~ 3.021
77
308
5,121_
409
• 53
43;
59
12 iBellary
587
. 1,295
808
__ 588
517
13 iBijapur
14:Bagalkot
2.492
920'
340
298
2,667
598 \
1,898
1,107
8,251
12,263
T7\
309'
136
136
504
763;;
763
42
474T
166
14!
—
8
8!
5:
306
125
125'
245'
245
137 __
142'
~30117
639
73
352
24
172
131 ”
281
19
75
149
149
49
202
17 Haven
608
455
307
582
155
42
18 Belgaum
1,138 ~
__ 6_
7,524 ~
284
6 Chikkamagalur
7 Shimoga
Region Total
8 Bidar
9 Gulbarga
10 Raichur
cn
C
11IKoppal
£L
c
03
jC
r:
o
Z
15 Dharwad
QJ
-C
16 Gadag
Region Total
h-
786
20 Chitradurga
___ 932
2,537 '
149
22 Bangalore (U)
681 ~
1
23 Bangalore (R)
1,713 ~
2,889 1,365 ~~
24 Kolar
25 Mandya
26 Mysore
27 Chamarajanagar
Region Total
State Total
P1 rio
2
19 Davangere
21 Tumkur
O
00
O
-C
3,137
1.1
77~
11.177
5 Hassan
o
c
Total
573
3,900
3,366
4.424
"O
<D
10 Ipcd 10 to 20 20 to 40 40 to 55
55 Ipcd
Ipcd
ipcd
Ipcd
746. 2989
989
—453 ___ 949
404
4 Kodagu
ra
_c
Q_
Number of Habitations - Ipcd Categorywise
9
1,203
446
375
375
444
444
176
392
275
128
812
2,296
1,219
709
1,168
928
634
494
350
630
1,506
3,315 .:
3,315
2,054
4,016
10,746
,291 235,
235,
176
643
1,084
153 ___ 705
~8T9~~ 2.330
1,369
156
156
■
_1_9j__ 56
8! - 171
171ii
124
856
1,077 ‘
1: _
421
90:___ 421
623:
1,563
1,563
707
551
428
529
176
_
235
5,484
369
301
301
259
355
1,285
16
282
282
1.005
2,091
3,394
35
93
442
442
220
2,952
3,742
1
139
492
492
307
934
_Jt873
253
319
1,362
1,934
115
84
407
174
50
830
12,552 ~
302
1,443
4,396
3,432
:11,422
20,995
27,076
1,146
4,412
12,423
8,536
:
30,165
56,682
d Momtonng Unit (PPMU), Dept of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govi of Karnataka
ANNEX-
Vlli
INCIDENCE OF WATER- BORNE DISEASES
j'jinca •■worm
Gastroenteritis j
Ch olcra
Cases | i.^.mths Cases Dea i ho;
Ca.se s
T\ phoici
Deaths Cases j
De a i i is
’5
4/83 to 12/83
• 1983-84
4335
1636
6°
I 1984-85
5232
535
33
• 1985-86
3372
708
4^1
6762
34 8
1986-87
2754
62
9Ga0
358
j 1987-88
2386
1863
86
934 8
533
! 1988-89
1909
2079
65
i13o34
608
4/90 to 12/90
I 1990-91
634
445
1D
7975
357
! 1991-92
428
747
15
1 74 55
691
! 10145
605
330
270
'■ 1989-90
1
r
l-
1 194 2
486
I
1161 i
' 32 1 7 1
714
617 ’
10
I 15922
325
200,74
532
8
1 864 5
396
i 1 777(«
10
1996-97
1007. o.s.
6o /
•6
i 229S3 I
377
206
222 1
7c£C
12
1998-99
434
i 2688 1
50 1
S2d2
4
1999-2000
134
1 / /43
126
23946
7
: 1/92 to 11/92
■ 1992-93
. I
166
359
IQQ3.Q4
18
369
1994-95
10
304
1995-96
12
3
I
1
9
4
1
;•
ANNEXURE - ‘X.
Rural Mater Supply : Karnataka : Habitations Affected with Quality Problems
I
FI
Number of
Habitations
District
. 07
I
'73
O
oj
QJ
u <
OJ
Sources tested for Quality
affected
Number
Number
%
with Quality
Tested
Affected
Affected
(QAHs)
1171
21.14%
1
Dakshina Kannada
3,137
2
Udipi
3.901
3
Uttara Kannada
5.640
Region Total
12,678
5539
1171
21.14%
5539
ro
QJ
% QAHs
6.22%
6.22%
•
195.
Kodagu
573
1185
150
12.66%
64: 11.17%
11.17%
5
Hassan
3.900
773
400
51.75%
123
3.15%
3.15%
6
Chikkamagaiur
3.366
4265
1024
24 01%
342
10.16% •
Shimcga
4.424
8
Bidar
9
Gulbarga
12,283 j
6223
1574
25.29% |
812
2863
981
34.26%
709
12 Bellary
1.168
13 Bijapur
928
18.13%
4011
630
18 Belgaum
1.506
21 Tumkur
26 Mysore
27 Chamarajanagar
Region Total
State Total
i.^nng Umt
18.13%
18.13%
18.13%
7551
4997
66.18%
18.13%
18.13%
1412
342
3,391
8150
2689
32.99%
1158
34.15%
34.15%
3.742
6419
3926
61.16%
1668
4-4.58%
44.58%
1.878
2482
326
13.13%
126
6.71%
6.71%
23 Bangalore (R)
5
18.13%
5.478
i
25 Mandya
70.24%
18.13%
1.369
1.285
co
70.24%
1.088
22 Bangalore (U)
24 Kolar
498
18.13%
10,746
£
1
94.79%
494
17 Haven
20 Chitradurga
3802
I
350
19 Davangere
54.80%
C77
16 Gadag
Region Total
54.80%
18.13%
I 14 Baaalkot
15 Dharwad
445
1.219
11 Koppai
10.16%
18.13%|
2,296
10 Raichur
c
Estimated
4
Region Total
GJ
JZ
■C
%
QAHs
18.13%
Q
Q_
;
18.13%
■o
£
Habitations
24.22%
297
5-.42%
18.13%
1.934
18.13%
830
18.13%
20,995 18463
_______
56,682|
5.42%
37776
7283
39.45%
15025
39.77%
Dec: of Rura: Development ano PancTiayat Raj Govt of Karnataka
18.13%
18.13%
ANNEX- A’
STANDARDS FOR POTABLE WATER PRESCRIBED BY GOI
ICMP
(Indian Council of Medical Researcl'i
|\K 01 If:
WHO
H -alth f ii nan -v ’ * r1
Constituents
Maximum
Permissible
Hl
Maxima m
Allow able
Maximum
P-. i missihl-
25
A
M.l
!■• !'
T
Alic v. I ••
(-)
1.
Turbiditv
2.
Colour
5.0
(Units on Platinum
5.0
=>(i
Cobalt Scale)
3.
pH
4.
Total Dissolved Solids(mg/1)
5
Total
6.
Calcium
7
Iron(Fe) in mg/1
8.
Chloride (Cl)
7.0 to 8.5
Nitrates (NOj)
12.
Alkalinitv
13
Conductivity
14
Standards
Water in
the
E - Co1 i
count
ir.
75
.’00
0.3
1.0
0.1
0 5
-DA'
•'00
200
4 00
200
-JOO
1.0
2.0
0.5
1.0 io ’.5
20.0
50.0
distr11>utio■
in
svstem
more
Coliform
organisms sh<
ild
more ’han
or small
100 ml and
3000
coliform
3''0 9
1500
stem .
100 ml
shall
50°.n
than
should
satisfy all
not
be z.oi • •
the thiee e rm rm l»< lov.
he zero
be
pres-’in
1 00 m 1
of anv
shall
be detectable in
the
community
10/’ 10(i ml
samples collected
oi janisms should
not
be more
in
imp
fonsmit n •
the
vear
should
be
than
3'100
for
supplies E Colicount
IO|
I
50 to 190
40()
100 ni‘ of any sample should
organisms noi
Individual
:
anv ■ ample of
Coliform
samples or
(’’i)
200
Quality
Water entering th'- disi ■ tbu t ion
count
1500
75
1500
Colifoi •m
a )
Rela <ablr to 1 0( >0
400
lor Bacteriology
t' ’
600
250
11.
6.5
300
(Ca)
Fluoride (F)
(’i)
/.0 to 8
500
Hardness(QsCa(
10.
(i)
6.5 to 9.2
zero
m1
in an\
sam )!•
<•1
lAbJXAS V/HErvc, r
'
~
; ^PiJJlame of the District
i Bangalore (Rura
i’ll
j Beigaum
I--------
i
I
i
I
!__
r in
; Bellary
I
'
• Bidar
i
! Bijapur & Bagaikot
ii
■v
I
i
i
Li..
I VI
I-... .. ....
rvn
! Dharwad & Gadag
! Chittadurga & Davangere
I
I
I
E FL
AQg TM EXCESS OF PERMISSIBLE- LIM11S
AND
J- SL. ~l
DISSOLVED
Name of the Taluk
1.
Ra manage ra
1. Chikkodi
2. Gokak'
'3, Ramadurga
■ 4.
Raibag
' 5. Saundatti
' 1. Bellary
. 2. Kudlagi
■ 3. Siraguppa__
1. Aurad
, 2. Basavakalyan
. 1,. Sagewadi
■ 2.
Bijapur
’ 3.
Hungund
4. Indi
i 5. Jamakhandi
1 6. Muddebihal
' 7. Mudhol
e. Sindagi
. i. Challakere
1 2. Harihara
: 3. Hiriyur
, 4. Holalakere
■ 5.
Jagalur
' 6. Molakalmuru
Channagiri
i 1. Gadag
! 2. Kundagol
■ 3.
Mundargi
■ 4.
Naragund
= 5. Navalgund
' 6. Ron
lz_
‘ 7.
I
i
i
! VII
!
j Gulbarga
!
i IX
; 2.
Chincholi
Jeevargi
' 3.
Qprl 2m
■ 4.
5.
Shapui
Shorapur
Yadagri
i Hassan
. 1.
A r- ■> c « L' o o
r~\ i o-> i rx
i <_
' Kolar
!
' 2.
. 3..
, 4.
1 5.
' 6'.
1 1.
r__
Px"
Ko'ar
Bagepaili
Gudibande
ChikkabaHapur
Gowribidanur
i 7. Malur
S. Mulabagal
I 9. Siddalaghatta
' 10. Srinivasapura
i 1. Nagamangafa
^2. Pandavapura
' 1. Mysore
■ 2.
Chamarajanagar
. 3. Gundlupet
1 4. Hunsur
1 5. Kolegal
; 6. Periyapatna
i. Raichur
I 2. Deodurga
Gangavathi
i 4. Koppai
i 5. Kustagi
! 6. Lingasugar
I
, 7. Manvi
i 8. Si nd ha n ti r
; 9. Yelburga
• 1. Madhugiri
; 2. Pavagada
i 3. Sira
h<r i Mandya
i
pXII
i Mysore
i
i
»
i__ i
!
i Raichur & Koppai
b-
i
I
i
i
I
' ,
■' XIV ; Tumkur
i
7 -r
I
i
103
I
'A
c
!
|
I
I
k
ANNEX -
■ ’normal
i
Region
District
AND
ACTUAL RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION IN KARNATAKA
Normal
Rainfall---------
(mm)
i I . DiiU.mIi im .
Kunnudu
2. Ultara
Kannada
3. Udupi
2764
I <175
76
77
7H
70
5 4'Hi
ism
•i in i
IM7'I
.1177
2575
277.3
.3121
24 7 1
3631
LAST 25 YEARS
Actual average rainfall (mm)
I
82
83
84
85
86
87
HR
89
90
1.17'1 4.3 17
40T)
4 225
.3515
2‘IO5
.1.367
2M'L5
.35'15
.1787
4 26
JfU.’
3095
3057
3147
2597
2327
2082
2429
3146
2369
3277
2764
HO
H I
---------------
The
Coastal
Plains
DURING
2782
02
2869
'13
' )4
95
96
•175
1.367
4 264
.3067 4 0 4.1
2334 2836
J
2487 2516 3I9‘
25 2?.
.39.32
5310
The
Mnlnad
o
I. Kodngu
? M:iss;m
3. Chikko
mngnlur
4. Shimngi
15 21.
The
Northern
1
Didur
90.8
1.14 I
8 I.!
n.l I
I 2 I 2
2. G111 b 111 f • 11
702
I 102
977
067
I I 26
MAldnn
3. Raichur
(.02
l. Koppi.l
602
2720
mil
3105 •2 102
I 167
f.O-
l oou
222 2
I 5.K
1687
•HH.
5. BelluiA-
'• I 6
It. Bijiipui
The
Soul hern
Maidan
.553
B. I lluiiAvnd
091
9. Giulog
I O.Htivcri
U91
(i9 I
I 1 .Brlgaiiin
785
1. Da van.*1
gore
2. Chinn
durga
579
57')
3. To oikio
H. Mx soi f
(l. Churn:i
Kijn:ig:ii
902
I 06-I
265
I i I i
31 1 I
3026
3076
2.331
2294
2285
2367
2626
29 17
1.150
2686
299C^ 33 5n
008
1202
6 35
078
1713
MR |
1955
OS7
2207
7 46
24 23
I 176
705
04.3
6R6
I 50.3
3167
I 196
127 4 I 5'10
189 2
I 27 2
2305
21 IM(
20 I 8
194 I
1856
1840
IH9J
1524
1833
1.124
K.00
10.62
18 2.'.
.•no I
_• inn
is in
I 7'im
1.1 IM
187 I
I 17.'
.'(IS-,
118 1
I 7 1'1
154 |
I 111.3
107 i
268
1067
1.166
1115
I 768
28. IS
6 1.88
I Ol.H
206. 2
IS I
')H7
'>12
80 7
7 28
0) 19
S3
OS')
8 37
784
.1.3 7
70
55 1
(>(.7
Mi, :
8 20
In?
10
9 12
KIMI
712
7H5
70 2
I I Id
I 119
I IMO
I 18 I
(17 S
7 15
I ISO
991
I 4 26
822
784-
1038
90.3
786
08 2
(.57
(.18
5 13
K.2
(,(.9
488
722
618
7'27
404
66 6
353
608
836
7.3.3
489
(.4.3
62.1
<■(,9
OSH
5<)6
58 I
73 4
39<
50 i
647
5 11
.30 I
665
7(.5
I I 7
l. I'l
b(.(
16 I
8 I I
•id.M
5 14
40.8
922
7(1 I
802
075
64.1
490
735
752
9 18
76 1
77.3
(.35
5.36
ol I
'.IS
60 1
5I I
511
575
io.-.o
7.;o
52 I
1028
9.17
04.’.
••I i
o.io
548
61 I
7I I
8|.S
(.9.1
■n i
73 I
073
1.2.1
oo I
85.1
11 I
MS 2
8
I"
812
S I I
9() i
582
8 19
555
8 Is
nlS
HIM
4 20
I (IOS
733
522
(.71
798
7 I'l
IS I
'■ I I
6.17
7 I I
11:
nI7
6 II.
PH)
1,1-.
in •
i 1
738
7 18
52 I
500
91)2
'A2M
10 15
5 Id
680
7 I I
5‘X.
i .5 7
786
6(i.H
596
959
7 IS
92 I
7 (,K
097
107 2
IOS
(.57
(.95
606
I.H(>
192
706
70 1
-I
2 28
57(>
77 I
Ml ,4
r. 6.
I .m |
3Is
923
9 III
lOlo
.’.1,3
(>1,0
78.",
SM 7
99 I
,2M
5 70
1210
5IM
(.7 J
87 I
I I St,
t, I".
8.15
.M'.M
s 5;
(. In
M 1.1
I !■. I
I 91II
bi. I
90S
nil
(.(.(.
49 I
(.97
OHM
S39
582
(.3 I
1112 7
0(>5
4 89
85.8
88 I
7(.5
OM9
2 7m
88 2
7Oi(
8 13
701
l In
901
7.1(>
I I ! I
I. 1'1
23 26
IO |v
7 IS
1 »
;.;73
I h. 1
7K7
. I
•KJI
2829
787
71 I
791)
mil
7'i 4
301 J
12 I 8
298
'll.I
7. BnRiilkol
4. D’loivfU
5. B loi-cIRI
b. Kolar
7 Miindyn
1-245
309 I
711( >
... [
82■
I
ion I
ANNEXURE-XIII
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra : Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for Roads/Lanes
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Roads / Lanes
Cost of Construction (Rs per km): 1. Asphalt
Different Types of Roads / Lanes : 1. Asphalt
2. Maccadam
2. Maccadam
1
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
T
9
10
11
H
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
Population
Slice
Village
1991
2
MAN-1
MAN-1
MAN-1
MAN-1
MAN-1
MAN-1
MAN-1
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-?
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-2
MAN-3
MAN-3
3
Bannagadi
Dyavapura_____
Govindanahalli
Hranahalli
Hittanahalli
Kiragavalu
Makavalli
Pattasomanahalli
Bevkal
Bindenahalli
Dudda
Heggadahalli
Honnavara
Kalludevanahalli
Kudagabalu
Muthegere
Paia Agrahara
B.Hatna
Chandagalu
4___
2487
1038
1781
1055
3363
6811
1216
1938
2062
1468
1779
""1296
1876
1174
1039
1311
1310
~1376
""3727
2001
5___
2984
1246
2137
1266
"4036
8173
1459
2326
2474
1762
2135
1555
2251
1409
1247
1573
1572
" 1651
4472
Maccad
Total
By lane
am
9__
7
8___
6___
230
~
1380
’
2300
690
145 ~
1446
867
434
159’
1593
956
478
181 ~
1810
1086
543
198’
1983
1190
595
225
’
2250
1350
675
87
'
870
522
261
271
’
2712
814
1627
"
188
~
1877
1126
563
1602
160
961
481
’ 118 ’
1181
709
354
'1740
’
1044'
174
522
" 288'
1727'
2878
863
"
1
08
’
1083
650
325
Asphalt
998
824
666
"’299
1996
~~1649
485
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Department ot Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
1332
_597
970
333
275
" 222
~ 100
”162
3327
2748
2220
996
’1617"
275000.00
638.00
(Rs per mtr) 3. By-lanes
3. By lane
SI
No
550000.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
10
9.06
5.70'
6.27’
7.13’
7.81 '
8.86
3.43'
12.92
7.39~
"6.31
4-65
’ 6.85
11.33
"4.26
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
11_____
303.49
457.32
293.49
’ 563.02
193.48
""108.41
234.79
555.38
298.76
~ 358.14
217.80
""440.59
' 503.43
’ 302.67
13.10
10.82
~8.74
”_3.92
1050.89
" 687.85
6.37
' 'l 42.40 [
237.66
ANNEXURE-XII!
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra . Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for Roads/Lanes
Per Capita Cost of^Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Roads / Lanes
iO r"\T
Different Types
of Roads // ILanes .:
u
•
a
..
T
T
1. Asphalt
---------------------- —--------------------------- ------------------- L____ ______________ _________________ ___
Cost of Construction (Rs per km):
2. Maccadam
3. By lane
SI
No
1
O
2
‘
MAN-3
20
Ganaganur
21
MAN-3
Keelara______
22
MAN-3
Lingapatna
23
MAN-3
Marchaknahalli
MAN-3
Nelamane
25
MAN-3
Saragur
26
MAN-3
Talagavadi
27 MAN-4
^8~ MAN-4
Aralakupe
29
Javaranahalli
24
MAN-4
3
Bastihalli
30
MAN-4
Kadabahalli
31
MAN-4
MAN-T
Kothathi
32
Mangala
33
MAN-4~
Mullukatte
34
MAN-4
MAN-1T
Settapura
35
36
37
38
Bidarakote
MAN-F’ Chinkurali
MAN-5-’ Chunchanahalli
MAN-5
Gamanahalli
4
1045
5774
3064
1422
2884
1915
3616
3877
1999
1120
1248
3828’
2616~
1572
2155 ~
2258 ~
3827 ”
2438 2226 "
550000.00
2. Maccadam__
275000.00
2001
5___
1254
6929
3677
1706
3461
2298
4339
4652
2399
1344
1498
4594
3139 ’
1886 ’
2586’
2710’
4592 "
2926 ~
2671 ”
638.00
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
Village
1991
_
Rs per mtr' 3. By-lanes
Population
Slice
1. /Asphalt ___
Asphalt
Maccad
am
6
7
By lane I
[
T
414
828 j
504
1008’
108
216
924’
368?’
’ 613 ’
462
1841 ’
_328’
1233’
1705
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka.
_9___
10
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 20011
J
11
_ 433.37]
_J3!T
168’
1380
~1680
36 ’
360
1.42 ________ 38.56
154 ~
1540
6135
6.06 ______ 355.40
24.16
698.08
1093
4.30 ______ 187.27
4110
16.19
5683
22.38
^.48
656’
109 ~ 2466 - ”’411 "
3410568”
1139”
190 ~
393 ~ ___ 66_
1976~
330
570197 ~
988 ~
391 ~
782 ~
684 ~
1369~
973 ~
1946
635”
1269
768 ~ • 1536~
302 ~
603 ~
297 ”
994
1301 — 2603 ~
Total
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
130
228 ~
324 ~
212
_Jf6~
101 ’
166”
434 ~
1899
5.43
"6.62
656
3294
1303 ’
2281 ’
3243’
2116 ’
2.59
12.97
2560
1006’
1457
4338 "
____ 9F48J
__ 373.00
48?. 02
_ 311.80
______ 192.36
866.28
5.13 _______jj T69
8.98 ~
28? 10
'12.77~
676.96
8.33’
322.31
10.08 '
372.06
3.96
5.43’ ___
86.31
17.08’
185-47
’’’’’639.51
ANNEXURE - XIII
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra : Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for Roads/Lahes
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Roads / Lanes
Different Types of Roads / Lanes : 1. Asphalt
Cost of Construction (Rs per km): 1. Asphalt__
2. Maccadam
2. Maccadam_ I
3. By lane
(Rs per mtr) 3. Bv-lanes
-------------------------------- :--------------------------------------------------------------- --------------
SI
No
Population
Slice
Village
1
’39
O
2
3
MAN-5 K,Honnalagere
40 MAN-5 Laxmisagara
41 MAN-5 'N.B.Halli
"42 MAN-5 Navile
43 MAN-6 Ballekere
44 MAN-6 Hallagere______
45 MAN-6 Lalanakere
46 MAN?- Shivapura
47 MAN-7 Acchappankopplu
48 MAN-7 Bekkalae
49 MAN-7 Byaladkere
50 MAN-7 |Dhagur
51 MAN-7 ISunkaTannur
52 MAN-8 | Kodihalli(phase 2)
53 MAN 10 jBelagola
54 MAN 11 I Kyathanahalli
55~ MAN 12 [Arakere
56 MYS-1
57' MYS-1
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
[Bidaragodu
|Do d d akanya
Maccad
am
. 7 |
1991
2001
Asphalt
4
J
6
UF
1154’
627 i
2309!
372
]74l7
_507f
1394
10851
4808
3001
2603
1325
1942
3439
1688
1673
j3^
_2721f
’ 3275
_ZlfL
' 898
5646
2922
6205
15047
~ 4007'
2501 '
2169'
1104'
1618’
2866 ’
J 407’
4705 •;
2435 f
’ sj/tT
12539i’
~7959]
82001
'~1842]'
"2282P
”’9551
9840
”22W
"2738
2547
_5t7
1'j^T
20901
41801
’ 251 ~
"533”
’ 184
447 "
149 ~
"501 j~
7065|
" 367 i
" 894 ’
"’297
7736""
'236.
3143 ’
595"
Y8/
’l_293 ”
773 "
498]"
By lane
Total
8__
9
"H]
1901
6971
841
~"778|
5711
471!'
71891 _ ]798_
765
2587
7546
"936F
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Department of Roral Deve' 'ornent and Panchayat Raj, Govt of H^mataka.
10
~ 11
3848
1240
"846 ~”
"1900 ’
’ 6967 ’
’ 836
1776
61? ”
' 1490 ~
___5778
It8 ”
J786
62867” 1048
IP4??'
-7982 7
728 _ "7276 ~
”-37]
IssT
'7 661
if11!
’2577!"'
16Qof
638.00
TTr——-r
Per Cap;-a Cost
(Rs)
POP' fation 2001
ZW
__
_l4(l
_®l
275000,00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in L Txhs)
27a
’ 385]
124*
550000.00
4. I?"
"ssTT
15.15 ~
' 4788 ~
’ 3.33"
*504.90
7.48
187.61
251.63
" 385.36
_27-44 2
3.29 ~
7.00 '
" 2.41 '
418.21
" 185.13
5.87
1.90
22.74~~~
179.17
" 212.14
” 402.70
3.10
41^26
7.81
5.031”’
106.00
’ 664.92
5j’.87
16.98
10.15 ~
6.37 ”
'195.17
52 J 3
172.52i
’ 459.15|
" 232.691
ANNEXURE - XIII
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra : Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for Roads/Lanes
____________ Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation
Programme
__________
_ _______ (ESP)'.___ Roads / Lanes
Different Types of Roads / Lanes: '1. Asphalt
T
~Cost of Construction
7
7 7=7
(Rs per km).L Asphalt
2. Maccadam
2. Maccadam
3. By lane
SI
No
o
1
2
58 MYS-1
59 MYS-l"
60 MYS-1
61 MYS-1
62 MYS-7
63 MYS-2
64 MYS^2
65 MYS-2
66 MYS-2
67 MYS-2
68 MYS-3
69 MYS-3
70 MYS-3
71 MYS-3
7~i
73
74
76
(Rs per mtr) 3. By-lanes
Population
Slice
MYS-3
MYS-3
MYS-3
MYS~-4
MYS-4-
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
Doora
Haginavalu
Kodalapur
Kupparavalli
Siddalingapura
Chidaravalli
Harohalli
Hyakanur
Rangasamudra
Yachanahalli
Annur
Anthrasanthe
Gerasanahalli
Bachegowadanahalli
Kampalapura
Nagawala
Kaniyanahundi
Doda Kawalande
Harve
1991
2001
4___
~3535
3069
2730:
1158
2349
2311
649
2020
2631
1880
1322
3488
1463
1189
5___
4242
3683
3276
1390
2819
2773
779
2424
3157
2256
J586
4186
~1756
1427
_4908
_2696
1555
'3802'
5333
40901
2247
1296
3768'
4444'
. ,
Asphalt
Maccad By lane |
am
7___ '
_6___
8 J
462
154|
' 882
"294j
1764
T071
2142’
357
ZHU
212
~~155
1074
2079
1136
699
485
_165_
"547
541
358
168
251
2_98
462
1275
423’’
310’
2147'
4158’
2271 ’
1398’
970'
331 '
1094'
jZH'
716'
337~
’ 502”
' 596'
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
2550’
52"
358'
~ 693'
_3_79'
228'
’Tel"
_55^’
_j80
’ 180 ’
119 '
_5£’
Ji
99
'’154
425'
Total
9
j
550000.00|-------------275000.00!
638.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Village
3
T
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
10
1541
2940
3570
' 706
517
3579
6930
3786
2325
1617
551
'1821
~1803
1193
6.07
J1J58’
” 14.06
’ 2.78'
”2.04'
’ 14.10'
561
837
993
1541
4250
____
221"
27.29
14.91’
’9j7
6.37'
_2117"
7.17
zw'
Tto'
2-30
”3'91 ’
" 6.07 ’
' 16.74”
143^031
'314.37]
429'1_4
"200’22
72.26
508.27
”3504.15
~ 615.15
289.61
282.29
~136/70
171.19~
404.39
"329.21
44.99
~122.27
'251.39
’ 159.60
' 313.84i
ANNEXURE ■ XIII
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra : Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for R.oads/Lanes
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Roads / Lanes
Cost of Construction (Rs per km): 1. Asphalt
Different Types of Roads / Lanes : 1. Asphalt
2. Maccadam
2. Maccadam
3. By lane
L
Slice
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
1
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
2
MYS-4
MYS-4
MYS-5
MYS-5
MYS-5
MYS-5
MYS-5
MYS-5
MYS-6
MYS-6
MYS-6
MYS-6
MYS-7
MYS-7
MYS-7
MYS-8
MYS-8
MYS-8
MYS-8
Village
1991
3
Nagavalli
Nanjadevanapura
Alathur
Ankalli
Arakalwadi
Hebbasur
Honnegowdanahalli
Yanaganalli
Alagodu
Bilaguli
Kodgahalli
Thayur
Hadanur
Hullahalli
Sindhuvalli
Halaganahalli
Kandegala
Kelaganahalli
Konasur
4
5628
2358
2000
2179
2428
4504
1243
~ 2423
"5128
3771
2715
' 2933
~ 2087
7517
2919
’ 2243
1035
1304
1778
275000.00
638.00
(Rs per mtr) 3. By-lanes
Population
SI
No
550000.00
2001
Asphalt I
5
6
1129|
1425
6754
2830
”2400
2615
2914
5405
1492
2908
6154
4525
3258
3520
2504
9020
3503
2692
1242
~ 1565
2134
Maccad
Total
By lane
am
7
|
9___
8____
2257|
~ 2850
254 ’
1307
1045
523
7 085
2169
707 _ 1413
694 ” 1387
485
970
3702
”
1851
1618 '
~809
747
1008
~600~ '
3809 "
2016""
J200|_
7618] '
2153
1572
293"
339"’"' "678
'7567
”378'
~ili"
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka.
376
’ J75
218 ~
174
"362’
3762
4750
1779
~1742
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
10______
14.82
3/35
4.96
284.38
232.56
"78.71
6.38
’ 6.86
14.24
9.28
9.11
~ 6.37
' 24.30
" 10.62
3360
'
2200 _ 2000
72697
1270
"718 " ’ 7177
’ 262” ’2620
"98 ’ ” 976
"~13.23
2^88
" 50700
~ 28.26
2113
126
J_1_30
’ 12’60
11
219.37
661.07
265.92
262.37
488.80
171.70
610.42
219.03
394.85
234.72
301.05
375.94
314.49
55432
806.89
383/32
309^62
3616
2356
236
231 ' 2312
" 162 ’ "1617
’ 6170
’ 270 " ’ 2697
249" ~2491
336
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
"~7o]32
ANNEXURE - XIII
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra
•’ Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for Roads/Lanes
Per C^apjta Cost of Em/ironmental S
anitation^Progr^^^
Different Types of Roads / Lanes
------- s: 1. Asphalt
Cost of Construction (Rs per km):
2. Maccadam
~
________ 3. By lane
_
5500000
2. Maccadam
275000.00
(Rspermtr 3. By-lanes
SI
No
Population
Slice
Village
1991
I 1
2
_ 3,
[96 MYS-8 Ravandur
[97 MYS-9 Chikkabuvalli
[98~ MYS-9 Karagalli
99 MYS-9 Menasikyathallf"
c?
100 MYS-9 P.G.Palya
101 MYS-9 T.Bettahalli
102 MYS-10 ^hamarayanakote
103 MYS-10 Gowadagere
104 MYS-10 ~ Kanagal
105 MYS-11 Adaganalli
106 MYS-11 Chandagal
107" MYS-11 Gandanahalli
108 MYS-H Hampapur
109 '
Kestur
110 MYS-12 Agara
111 MYS-12 Hullepura
w MYS’-12'lK^tur
3^ JVIYS-13 Gumbaili
114 MYS-13 Honganur
2001
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
Asphalt
MaccadT
By lane
am
7
|
8
4___ 5
6
2148
2578
635
12701
212
1664
1997
224 3 448 "
75
1833
2200
471
944
157
2486
2983
410
820~
137
3487
4184
1241
2481 ~ _414
_1763
2116
1190""
595
198
_2086'
2503'
248
495 _
83
2984'
3581 '
2155'
4302'
720'
2327 ~
2792'
158"
320”
52 ~
1205 '
1446 '
597'
1195 ~~
199 ~
2764 ~
"3317'
545 ~ _ 1089”"
182~
4731 ~
"5677' ~1329~ ~ 2658
"443 ~
3900 ~
4680 ~
780 "
1560"" 260 ~
4855 ~
5826 ~
503 " J 007 "
168"
10040"'
12048"
532 ~ _1064
I77'
J402 ~ J682~ 430 " "860"’ j£3~
J490"' ~6588[ 2270
TSf"
4540
3873"’
4648f 2270"'" 4539”
757"
6245 ~
7494)
_523~ 1046""
174 ~~
IPP„U, Omrl a Bllral 0rMm M
.. ..
Total
9
2117
747 i
1569
1367
4136
1983
~ 826
7177'
530
1991 '
~1816 ’
4430 ’
2600 '
638.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
10
11
" 8.34 "
~ 323.40
2.94 ~
6.18~
~ 5.38 ~
147.36
"280.96]
" 180.481
389.291
16.29~
~ 7.81 ~
___ 3.25 28.28 "
_ 2.08 ~
7~.84 ~~
~-LL5l~
17.45 ~
10.24 ~~
6.6? ”
1678
1773 "
1433 "
7567 "
7566 '
J29A0 ~
1743
6.86
6.98
~ 5.64
i^so""
369.08
130.03
789.67
"74.52
"542.14
21_5.67
"307.29
' i 13?42
57.95
335^37
452.33
641 ?12'
91’758
ANNEXURE - XIII
Strategy Paper 2000 -Panchasutra : Details of sample study in Mandya and Mysore Districts for Roads/Lanes
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Roads / Lanes
Different Types of Roads / Lanes : 1. Asphalt
Cost of Construction (Rs per km): _k Asphalt
2. Maccadam
2. Maccadam
3. By lane
SI
No
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
Village
1
2
3
115 MYS-13 Jodimellahalli
116 MYS-13 Vaddagere
117 MYS-14 Lalitadripura
118 MYS-14 Ramanahalli
119 MYS-15 Haleyur
120 MYS-15 Halladamanuganalli
121 MYS-15” Jakkalli
122 MYS-15 KatteKavil
123 MYS-15 Marachanahalli
124 "MYS-15 Masahalli
125 MYS-15 Tharikallu
126 MYS-15 Thumbasoge
127 MYS-16 Sathegala
128 MYS-17 Kudlur
129 MYS-17 Palya
130 MYS-18 Jannur
131 MYS-18 Mardur
isT MYS-18" Ummathur
133" MYS-19 Uddurkaval
1991
4
2703
1297
3114
5356
5013 ~
1251
1471 ~
1330 ”
5510'
1441
1020
1708
9188"
4600 '
55££ '
2407 '
2390 "
4863
3095' '
275000.00
(Rs per mtr) 3. By-lanes
Population
Slice
550000,00
2001
5
3244
~ 1556
3737
6427
6016
1501
1765
1596
6612
1729
1224
2050
11026
- 5520
6613
2888
”2868
' 5836
” 3714
Asphalt
_6__
1029
240
462
939
488
371
188
949
949
223
4501
_533^
2291
~602
” 687
687'
'339
1794
882
Maccad
am
7
By lane
Total
8
9
3429
' 800
2057
480
925
1877
’ 975
741
375
1897
1897
445
' 900
1065
4582
1205
1374
1375
343
■~80
2f78
213
3588
1764
598
294
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMUj. Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Govt of Karnataka
154
~3T3
163
124
63
316
316
74
150
178
764
20?
229'
229
1541
3129
1626
1236
~ 626
3162
3162
_742
’1500
' 1776
7637
2008
2290
229?
IjSO
5980
2940
638-00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
10
11
13.50
3.15
6.07
12.32
6.41
4.87
2.47
416.35
'202.42
162.37
'191.73
’106.48
324.37
739.77
5.91
7.00
30.08
~ 7.91
~ 9.02
780.22
188.33
169.00
482.60
341.33
272.78
14725
236^36
9.02
4.45
23.55
n.58
312.3£
155/16
403.54
311.73
’12.45
’ 2.92
ANNEXURE - XIII
Strategy Paper ZOOQ -Pa,1chasutra : Delails of samp|e stu£|y |n Mandya and
Roads/Lanes
---------- B?L9aPitapost of Environmental SanitattorTlProgram^^
Different Types of Roads / Lanes : 1. Asphalt
r-‘
1
' '
1
-
................................... ................ .... -------------------------------------------- y___________ /
Cost of Construction (Rs per kmj:
2. Maccadam
Z~~"T
2. Maccadam
3. By lane
SI
No
Slice
_____
Population
Village
1991
1
2
3
134 [MYS-19 |Yadakola
Total
Average Per Village
4
3955
387490
2892
1. Asphalt
. . i Maccad |
,
Asphalt I
i By lane
am
5
6
7
8
~~4746
212
424
71
464988 101985 202641
33911
761"
3470
1512
253
Project Pining and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Department of Rural Development and Panohayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka
275000.00
(Rs per mtr) 3. By-lanes
Road / Lanes (Length in mtrs)
2001
550000.00
Total
9
707
338537
2526
638.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
10
11
2.78
1334.53
9.96
58.68
“ 287.00
287.00
ANNEXURE - XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study - Drains
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Drains
Different Types of Drain :
SI
No
1. V-Shape
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):
2. Box-Shape
Population
Slice
1991
2
T
2
MAN-1
Bannagadi
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
MAN-1
Dyavapura
MAN-1
MAN-1
Govindanahalli
Hranahalli
MAN-1
Hittanahalli
MAN-1
MAN-1
Kiragavalu
Makavalli
MAN-2
9
MAN-2
Pattasomanahalli
Bevkal
io MAN-2
11 MAN-2
12 MAN-2
13 MAN-2
14 MAN-2
15 MAN-2
16 MAN-2
17 MAN-2
18 MAN-s"
19 MAhO
Drain (Length in mtrs)
Village
3
Kalludevanahalli
4___
2487
1038
1781
1055
3363
6811
1216
1938
2062
1468
1779
1296
1876
1174
Kudagabalu
1039
Muthegere
13?? |
Paia Agrahara
1310
B.Hatna
1376
3727
Bindenahalli
Dudda
Heggadahalli
Honnavara
Chandagalu
2001
V-Shape Box-Shape
5
2984
1246
2137
1266
4036
8173
6
1459
860
1644
2326
2474
1762
2135
1555
2251
1409
1247
1573
1572
1651
4472
1737
1889
2399
2785
2967
3852
2193
1667
1868
2166
7___
745
810
1028
1194
1271
1651
368
792
150
71_5
809
928
3505
18451
Tt?’
_52i
481
' 761
795
2385
34 {l
"52
4358
594
1868
im
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Govt of Karnataka.
Total
8
2482
2699
3427
3979
4238
5503
1228
2436
2343
2382
2677
3094
3557
1893
253
1136
2437
W81_
6226
1. V-Shape
330.00
2. Box-Shape
935.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
9
10
12.70
13.81
17.53
20.35
21.67
28.15
6.28
12.83
8.64
12.19
13?73
15.82
12.05
6.54
1.29
5.81
8.36
10J3
305
425.47
1108.48
820.16
1607.77
537.09
344.40
430.29
551.70
349.15
691.78
643.08
1017.53
535.39
464.03
103.84
369.43
531.60
613.55
712.08
ANNEXURE - XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study - Drains
P^JlCapita Co st of E n vi ro n me nta i S a n i tat i o n
j
Different Types of Drain : 1. V-Shape
2. Box-Shape
SI
No
Slice
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):(-----?-laP.e...
12. Box-Shape
-
Population
Village
1991
1
2
3
20 MAN-3 _Ganaganur
21 MAN-3 Keelara
22 ~MAN-3 _Lingapatna
23 MAN-3~ Marchaknahalli
24 MAN-3 Nelamane
manaT Saragur
26 MAN-3 Talagavadi
27 MAN-4 Aralakupe
~28~ MAN-4 Bastihalli
- _J[_
29 1VAN-4' Javaranahalli
?o- MAN-4~ Kadabahalli
’bi" MANZ' Kothathi
32~ MAKL4~ Mangala
33~ MAhpT Mullukatte
34" MAN-4 Settapura
35’ MAN-5~ Bidarakote
36~ MAN-5~ Chinkurali
37" MAN-5- Chjjnchanahalli
38~ MAN-5 Gamanahalli
r
4
i
1045j
5774~
"3064'
2001
5
V-Shape
~
Box-Shape:
Total
7
8
i
6
J424!
1422 '
J884'
3677
1706
346?
489 [
16607
5395]"
_1_91£-
?298
3616'
lesor
4339
4652
2399
1344 '
5123”
1999"
ll20~
1248~
1H^~
26T6”
1572t
2155 ~
Ilfs'
3827~
2438
2226 ~~
1498
_4594
3139'
1886 '
2586'
2710
4592
2926
267? ”
Project Pfenning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Departaent of Rura, Devslopment and Panchayat Raj
3345,1
_610
J433
__21~di
115|
790;
j
1935.00
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
t
9
2034i
”l040
4778
699
1775 '
2444
3758
6.55
19758'
10
j
829.56!
352?69]
97.29
384.04l
720|
2195"
5585 "
"2400
12.28
231?
4800 "
37.43
274
5074"
2771 ~~
iw'
J958
1840
2’0.24
862.58
395?5~4
~843.87|
67l’~
287|'
4.90 ’
364742
36 W ~
_100
J2.85'
857.91
_437.54l
2750 ~
958
3710 "
3686 ~
1179
7580
3929 '
5266 "
1068j
_458 ’
1526"
2528j~
W83
3209 ~
TsW
_3611
4587 "
2M2~
875
587 '
~200"
Tztq '
"2771
q(
|
-4
1330.00
Drain (Length in mfrs)
1254
692?
3877~
Programrne (ESP) - Drains
~_29ibr
W57 "
2971 ‘
20.10
26.94
7.8?
18747
23.45
14.92’ ’
io7di’'
’ri'.dT
56577
534720
_858?08
_4lJ784
_7147l7
865.29
324.95
342713
4'12’34
ANNEXURE-XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study - Drains
Programme (ESP) - Drams
Cos£o£Eny]ronrr^
Different Types of Drain : jLV'Shape ...
SI
No
Population
Slice
2
39
40
41
MAN-5
man7’
J77
MAN-5
MAN-5
I
3
44
man-7
|
4
Hallagere
____ wTs
__________ 2866~
TT" MAN-6 Lalanakere
____ _i767”
4£ man7~ Shivapura
______ 1394”
Zt- man7~ Acchappankopplui________
48~ MAN-7
if MAN-7
50
MAN-7
7T MA??7
112
53”
|MAN-8
Bekkalae
| Byaladkere
___ ___
2729?'
_____
_748l
4705 i
2435?’
Dhagur
SunkaTannur
Kodihalli(phase 2)
5iri ■
j2539 ”
’7959""
MAN 10 'Belagola
54~
AN 11 7yathanahalli
5Z~ MAN 12 iArakere
57~ MYS-1 jeTdaragodu
57 iMYS-1
2. Box-Shar,e
935.00
Drain (Length in mtrs)
2001
K,Honnalagere
___ 4007,
________ 2501 ~
Laxmisagara
l\LB.Halli~
2169 ”
Navile
____ 7764
~47 manT- Ballekere
71
330.00
Village
1991
1
1. V-Shape
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):
_ _____________________ 2. Box-Shape
___
*
Doddakanya
Planing and Mcrncnng Unit /PP.V-
J
■ I
8200!’
_1842?”'
2287?"
5
4808
~300l'
2603
1325
1942
3439
7688
1673
1302
3275
898
5646
2922
6205
15047’
V-Shape Box-Shape
6
i otal
Estimate:. Cost
(Rs in ! .xkhs)
Per Capita Cost
Por . -.lion 2001
7
|
~572|'
8________
9.75
” 68 ’
202.78
5683 ’ ~
1 5J7"’
T???'
638^59
734”
496,
753?”
W85,i
6065j '
1727’ '
1T?
J634
36? 6
6797}
'7772
'777'"
48'676
1144 ~
18.50
21.25 '
95277
61774
737’
_12.57 '
744.5?
7331 ”
999”
■3330
TUfZ
2134 ”
1018.23
677”
485.66
JTM ’
_I3048
236 ....
i7o3~-
371 ”
4065”
50
4115 ”
6064!
2599]
j76l
5897?
_8663
1599 '
1334
5615_
”7713”
1119;
13764?
16500t
2210
2738 ’
2274] ’
593: '
975]~
22~23t”
963-
IO
6-30.79
15.59”
476.00
tsTs”
44.77 ~
154677
78474
279’97
8.18
100.58
53.56 ”
1620.85
'7674 ”
7677 F
2 75 78
1976
3249]
1 sTJr
3176
16.25?
1694 0
9551
98^0 ’
an< Panchayat Raj Sovt af Karnataka
19663
4-401 '
1545?
■3604]’'
13831 ’
J 906
-)
11:1
389771
102 73
751.92
593 28
ANNEXURE - XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study - Drains
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Drains
Different Types of Drain :
SI
No
59
~~60
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):
___ \2. Box-Shape
2. Box-Shape
Population
Slice
1991
MYS-1
MYS7-
Drain (Length in mtrs)
Village
2
~58
1. V-Shape
3
Doora
mys-7
Haginavalu
Kodalapur
4
35351
3069”
61
~62
MYS-1
Kupparavalli
mys-7
Siddalingapura
2730 ”
1158”
’2349”
- ~63
MYS-2
Chidaravalli
2311 "
64
MYS-2
Harohalli
65
MYS-2
2001
V-Shape
5
6
4242
3683
~3276
~1390
Box-Shape
I
1940 ’
Total
7________ 8
J332
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
9
10
"l4'l8
334.30
’17’68
1037
"7 901 ’
6336
32.41
48003
989.31
1528 ’
537’
655
2783
11.77
80059
2301
"7730 "
767_
3-92
5768
~1583
29^
139J6j
1063.79
"oj2
1067.73
2819
2773
4038’
649”
779
1072’
Hyakanur
2020 ~
2424
3157
5228
"224? '
7468
”"~38.20
J 57576
2968 ’
"l272”’
1562
4240
"5206
ll
1 -69
"26.63
1180.40
6.24
ijss’
75^28
MYS-2
Rangasamudra
MYS-2
1880 ”
2256
3644”
68
MYS-3
Yachanahalli
Annur
7322 ~
1586
_854’
366
""7220
69
MYS-3
Anthrasanthe
3488 "
4186
7766"
70
MYS-3
MYS-’3
Gerasanahalli
1463”
Bachegowadanahalli
! Kampalapura
_'896r
1036]'
2987
1189”
7756
T427
2722
"2091 "
"~3|88
4090 ”
~4908.
2696'
1555
3802
MYS-3
935.00
2419
44'35’
66
67
72
330.00
' 3456
2631 '
7?
--------
73
74
MYS-3
MYS^3
Nagawala
224 7t'
Kaniyanahundi
72%'”
75
MYS-4
76
MYO4
Doda Kawalande
Harve
JlH
4444
5333
2418
1_023~
' 7.322 '
2559]"
_1_988l
54'7d|'
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit iPPMU), Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Govt of Karnataka
__3454
1467
7888
17.67
"7?47
566|
7097|'
8527
3656
”2840
’"uTs’s
~2344|
"7874
~39?97
9.65
18"'70"
39036
475.07
870^24’
1238.16
15022
358.06
1202.52
’ 38?-. ] 2
ANNEXURE-XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study - Drains
—
Per Capita Cost
of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP)« Drains
J_ __— --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- J__--------—-———
Different Types of Drain :
SI
No
-t-
'T
1. V-Shape
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):
2. Box-Shape
2. Box-Shape
935.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
9
10
Village
1991
2
1
77
78
MYS-4
Nagavalli
MYS-4
79
MYS-5
Nanjadevanapura
Alathur
80
MYS-5
Ankalli
81
MYS-5
82
MYS-5
Arakalwadi
Hebbasur
83
MYS-5
Honnegowdanahalli
84
85
MYS-5
MYS-6
Yanaganalli
Alagodu
86
87
MYS-6
Bilaguli
MYS-6
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
MYS-6
Kodgahalli
Thayur
MYS-7
Hadanur
MYS-7
Hullahalli
MYS-7
Sindhuvalli
MYS-8
Halaganahalli
MYS-8
Kandegala
mysTb
Kelaganahalli
Konasur
MYS-8
330.00
Drain (Length in mtrs)
Population
Slice
1. V-Shape
3
4
5628
2358
2000
2179
2428
4504
1243
2423
5128
3771
2715
2933
2087
7517
2919
2243
1035
1304
1778
2001
V-Shape Box-Shape
Total
8
-U
6
7
6754
4659
2830
6159
1997
2639
6656
8798
34.05
45.00
2400
2783
1193
3976
847.44
2615
2843
1218
4061
20.34
20.77
2914
5733
2457
41.89
5405
1492
3590
3176
1538
7 361
8190
5128
4537
1437.80
~ 485.26
~1555.79
2908
6154
4525
3258
3520
2504
9020
3503
2692
1242
1565
2134
318
9225
136
~~454
2.32
3954
67.41
2787
7794
13179~
3981 -
79.83
1095^50
20.36
449.95
4706
2017
1949
1531
7545
34.39
33.23
1055.52
944.09
26.10
1042.26
728764
1426709
12.10
345.53
21776
786.03
1260.22
5
4547
3572
17604
1656
2895
2142
1438
2050
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU). Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka
710
1241
918
616
878
6723
6496
5103
25149
2366
4136
3060
2054
2928
26.23
23.21
15.65
10.51
14.97
504.13
~1590.77
794.33
~6t7733
”707.83
ANNEXURE-XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study ■ Drains
---------- ZgLCapita Cost of Environmental Sanitati
~
-------ation Programme (ESP) - Drains
Different Types of Drain : L v~ShaPe
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):p V~ShaPe
_
2. Box-Shape
SI
No
Slice
Population
1991
|l
1
2
3
TlVIYS-8
| 96
Ravandur
[97~ MYS-9 _ Chikkabuvalli
|98~ MYS-9 _ Karagalli
00
'99~ MYS-9~
_ Menasikyathalli
MYS-9
"
100
_ P.G.Palya
101 MYS-9~ _ T.Bettahalli
102 MYS-10 Chamarayanakote
103 MYS-10 Gowadagere
104 MYS^W Kanagal
105 MYS-11 Adaganalli
106 MYS-11 Chandagal
107 MYS-11 Gandanahalli
108~ WS-11~ Hampapur
109 MYS-11 Kestur
110 MYS-12 Agara
111 MYS-nF Hullepura
112 MYS-12 Kestur
113 mysFT Gumballi
114 MYS-13 Honganur
4
2148
1664
1833
2486
3487
1763
2086
2984
2327'
1205
2764'
4731 '
3900 ~
4855 ~
10040 ~
1402~
5490 ~
3873 ~
~6245~
2. Box-Shape
935.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
Drain (Length in mtrs)
Village
2001
5
2578
1997
2200
~2983’
4184
2116
2503
3581
2792 '
1446 '
V-Shape Box-Shape
6
3572
1453
2043
1737
4270
~2464
2297
4100
174?'
~1976~’
3317
5677 ~
4680 ~
5826 ~
7l 13 ~
2277"
12048
1682 ~
6588 ~
4648 ~
7494 ~
2696 ~
1692 ~
4487 ~
5512~
1416~
2723
5625'
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Depart™, of Rurai Deveiopment and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka.
7
1531
623
875
745
1830
1056
984
1600
755'
847
1167'
2411 ~
1763
976
~ll56~
725 ~
1923~
2362~
607 ~
Total
8
9
5103
2076
2918,
2482
~6100
3520
3281
5700
2496
2823 '
3890
8036 ~
5876 '
3253 ~
3852 '
2417 ’
64W~
7874 ~
2023 ~
330.00
3Q706~
10
1012.66
531.85
678.45
425.65
745.66
851.05
670.36
795.63
458.55
998.63
599.90
724.04
"642.24
16.64 ~
285.6?
19.71 ~
12.36 ~
163.56
734^80
32.79 ’
40.27 ~
497.68
866.56
138.09
26.10
10.62^
14.92
_12.70
31.20~
18.00
16.78
28.49
~T2.80'
14.44 ’
19.90 ’
41.11 '
10.35 -
r
r
ANNEXURE-XIV
Strategy Paper 2000 : Panchsutra : Details of Sample Study - Drains
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation Programme (ESP) - Drains
Different Types of Drain :
SI
No
1. V-Shape
♦
Population
Slice
Drain (Length in mtrs)
Village
1991
1
Cost of Construction (Rs per mtr):
2. Box-Shape
2
3
2001
115 MYS-13 Jodimellahalli
116 MYS-13 Vaddagere
117 MYS-14 Lalitadripura
118 MYS-14 Ramanahalli
4
2703
1297
3114
5356
5
3244
1556
3737
6427
119 MYS-15 Haleyur
120 MYS-15 Halladamanuganalli
5013
1251
6016
1501
1471
1330
5510
1441
1020
1708
9188
4600
5511
2407
2390
4863
3095
1765
TFT MYS-15 Jakkalli
122 MYS-15 KatteKavil
123 MYS-15 Marachanahalli
124 MYS-15 Masahalli
125 MYS-15 Tharikallu
126 MYS-15 Thumbasoge
127 MYS-16 Sathegala
128 MYS-17 Kudlur
129 MYS-17 Palya
130 MYS-18 Jannur
13? mysTs Mardur
?32 MYS-18 Ummathur
133 MYS-19 Uddurkaval
1596
6612,
1729
1224
2050
11026
5520
6613
2888
2868
5836
3714
V-Shape Box-Shape
6
3557
958
5515
8365
1937
1786
1042
3962
6741
1105
2722
2981
2291
2540
2038
6901
1369
7031
2417
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU), Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Govt of Karnataka.
7
Total
8
1525
410
2360
3585
830
1. V-Shape
330.00
2. Box-Shape
935.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
9
10
5082
26.00
801.48
1368
6.99
449.43
7875
40.27
1077.54
11950
61.12
2767
14.15
951.02
235.26
766
2552
13.06
869.70
446
1488
1698
2889
474
5660
9630
431.04
1813.97
1166
3888
1278
4582
1088
873
2958
587
3013
1037
4259
6873
7.61
28.95
49.26
8.08
19.88
21.79
50.40
3628
18.55
2911
14.89
9859
1956
10044
3454
50.43
10.01
51.37
17.67
1579
744.97
467.18
1624.57
1062.97
457.14
336.14
225.12
1745.97
348.89
880.35
475.82
ANNEXi IRE - XIV
Strategy Paper 20... . Panchsutra : De:,
r
of Sample Study
Drains
Per Capita Cost of Environmental Sanitation ProgrammelEvP) - Drains
Different Types of Drain :
Si
No
1. V-Shape
Cost of Construcron (Rs per mtr).4—
;2. Box-Shape
2. Box-Shape
Population
Slice
Drain (Length in mtrs)
Village
1
2
3
134 MYS-19 Yadakola
Total
Average Per Village
T“
~.....
1991
2001
4
3955
387490
5
4746
464988
5730
424642
2892
3470
3169
V-Shape Box-SI
>e
7
^2456
Total
935.00
Estimated Cost
(Rs in Lakhs)
Per Capita Cost
(Rs)
Population 2001
9
10
8
41.87
161566
8186
586208
2911.96
882.27
626.24
1206
4375
21.73
626.24 j
o
Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMl^- Deportment of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Govt of Karnataka.
330.00
&•
ANNEXURE XV
COST OF RURAL SANITATION
TYPICAL HABITATION OF 2500 POPULATION OR 500 HOUSEHOLDS)
SL I
No
Item
1.
Roads/Street/
Lane paving__
Drains
2.
3.
Household
i Latrines
4.
Improved
Chulhas
Community
Latrines
School
Sanitation
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cost per
Village
(Rs.in lafiiis)
Cost per
capita
(Rupees)
Cost for
6000 villages
(Rs.in crores)
2 Kms
(g Rs.5.00 lakhs
3.75 Kms
(a Rs.___________
250 latrines
(a. Rs. 1600
average subsidy
500 Chulhas @
Rs. 100 subsidy
10x3 units @
Rs.3300x10
1 School with
toilets & water
supply___________
2 Units.
(g Rs.25,000
Per village
10.00
400
600
12.50
500
750
4.00
160
240
0.50
20
30
1.00
40
60
1.00
40
60
0.50
20
30
0.50
20
30
30.00
1200
1800
Community
Compost Yards
I.E.C. and
Institutional
support
TOTAL
►
I
Quantity/
Rate
w
- Media
12258.pdf
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