The Impact of Selected Interventions on the Availability of Safe Drinking Water in Two Talukas of Beed District in Maharashtra
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- Title
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The Impact of Selected Interventions on the
Availability of
Safe Drinking Water
in
Two Talukas of Beed District in Maharashtra - extracted text
-
The Impact of Selected Interventions on the
Availability of
Safe Drinking Water
in
Two Talukas of Deed District in Maharashtra
r
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O'
o I
LIBRARY
AND
AND
INFORMATION
INFORMATION
\ <
J
CENTRE
G. AL o
Institute of Health Management, Pachod (IHMP)
Ashish Gram Rachna Trust
District Aurangabad - 431 121, Maharashtra
THE IMPACT OF SELECTED INTERVENTIONS ON THE AVAILABILITY
OF
SAFE DRINKING WATER
IN
TWO TALUKAS OF BEED DISTRICT IN MAHARASHTRA
INSTITUTE OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT PACHOD (IHMP)
DISTRICT AURANGABAD, 431 121 MAHARASHTRA
Section - I
Technical Report
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and
I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the support
assistance provided by the following:
Mir,
Shri
S. S. Yadwadkar, CEO, ZP, Aurangabad and Shri B.
and active
in
CEO,
ZP,
acti ve involvement
Beed,
for their support
its
ini tiati ng this
programme
in Pai than T a 1 u k a and for
sustained implementation in Georai Taiuka.
GSDA,
and Shri
Cherekar,
Jr.
Engineers,
Shri
Joshi
Aurangabad and Beed districts for technical assistance.
U.K.,
and CAPART, New Delhi,
for t hei r
Christian Aid,
financial
support which made this exciting expertment possible
and the Ford Foundation for supporting the research studies,
The staff of the IHMP, whose selfless, hard work has made
safe water accessible to thousands in Georai, Beed and Pai than
taiukas.
our
School
teachers and Balsewaks ,
The
ICDS
workers,
who
have
collectively
inspired
change
in
child health educators,
al
1
the
the
respondents
who
provided
their communities,
and
i nformat i on
It
is not possible to acknowledge by name every one who
helped
in this research study,
but I feel it is necessary to
those
who
were directly involved.
acknowledge the hard work of
Research Co-ordinator
M. Kh£il e
Data col 1ecti on L
1. H.N.Jare
S.L.Mohi te
3. B< B.Pawar
4. A.B.Pawar
5. S.D.Kakade
6. M,Bankar
7. D. J. Chakranarayan
8. R.Ray Chaudhuri
c?
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
K.Kharat
D.M.Chaudhary
F.N.Jadhavar
S.M.Shinde
U.B.Mahankale
S.Ghule
A. Ghule
M.Khale
Data entry;
1. R.Salgaonkar
2. A.B.Pawar
3. K.Kharat
4. S. Kamble
5. S.D.Kakade
6. S-L.Mohi te
Data Processi ng n Stat i st i cal Analysi s and Report Writing;
1. S. Sen
N.Kur i an
3. R. Ray Chaudhuri
4. K,Pattanayak
5. M-Khale
'n
6.
7.
8.
9.
K-Abraham
V.K.Abraham
J.Wei ner
S. Ingle
s*
H.N.Jare
Xeroxi ng;
1B
S.Kamble
A. Dyal Chand
(Di rector)
Institute of
Health
Management
Pachod, Aurangabad. Mah ar ash t r a (4 31 121).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1. District F'ro-file
1.2. Georai Baseline Survey,,
1986
1.3. Proposed Programme
1.3.1. Reconstruction o-f handpump platforms
1.3.2. A preventive maintenance system for handpumps
1.3.3. Monitoring of hand pumps
1.3.4. Research proposal
2. EVOLUTION OF THE PROGRAMME
3. STUDY OF THE GEORAI SDK PROGRAMME - TECHNICAL COMPONENT
3. 1 . Research Objectives
3.2. Methodology
3.3. Sampling Frame
3.4. Sample Size
3.5.
Instruments
4. RESULTS
4. 1. Comparabi 1 ity of -four study areas
4.2. Programme impact
4.2.1. Functi onal
status o-f handpumps at the
time o-f
the study ~ point prevalence
4.2. 2. E-f-ficiency o-f handpumps — point prevalence
4.2.3. Proportion o-f -functional handpumps in
last, one month
4.2.4. Proportion o-f -functional handpumps in
last one year
4.2.5.
Interval between breakdown and reporting
and reporting and repair.
4.2.6. Pumps repaired on the
discharge and breakdown
basi s
o-F
1 ow
4.2.7. Estimation o-f increase in availability o-f
water
ii
4.3. Physical
condition of handpump assembly
f our areas
4.4.
in
the
Condition of platforms and drains
4.5. Comparison of
Georai
research findings
baseli ne
wi th
present
4.6. Analysis of Users’ habits
4.6. 1. Users’ habits and their consequences
4.6.2. Users’
awareness of the maintenance system
4.6.3. Users’ awareness of the VLV role
4.7. Analysis of VLV data
4.7.1. VLV characteristics
4.7.2. VLV awareness of their rol e
4.7.3. Level of awareness of MLVs
4.7.4. VLV effectiveness related to monitoring
4.7.5. VLV practices related to monitoring
4.7.6.
VLV practices related to the handpump
surround!ngs
4.7.7. Observation of VLV performance
4.7.8. VLV perception regarding improvement of
HP condition
5. RESEARCH
5. 1. Development of a Parameter for Preventive Maintenance
Handpumps
5.2. Development
Mai ntenance
of
a
Moni tori ng
System
5.3. Study of Impact of Reconstruction
of Handpumps
on
f or
of
Handpump
Functional
Status
5.4. Studies of Impact of Preventive Maintenance on Functional
Status of Handpumps
5.5. Research Studies on IEC Related to Drinking Water
5.6. Factors
Influencing
Communi ty Part i ci pat i on
Management of Rural Dr i n k i ng Wat.er Supp 1 y
cr
—r
Research Studies in Progress
6. CREATION OF NEW WATER SOURCES
IN BEORAI TAL.UKA
ill
in
the
7. DISCUSSION
7.1. Study Design
7.2. Comparabi1ity of the Four Study Areas
7.3. Functional Status of Handpumps
7.4. Effectiveness of Monitoring and Maintenance Systems
7.5. Effectiveness of Handpump Maintenance
7.6. Effectiveness of the Reconstruction Programme
7.7. Comparison of Georai Baseline and Present Study Results
7.8. Analysis of User Habits
7.9. Effectiveness of Handpump Monitoring System
7.10.Programme Implementation in Pai than Taluka
8. CONCLUSIONS
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Name
I
Handpump Survey - Georai, November,
Page No.
1986
II
Comparabi1ity of 4 Study Areas
III
Handpump Status at the time of the Study
(Point Prevalence)
IV
Efficiency of Functional Handpumps
V
Percentage of Pumps Functional Within
Last 30 Days and Average Functional Days
per Handpump per Month
VI
Performance of Pumps Over a Period of Last
One Year and Annual Water Availability
VII
Interval Between Breakdown and Information
Sent and Reporting and Repairs - Users’
Response - 100 Respondents
VIII
Handpumps Repaired on the Basis of Low
Discharge and Breakdown (Jan-Dec, 1990)
IX
Condition of Above Ground Handpump Assembly
in 4 Study Areas
X
Percentage of Handpumps with Platform and
Drain in Poor Condition in 4 Study Areas
Xia
Georai Pre-Post Analysis of Handpumps
Xlb
Georai Pre-Post Analysis of Handpumps
XII
Users’ Habits and their Consequences
XIII
Users’ Awareness of the Maintenance System
XIV
Users’ Awareness of VLV Roles
XV
VLV Characteristics
XVI
VLVs’ Awareness of their Roles
XVII
Level of Awareness of VLVs
XVIII
VLV Effectiveness Related to Monitoring
XIX
VLV Practices Related to Monitoring
XX
VLV Practices Related to Handpump
Surroundi ngs
XXI
Observation of VLV Performance by
Investi gators
XXII
VLV Perception Regarding Improvement of
HP Condition
V
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No.
I
Name
Condition of HPs at the Time of Baseline
Survey, Georai
II
Breakdown Rate of Pumps in Four Study Areas
at the Time of Study
III
E-f-ficiency of Functional Handpumps
IV
Performance of HPs in last One Month
Monthly Water Availability
V
Performance of HPs in Last One Year &
Annual Water Availability
Via
Condition of Above Ground Assembly of
Handpumps in 4 Study Areas
VIb
Condition of Above Ground Assembly of
Handpumps in 4 Study Areas
Vila
Percentage of HPs with Platform i n
Poor Condition
Vllb
Platform Rim in Poor Condition
Vile
Percentage of HPs with Drain in
Poor Con d i t i on
Villa
Georai Pre-Post Analysis of Handpumps
Vlllb
Georai Pre-Post Analysis of Handpumps
vi
Page No.
T^t.IMPACT °F selected INTERVENTIONS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SAFE
DRINKING WATER IN TWO TALUKAS OF DEED DISTRICT IN MAHARASHTRA.
INSTITUTE OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT,
1-
PACHOD
INTRODUCTION
The Safe Prinking Hater Programme
The Institute of Health Management, Paehod,
(IHMP) has
been
implementing a programme for the provision of Safe Drinking Water
in two talukas (Georai and Deed) of Deed
District since 1986-87.
The aim of the programme was to ensure effective
avai1abi1i ty
safe
drinki ng
reacti vate
water.
658
It
damaged
was
proposed
handpumps.
A
system
was proposed to be established
based
monitor i ng
Communi ty
system
education,
to
reconstruct
prevent!ve
along with
for handpumps
in
the
of
and
maintenance
a
communi ty
two
taiukas.
training and organisation initiatives
were?
planned in order to change water related
community behaviour
and
generate
communi ty
parti ci pati on.
The
implemented for the last three years.
October
1990
to
programme
been
A study was undertaken from
January 1991 to determine the
programme on availability of water.
has
A
of
the
brief description of
the
i mpact
programme is presented.
1-1- District Profiles
Peed
Di stri ct
Maharashtra,
had
water
f ai 1 ed
is
a
part
of
the
Marathwada
and is classified as drought prone.
for the third
consecutive year,
In
and
regi on
1985
the
suppli ed
water
bore wells
the
through tankers.
The main sources of drinking water in the di str i ct are
surface,
rai ns
dr inking
si tuati on was precarious. 350 out of 1214 vi11 ages i n
di strict were-? being
of
on which handpumps or e1ectr i c
p umps
sub
have
been fitted and open wells in
some villages where the water table
1
is high.
By June 1987, there were approximately 3000 hand
pumps
in E<eed District.
The
the
maintenance of handpumps was not
large number of handpumps that were in a poor condition
constraints
terrain.
2700
very effective due to
such
as long distances. bad
roads
and
undulati ng
Sample surveys conducted in 1986 indicated that out
handpumps
in
Beed District
an
estimated
needed
more
needed
Officer of Beed
Zilla
reconstruction,
platform
repai rs.
Fari shad
vide his letter ZP/WDS/482/S5., dated
The
while approximate!y
Chief
Executi ve
SOO
November
requested
the
undertake
a programme for providing Safe Drinking Water
Institute
of
Heal th
Management,
IS,1985
Fachod,
recei ved
approval
from
the
Rural
to
in
Talukas in coordination with the Zilla Farishad. Following
Institute
of
1800
platform
the
and
two
this.
Development
Department, Mantra!aya. vide letter No.GPPF/2496/CR 4542/41 dated
27th February 1987.
In
1985,
the Institute trained 26 handpump
mechani cs
cum
masons in coordination with UNICEF, and in January 1986, 48
hand
-pump
mi stri es
were trained, under the TRYSEM scheme, wi th
the
assistance of AFARM and UNICEF.
1.2. Georai Baseline Study 1986:
In
November
1986,
surveyed
extensively
history
and
Georai
and
c on d i t i on
taiuka
detai 1ed
of
of
Beed
di stri ct
was
i nformati on
regard!ng
the
all handpumps were collected.
results are presented in the Table I and Figure I given below.
2
The
Table I. Hand Pump Survey
Georai 5
November,
1986
•
No. of
HPs
Status o-f
handpumps
t
Condition of
Pl atforms
i
■
i
i
Functi onal
Non•f unct.
Seaso I Good
i
nal
Need
repai rs
Need
}
Reconst.:
i
i
I
i
200
i
7.
103
84
13
51.57.
427.
6.57.
i
7
75
118
«
3.57.
37.57.
597.
j
i
The 103 -functional
pumps had an average
12 strokes -for water to start
i
discharge rate o-f:
■flowing,
with
a range of 1
to
68 strokes.
20
strokes
were required to provide 3 litres o-f water ? the
range being 8 to 120 strokes.
The problems due to
1)
As
damaged pl at-for ms were two—folds
the pump was not -firinly anchored
5
the
chances
o-f
pump
Since the concrete seal between the bore and the ground
was
breakdown were greater.
2)
broken.
waste water had direct access to the water
in
the
deci ded
to
bore, resulting in contamination.
1.3. Proposed Programme:
The
Institute
implement
a
o-f
Heal th
Management
Sa-fe Drinking Water Programme
Pachod,
wi th
the
■foil owi ng
components:
1)
Reconstruction
o-f approximately 658 handpump
pl at-f or ms
in
two talukas o-f Deed District, viz.. Georai and Peed.
2)
Operat i onali se
a preventive system of handpump
ma i n t enanee
i n two talukas. viz. Georai and Peed.
3)
Estab1ish a community based handpu.mp monitoring
all the handpumps in two Talukas.
3
system
for
Fig.L Condition of HPs at the Time
of Baseline Survey, Georai
Functional
Need Repairs
I........... -AWlu
‘^ood
Seasonal
6.5%
Nqn-f unctlonal
•■y
Need Reconstruction
59%
42%
Status of handpump
Condition of platform
4
4)
Moni ter
the remaining 3000 handpumps in the entire district
through the
5)
Initiate
a
community
educati on
organisation
programme
with the aim of changing individual
and
6)
Zilla Pari shad.
communi ty
water
related
trai ni ng
behavi our,
and
and
heal th
generati ng
community partici pation in the management of water
sources.
Drill
100 new bores and install handpump s for vi11 ages
and
sub groups of the population at greatest need.
7)
To
conduct
research studies for
developing
a
preventive
maintenance model for handpumps:
a.
To
study the parameters for predi cti ng
pump
breakdown
to
facilitate preventive maintenance.
b.
To
establi sh
simple parameters
for
moni tori ng
of
rural
drinking water supply programmes.
c.
To study quantitatively the impact of reconstruction
on
the
To study the contaminati on levels of reconstructed
pumps
as
effectiveness of handpumps.
d.
compared to existing handpumps.
e.
To study the impact of chlorinati on of bores
on
potabi1i ty
of water and incidence of diarrhoea.
f.
To
study
a
feasi ble
model
of
commun i ty
parti ci pati on
applicable to an entire Taluka.
1.3.1. Reconstruction of Handpump Platfcrmss
The
objecti ve
was to reconstruct and reactivate handpumps.
and by providing stability, prevent break down of
handpumps.
To provide handpumps with
an effective concrete seal
to
prevent contaminati on with surface water
and ensure a r egular
supply of ’safe’ drinking water to the
commun i ty.
The p 1 a t f c.) r■ m reconstructi on work was done by a
team of 1 ocal
5
youth trained by the IHMP.
It involved dismantling the handpump,
reconstructing the platform and re installing it after seven days
of curing.
1.3.2.
A Preventive Maintenance System tor Handpumps:
The
survey
conducted
1986
showed that
November
■functional
due
IHMP
out of
<i . e. providing water,
mai ntenance)?
water
by the
in
200
Georai
Taiuka
handpumps j,
103
but were in need of
while 84 were non-functional
to pump breakdown). A similar
<i . e.
in
were
regular
not
providing
si tuation
ex i sted
in
other talukas of Beed Di str i ct.
Data on
’pump discharge’
for functional
pumps showed that on
an average.
12 strokes were required
for water to start
from
pump
strokes
the
provide
3
while
1i tres
of
another
20
water.
Stud!es
were
f1owing
requi red
i nd!cated
that
reconstruction and reinstallation !• this average could be
down to below 4 strokes for water to
strokes
this
to
at
a
di stri ct
after
brought
start flowing and another 12
provide three litres of water. However,
average
to
1 evel
requi red
to
an
sustain
effect!ve
monitoring and maintenance system.
The
strategy
conceptualized
that
to
the
It
was
could be utilised for predicti ng
ma.i n t enance wor k could then be undertaken
pumps
to
become non-functional.
felt
The
a.
regular
thei r
breakdown.
wi thout
al 1owi ng
concept
was
cal 1ed
Mai ntenance" since it was envisaged that break
pumps could be prevented thereby i ncreasing
water to the communi ty
was
(the number of strokes requi red
start flow and fill a 3 litre bucket) measured at
''Prevent i ve
of
the IHMP project team in 1985.
the discharge of handpumps.
periodicity..
The
by
of preventive maintenance of handpumps
aval 1abi1i ty
Based on this concept a proposal
6
for
down
of
the
preventive
first
maintenance of handpumps was submitted in 1986.
research
paper
on
field
results
of
the
The
preventive
maintenance was presented in 1987.
The main objectives of the maintenance system were:
To keep at least 807. of the pumps functional at
pump
di scharge
flowing, and
rate
of four strokes for
an
average
to
water
start.
another 12 strokes to provide three litres
of
water.
To keep at least 807. of the pumps functioning for a
mini mum
of 25 days every month.
1.3.3.
The Monitoring System for Handpumpss
A
mon itor i ng
establi shed.
a
month.
Thi s
system with three
essent i al
components
The block level mechanic visits each handpump
Duri ng
his visit he measures the handpump
was
once
discharge.
i nformat!on is used for the preventive maintenance of hand
pumps.
The
second
component is the community reporting
breakdown
of their handpump.
Final 1y
five individuals for each pump were
families living
in the immediate vicinity of
the
seiected
pump.
of
pump breakdown, the volunteers post a pre-addressed
to
inform
reporting
average?
the
of
The
ma.;, n
develop ar
pump
mai ntenance
breakdown
of pumps,
unit.
By
ensuri ng
it was aimed
to
In
case
postcard
prompt
reduce
the
non functional period, again resulting in an increase in
availabi1ity
at the
mobi1e
from
of water to the community.
objective
of the
monitori ng
programme
was
to
effective and replicabl e. monitor ing system app1i cab1e
di strict 1evel.
It was planned
that an
e f f ec t i ve h a n d -
monitoring system would complement the maintenance
7
system.
Other objective was to reduce the interval
between breakdown
repairs.
be
The information collected by the monitoring system wool d
used to study the performance of the pump and
breakdown with a view to preventive
maintenance.
system would also form the basis of
The IHMP was to,
system
along with
Georai
and
Seed,
order
predict
i ndependent1y,
The moni tor ing
estab1i sh
the
monitori ng
maintenance of handpumps in 2 talukas
while
the Z.P. was
Z. P. , was to be recei ved
pump
programme evaluation.
to
introduce
monitoring system in the remaining 5 talukas.
by the
and
and
viz..
the
same
The data collected
processed by the
IHMP
to assess the performance of
the monitoring system at
in
the
district level.
1-3.4. The Research Proposal:
The
Saf e
Dr i nki ng Water Progr amine
proposal
i nd uded
the
study the parameters for predicting handpump breakdown
to
fallowing Research studies:
a) To
facilitate preventive maintenance.
The
purpose
of
the
study
wi 11
be
to
estab1i sh
whether
a parameter like pump discharge can be effectively
used for early
di agnosi s of
pump breakdown.
The data on
pump di scharge
recorded by the monitoring system will
be? used for
b) To
estab1ish
si mple
parameters
for
the study.
moni tor i ng
of
the
programme.
The development of simple monitoring techniques to
f a.ci 1 i tate
programme
evaluati on
at
the
di str i ct.
1 evel
another research project to be
carried out by the IHMP.
c) To
s t u d y q u a n t i t za t i v e 1 y t. h e i m p a c t c f r e c o n s t r u c t i on on
e? f f e c t i v e n e s s o f pumps u
In this study.
number
days and
of
functional
r e c: o n s t r u c ted
pumps
t h e pump disc h a rge,
frequency
of
breakdown
will be studied as compared to
8
that
is
the
the
of
of
pumps in need of reconstruction.
d) To study the impact of community participati on on
and
monitoring of handpumps-
calendars
each pump.
for
exami ne
the
mai ntenance
There will be
f i ve
VLVs
The purpose of
the
study is to
proportion of VLVs
monitoring
with
reporti ng
and
their handpump condition regularly through calendars.
e) To
study
the contamination levels of reconstructed handpumps
as compared to pumps in need of reconstructi on.
f ) To study the impact of chlorination of bores on potability
of
water and incidence of diarrhoea.
The
last two studies examine the contamination of handpump water
at source and its relation to the incidence of diarrhoea.
2. EVOLUTION OF THE PROGRAMME
A survey
was conducted to measure the functional status and
discharge
of handpumps in Georai Ta 1 u 1=:a in 1985,
whi ch, the
parameter for
A
preventive
on the basis of
maintenance was developed.
project proposal for the preventive maintenance of
handpumps,
utilising this parameter, was submitted in 1986.
The Baseline
survey in Georai was conducted in October
and
November 1986. Simultaneously the training of Zilla Parishad
and
IHMP
and
mechanics
was undertaken in coordination with
UNICEF
AFARM, Pune.
Reconstruct!on
The
a
preventive
mai ntenance
phased manner.
were
handed
Par i shad,
of handpumps
As handpumps kept getting
over
Beed.
of handpump platforms was initiated in 1987.
to
the IHMP for
began
in
1988,
reconstructed
mai ntenance
Al 1 the pumps in Georai Taiuka
by
came
in
they
the
Zilla
under
the
preventive maintenance system of the IHMP only since July 1989.
After the reconstruction work was completed in Georai Taiu k a
9
the
reconstruction
team
moved
were reconstructed in Beed
to
Deed
Taiuka.
T a 1 u k a.
160 handpumps
Si multaneously,
prevent!ve
maintenance of handpumps was initiated in Beed Taluka.
However
Z.P. mechanics
were opposed to
the
of
i dea
the
district authorities handing over a second taluka to the IHMF'.
The pumps
therefore,
have
reconstructed by the IHMP in
handed
been
back to the Zilla Pari shad.
under
the
convent!onal
maintenance system of the
The
in
programme
undertaken
Deed
were
Taluka,
These
handpumps
or
correct i ve
breakdown
Z. P. since? the beginning of 1990.
Pai than Taluka of
Aurangabad
only since August 1990. A joint survey was
by the Institute of Health
Management, Pachod
Pari shad, Aurangabad in October 1990.
(IHMP)
has
been
conducted
and
Zilla
The Paithan Taluka has been
used as the control area for comparison in this study.
3. STUDY OF THE GEORAI SDW PROGRAMME - TECHNICAL COMPONENT
3.1. Research Objectives:
Th £4
present research is an attempt to study the
reconstructi on
i mpact
of
and preventive maintenance on the functioning
of
handpumps. More specifiually the objectives of the study are:
1.
To estimate the point prevalence at the time of survey
and
peri od
of
prevalence
(of
one
month
and
year)
one
functionality of handpumps.
2.
To
determi ne
the efficiency of handpumps
by
measur i ng
discharge performance.
3.
To
determi ne
mai ntenance
the effectiveness of handpump monitoring and
system in terms of i nterval between
breakdown
and rep ort i ng an d interval between reporting and repairs.
4.
To
study
the impact
of
reconstruct!on ,
monitori ng
maintenance on the increase in availability of water.
10
and
5.
To determine the effectiveness of the handpump
mai ntenance
programme by studying the physical condition of handpumps.
6.
To
study the quality of the
reconstructi on
of
platforms
through physical verifications.
7.
To study changes in user habits related to
utili zati on
of
To study the perception of community members regarding
the
monitori ng
rol e
of
rol es
and
handpumps.
8.
and
mai ntenance
programme
and
the
Village Level Volunteers (VLVs)„
9.
To
determine the awareness of VLVs about their
responsibi 1i ty
in monitoring of handpumps and
mai ntai ni ng
the cleanliness of handpump surround!ngs.
10.
To
study
the
per-for mance
of
VLVs
in
moni tori ng
and
maintenance of cleanliness of handpump surround!ngs.
11.
To
review the processes involved in the
the
SOW programme to elicit policy guidelines for district
implementation of
1 evel management of rural safe drinking water.
3.2. Methodology :
Four
187
study
handpumps
i n Georai.
areas
were
out of a
i denti f i ed
total of
318
for
this
research.
have been reconstructed
Most of these reconstructions had been
completed
by
July 1988. These pumps have been under the preventive maintenance
system
si nee
of pumps
then.
This
constituted
which have
been
both,
preventive maintenance.
R e c o n s t r u c t ed
the
first
reconstructed
and
study
group
are
under
This group is referred to as the
and Maintained
(GEO—RM)
Georai ~
study area in the
text
and tables.
The
study
remaini ng
group.
131 pumps in Georai
consti tute
1 hese? have not been reconstructed but
11
the
have
second
been
under
preventive maintenance since 1988. This group of pumps
designated as the Georai—Maintenance
(GEO-M)
study
is
area in the
text and tables.
The
thi rd
group
of
160
reconstructed in 1989-90, but
maintenance.
the
Zilla
as
whi ch
not
Seed
been
Pari shad and have been under
In
the
the Beed
The
have
in
Taiuka
under
were
prevent i ve
Following reconstruction they were handed over
maintenance.
to
pumps
study
report
Reconstructed
to
convent!onal
breakdown
these pumps are
ref erred
(BEED-R) study
area.
fourth group consists of 325 pumps in
Pai than
Taiuka
were neither reconstructed nor were they under
prevent!ve
mai ntenance at the time of the study. They were being
mai ntai ned
under
the
tei ng
followed by the
group
of handpumps constituted the control area and is
convent!onal breakdown maintenance
to as Paithan-Control
A
group.
random
whi ch
Z.P.s all over Maharashtra State.
is
This
referred
(PAI-C) study area in the report.
sample of 50 handpumps were
Two users
system
one male and one female,
studi ed
were
from
each
seiected
for
each pump through a convenience sample, residing in the immediate
vici ni ty
of
the pump.
100 users for each study
pumps i.e.,
a total of
400
i nstruments
were
and
users
were
group
of
i ntervi ewed. The
used for the study of condition of
50
same
handpumps
availability of water and for interviewing users in all
the
four study areas.
For
each of the randomly chosen 50 handpumps
from
GEO-RM
and GEO-M areas^one VLV was conveniently selected and i ntervi ewed
using the same i nstrument.
External
study.
A
i nvestigators
th ree
day
were
employed
orientation and
for
training
this
programme
arranged for them in co-ordination with AFARM, Pune.
12
research
was
Fol 1owing
handpump
thei r
training
i nstal1ati on
in
the
techni cal
and maintenance they were
aspects
gi ven
o-f
another
two days orientation in research techniques by
the
IHMP
staff.
These external investigators were
vi11 ages
wi th
instruments
to
be
these 4 study areas.
sent
to the
filled up after observing the handpumps
in
Any problems encountered in data collection
were reviewed every day when the teams returned from the field.
Apar t
from comparison of these 4 groups
of handpumps
randomly selected pumps from Georai Taluka were compared with
equal
number
survey
(1986) to do a pre - post analysis.
of
randomly selected
pumps
f rom
the
100
an
baseli ne
3.3. Sampling Frame:
Dead
p umps
and those with
excluded
from
al 1 the study areas since these
not be made functional.
area ■For drawing
a
fix ed or
fallen
The remaining pumps were
pi pes
were
handpumps
can
listed in each
simple random sample.
3.4. Sample Size:
The
sample
To
size
compare
was estimated using the following method:
the
functi onality
unreconstructed handpumps !«
and
an
observed
reconstructed
with an expected proportion
di -F-feronco
significant at the 0.05 level.
n
of
2 Z 2 pq
of
207.
functionali ty
and
as
40%
whi ch
is
The sample size was calculated as:
2
X
d2
<1.96)2 x 40
X
60
202
46. 1
rounded to
The
50.
sampling un i t was a handpump. From the 4 study
e. reconstructed and
maintai ned
13
(Georai).
only
groups.
mai ntai ned
(Georai),
sample
reconstructed
o-f
50
control area
(E*eed) «, and
handpumps were selected from
simple random sampling.
each
(Pai than), a
group, using
Two users and one VLV were selected
-for
each of these handpumps using convenience sampling.
3.5.
Instruments:
Three instruments were prepared for the research study:
Instrument 1.
To determine the physical condition and functional
status of the handpump through observati on.
Instrument
2^
over
1 ast
the
users.
To determine
one
the
pump
i ntervi ewi ng
the
the functional status of
month and one year
by
To study any change in users’ awareness levels and
their
habi ts.
Instrument
To interview
levels and
eff ect i veness
VLVs to
determine their
as village level
awareness
handpump volunteers.
Data collection by external investigators was supervised
3 IHMP senior staff.
The questionnaires were checked and
every
of
day.
In
case
mi ssi ng
investigators
were
complete the
questi onnaire.
The
information
i nstructed
was
or
entered
to
edi ted
i nformati on
inconsi stent
to go back
by
vi11 age
the
to
into the computer on a daily
basis.
SPSS package was utilised for statistical analysis of the
data.
Descriptive statistics were calculated and Chi square test
of association was done wherever necessary.
4. RESULTS
4. 1. Comparabi1ity of Four Study Areas:
the
The quality of i nstal1 at i on and monthly maintenance
are not
only factors which determine the functional status
of hand
pumps.
bill age.
c h car at er i s t i c s
are
populat ion,
assumed
to
1oqi stic
play
1 A
a
and
envi ronmental
si gni f i cant
role
in
determi ni ng
The
the functional status ot handpumps.
four study areas were compared with each other for
fol 1 owing
vari abl es
to
see
if
there
was
any
the
si gni f i cant
difference between them:
1.
F’opul ati on of
2.
No. of households in the villages.
3.
Distance of HF* from the village.
4.
No. of water sources in the village.
5.
Total number of handpumps in the village.
6.
No. of seasonal HPs in each group.
7.
No. of houses dependent on the handpump.
The
villages where sampled HF’s were located.
results of the test of significance shows
that
except
for one variable there was no significant difference between
the
four study areas.
the
The 4 groups were comparable for 6 out of
7 variables studied.
Table II.
(Refer Table II).
Comparabi1ity of 4 Study Areas
Var i able
Study areas
i
Mill age
J GEO-RM!GEO-M I DEED
}
i
:-r
»______ {______ j_____
■
8 <=1000! 62
54
42
t
s >1000 J 38
46
58
characteristics
l.Popl. of villages
where HP’s sampled.
Tpai-c!
i
58
42
i
t
I
i
2.No. of H.H. in
: <=200
70
vi 11 . with sampled HP:
>20O I 30
i
i
64
36
! 58
! 42
90
10
96
4
f
3.Di stance of
HP from village
:In or Near : 98
: Far
2
62
» 38
»
94
6
i
i
4.No of water sources
In village with HP
: <=4
:
>4
5-Total no. of HF's
in Vi 11 age.
: < =--2
>2
i
52
48
: 64
: 36
I 44
J 56
32
68
46
54
I
cr r-i
I 48
52
48
I4
86
6
94
: 60
} 40
78
22
I
i
7.No. of Houses
Dependent on HP
<=■•50
>50
i
74
26
i
i
»
I
6
94
i
i
i
52
48
6.No.of Seasonal
Seasonal ! 10
pumps in Sample : Not seasonal' 90
I
i
52
48
i
427.
to
627.
wi th
a
populati on
handpumps were located in relatively small villages
Similarly villages
of
less than 1000 in
the
4
study
areas.
with less than 200 households ranged from 58Z
to 707..
Handpumps
located in or near villages ranged from 907. to 987.
in
the study areas.
36% to 567. villages had more than 4 water sources.
48% to 68% villages had more than 2 handpumps.
The
number of seasonal handpumps ranged from 67. to 14% i n the
4
study groups.
Wi th
respect to number of households dependent on each handpump 5
GEO-RM, and PAI-C were comparable, having 26% and
22%
handpumps
serving more than 50 households.They were significantly d i f f eren t
from the
GEO-M
and Beed-R study areas
which had 48%
handpumps serving more than 50 households.
X2 =
9.80
and
40%
p < 0.05.
4.2. Programme Impacts
The
data
reconstruct i on
function!ng
water
was next analysed to determine
and
the
i mpact
preventive maintenance of handpumps
of HPs, on their efficiency and on
to the community.
Six impact or
outcome
of
on
the
availabi1ity
of
var i abl es
were
utilised for this purpose:
1.
Functional status of HPs at the time
of the study
- point prevalence.
2.
Efficiency of handpumps (point prevalence).
3.
Proportion of functional HPs in
4..
Proportion of functional HPs in last one year.
5
Interval between breakdown and reporting and reporting
last one month.
repairs.
6.
Pumps repaired on basis of low discharge and breakdown.
and
7.
Estimation of increase in availability of water
day) .
(litres per
4.2.1. Functional status of pumps at the time of survey:
Functional status of pumps at the time of survey j, i . e. poi nt
prevalence was studied in the four
of the
4
study areas
reconstruction
provi des
study
groups.
evi dence
of
and preventive maintenance of
functional status.
A
the
comparison
i mpact
handpumps
on
of
thei r
(Refer Table III and Fig.II).
Table III. Handpump status at the time of study
(Point prevalence)
I
JFun c t i on a1 status
GEO-RM
i
«
I
I
GEO- 1*1
BEED-R
t
HP’s functional
7.
i
48
967.
I
45
907.
i
39
787.
i
HRs not functional
7.
2
47.
i
i
Total
7.
5
107.
50
1007.
I
I
X2
19
387.
11
227.
■
50
1007.
i
i
i
N=50
i
i
i
i
<
i FAI-C
i
I
50
1007.
t
I
i
i
50
1007.
i
I
55.224
31
627.
p < 0.001
967. handpumps were functional in the GEO-RM study area where
handpumps
have
been
reconstructed
and
are
under
preventive
maintenance since 1988.
907.
were functional in the GEO-M study area where handpumps
are under preventive maintenance but have not been reconstructed.
787.
were
functional
in
BEED-R
where
pumps
have
been
reconstructed but are maintained under the conventional breakdown
or corrective maintenance system.
387.
pumps
were functioning in the control area
where
reconstructi on has taken place and pumps are maintained through
br eakdown or corrective approach.( Refer Fig.
17
11 ) .
no
Figure II. Breakdown Rate of Pumps in
Four Study Areas at the Time of Study
Percentage of Breakdown
80.0%
62.0%
60.0% r
I
40.0% -
22.0%
I
20.0%
10.0%
4.0%
0.0%
G-RM
b-R
G-M
Study Areas
G-RM - Georai Recon. 8 Prev. Maint.
G-M - Gecrai Prev, Maint.
B-R ■ Seed Recon.
P-0 - Paithan Gontrl.
18
4.2.2. Efficiency of handpumps - Discharge at the time of
surveys
The
eff ici ency
of handpctmps
i . e. j, the number
of
strokes
required to start the yield of water and fill a 3 litre bucket of
water is an indication of the effectiveness of
the monitoring and
preventive maintenance systems.
It
is
assumed that if HPs
are
i nformati on
on discharge rather
than
mai ntai ned
on
basis
breakdown j,
a
larger number would
of
parameter of HP efficiency being
yi el d
of
water
(Refer Table IV and Fig.
water and
Table IV.
ef f i ci ent 1 y.
The
<= 4 strokes of handle to start
12 strokes to fill a 3 litre
bucket
of
Ill ) .
Efficiency of functional handpumps
I
I GEO-RM !GE0- M J BEED-R
Handpump Discharge
I
Total no. functional
i
4\12
i
i
I
i
i
<
(
i
48
967.
■
<
function
44
927.
i
45
907.
i
i
39
787.
I PAI- C
I
I
i
I
I
c
i
42
937.
i
32
827.
i
<
i
19
387.
t
|
I
10
t
I
537.
i
i
<
t
I
> 4\12
i
j
X2. 19.75
The
4
87.
}
!
i
3
77.
i
i
i
7
187.
9
477.
i
p <= 0.001
proportion of pumps functioning
ineffici ent1y
requiring more than 4\12 strokes to operate was 87. i n the
area,
77. in GEO-M area.
The
di fference
si gni fleant
i
i
i -e.
GEO-RM
187. in BEED-R and 477. in the PAI-C areas.
between
the
study
areas
was
stati sti cal 1 y
(refer Tabl e IV) .
4.2.3. Proportion of functional handpumps in the last one month:
The percentage of functional pumps in the last one month and
one
year i s an
i ndirect
measure of the
19
avallability
of water
Figure III. Efficiency of
Functional Handpumps
120%
Percentage of Handpumps
100%
80%
60%
63%
40%
20%
0%
G-RM
B-R
G-M
Study Areas
Strokes
■I < = 4/12
W> 4/1?
G-RM - Georai Recon. & Prev. Maint.
G-M - Georai Prev. Maint.
B-R * Seed Recon.
P-0 - Paithan Oontrl.
20
P-C
ta
the
community.
mai ntenance
programme
al so
indi cates
the
quali ty
over a sustained period of
of
the
ti me.
The
maintenance suggests that a large
number
handpumps will be repaired as soon as their discharge
starts
concept
of
It
fal 1i ng
water).
of preventive
(i . e.
greater number of
strokes are required to yield
With preventive maintenance it i s assumed that breakdown
of pumps will be prevented and each
pump will be functional
for a
larger number of days in the month and in a year.
In
one
month a handpump is expected to provide
water
for
all 30 days.
In each study area .jo hand pumps are ideally expected
to
l^»00 functional days of water supply per
provi de
month.
As
compared to this GEO—RM handpumps provided 1289 days, GEO-M 1275,
BEED—R 990 days and the FAI-C area
handpumps 444 functional days.
in
The average number of days that
one handpump was
functi onal
one month works out to 26 in the GEQ-RM and GEO-M
areas,
20
availability in the four study
areas
was
857.,
area
307.
days in the BEED-R, and 9 days i n the PAI-C areas.
Effect!ve
GEO-RM
867.,
water
GEO-M
BEED-R
667.
and
PAI-C
respect!vely.
The proportion of handpumps functional for
more than 25 days
in a month was 747. GEO-RM area,
807. in GEO-M, 567. in BEED-R and
22% in the PAI—C study area. (Refer Table V and Fig.
IV ) .
library
ANO
INFORMAT
ION
I
*
.
CENTRE
21
) ~
Table V. Percentage pump functional within last 30 days and
average functional days per handpump per month
I
i
<
I
i
I GEO— RM.'GEO- M IBEED-RI PAI -C J
'Functional days in one month
•
<
<
I 1500 {1500
{Expected no. of functional days I 1500
1500
i
I
« ____
I
i
‘Actual functional HP days________' 1289
1275
990 J 444
■--------------------------------------------------------------------------- •
I_
{Average no.of functional days/HP{
26
26
20 }
9
:---------------------------------- <
{Effective water availability
!
867.
857. i
667.!
307. '»
•---------------------------------- I
'Proportion HPs funct. >=25 days !
747.
807.
567.!
227. J
J
■
i
i
I
t
i
i
______________________________ ___________________________ i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
N
The
50 Handpumps (in each study area).
d i fference
in
actual no.of -functional HP days in 4
areas was found to be significant
study
(p < 0.001).
4.2.4. Proportion of functional pumps in last one year:
There
was
pumps which
In
a significant difference in
the
proport ion
of
broke down over a period of one year in the 4 areas.
the GEO-RM 627., GEO-M 567.!1BEED-R 887., and PAI-C 96% handpumps
broke down over
a period of one year.
Ideally 50
handpumps
in
each study area are expected to provide 600 functional months. As
compared to this. pumps were functional
as follows:
GEO-RM
9. 1 months and PAI-C
The
effect!ve
was, GEO-RM
in the four study
10.7 months, GEO-M
4.8
areas
10.7 months. BEED-R
months.
water availability in the four
89.47. j, GEO-M - 897., BEED-R
study
areas
767., and PAI-C
407..
The distribution of the proportion of pumps which functioned
for
more than 10 months in the year was 827. in the GEO-RM area,
847.
in
Al 1
t he
GEO-M, 627. in BEED-R, and 227. in the PAI-C study
measures
i ndicated
used
f or
peri od
highly significant
prevalence
di fferences.
Fig V).
22
area.
of
f un c t i on al i t y
(Ref er
Table VI and
Table VI. Performance of pumps over a period of last
one year
and annual water avai1abi1ity.
i
Vari ables
Study Areas
.’Functional Months i n one year
<
m:beed-r:pai- c:
}GEO-RMJGEO
I
<
______ : __
i
.'7. Handpumps broke down last year
627.
t
i
567.
i
‘Z HRs did not breakdown at al 1
<
387.
<
5 Expected no.of funct. months 50x12. 600
i
447.
: Av. no. of funct. months/HP
: io.7
<
(Effective water availability
i
127.
•
47.
i
600
535
■
600
■
455
600
240
i
i
! 10. 7
J 9. 1
54.8
i
i
i
I 767.
i
j
: 407.
J
J 847.
I
J 627.
I 227.
i
! 827.
967.
i
i
189.47. I 897.
IZ pumps functioned >~10 months
•
or 300 days
i
i
I 535
<
I Actual no. of funct. months
I
N
887.
I
«
i
I
I
i
■
50 hand pumps in each study area.
The variables, breakdown of handpumps and actual
no.of functional
months, have been used in the test
of significance to see whether
there
The
is any significant difference between the 4
study
results indicates that the difference is highly
areas.
si gni f i cant
<P < 0.001).
4.2.5.
between breakdown and reporting and reporting
and
repairs:
The next two variables i.e.., interval between
reporti ng
the
and between reporting and repai rs are a reflection • of
effectiveness of the monitoring system and the
the maintenance unit.
in
t he
i mmediate
i ntervi ewed.
t. h e
breakdown and
1 a st.
i nf or mat i on
They
one
A convenience sample of
vicinity
of the
response
100 users
50 sampled
of
1i vi ng
handpumps
wer e
were asked if their handpump broke down
over
month j.
within
how
many days
of
breakdown
the
was sent and after what interval their handpump
was
23
FigurelV. Performance of HPs in Last
One Month & Monthly Water Availability
100%
Parasntage of HPs
66%
80%
M-74%
S.80*
66%
p
60% 40% —
If.
■■
p
ski
20% H -
30%
BVVVvV
0%
G-RM
G-M
B-R
P-C
Study Areas
BI Effective Avallab.
G-RM - Georfti Reoon. & Rrev. Maint
G-M - Georai Prev. Mednt.
B-R - Beed Reoon.
R-0 - Pa)than Oontrl.
[S3 Funot.
26 days
Figure V. Performance of HPs in Last
One Year & Annual Water Availability
Bl Effective avallab.
120.0%
f\W\l % HPs funo. >-10 moa
Peraontage of Pumps
100.0%
89.4%
'Bi
B
f
M
m
Mm
SSi4.0*
zao%.
80.0% —!
«2.0%
p
.
|W.
60.0% r--!
40.0% -•
20.0%
BB.
■AWW
M1
0.0%
G-RM
g-rm - Qeorai Reoon- & Prev- Maint
- Georai Prev. Maint
B-R - Bead Reoon.
p-O - Palthan Ocntrl.
g-m
■G-M
B-R
Study Areas
24
■iu
40.0%
fe-l
P2.0%
|
ias-y- h\V.\i.. '
Jr'
■I'.,\u\\i
k V V\\|
P-C
II
repaired.
A
co/npar i son
presented in Table VII.
between
the
four
study
is
groups
The results have been presented by
user
response rather than by handpump.
Table VII. Interval between breakdown and information sent and
reporting and repairs - User Response - 100 Respondents.
I
Vari ables
i
GEO-RM
i
i
NF was information
for repair sent
M
DEED
R
19
I 81
.'43
J 57
:
:
:
:
i
=7 days.'lO
<=7
8—15 days! 3
16-30 days! 1
Dont Know!
<74 respondents)
the
6
5
1
3
1
breakdown
knew
PAI-C
as
area
average
the
GEO-M
<37.57.) !
(31.37.) !
(6.27.) !
(18.8X)!
(6.27.) !
<
5
3
4
1
(38.47.) ! 12
(23. 17.) I 9
(30.87.) ! 1
(7. 77.) ! 10
3
2
3
5
i
as
one
percentage
month
of
the
of information
to
other
(9.37.) ! 1 <5. 07.)
(21.9X)I
(257.)
! 2 (10.07.) J
(43.87.) J 17 (85. OX)
__
*
j
_
(43 respondents)
handpumps.
i
(23. 17.) ! 7;
(15. 47.) ! 7
(23. 17.) ! 8
(38. 47.) ! 14
24
compared
(73.07.) !
3 7IsToZ)!
4 (20.OX)I
7 (35.07.)
6 (30.07.) !
(37.57.) !
(28. 17.) !
(3.17.) !
(31.37.) !
i
study areas where
i nf or mat i on was
areas
1 ast
and BEED-R area
individuals
and
during
GEO-RM and GEO-M
reported
(62.57.)!
(18.77.) !
(6.37.) !
(12.57.) !
indicates that a much 1arger
non-f unctional
72776x7:
i
i
was
i
i
i
(67.07.) ! 13 (68.07.) 132 (74.07.) !20
: No! 8 (33.07.)! 6 (32. 07.) i 11 (26.07.) !54
i
data
On
and
in
i
of
HPs
PAI-C area
as compared to
19 respondents
other
hand
fewer
being sent to mechanics
three areas.
in
Whereas on an
sent to mechanics sooner in GEO-RM
compared to BEED-R and PAI-C areas.
This
considerably reduced the interval between breakdown and reporting
in the GEO-RM and GE0 -M s t ud y areas as compared tcj the Beed-R and
PAI-C
areas
C I
74
26
:Yes!16
After how many : <-7 days!
days of sending: 8-15 days!
informati on was:16-30 days!
the handpump
: Not rep. !
repaired
:Don’t Know!
The
PAI
i
i
If yes after
how many days
of breakdown
was Info,
sent
■
<
i
Was HP non functional: Yes I 24
in 1ast one month
:
No! 76
I
If
GEO
(refer Table VII).
Correspond!ngIy
the response of
the mechanics to breakdown reports received was more
25
expedi t i ous
in the GEO-RM and GEO-M areas as
compared
to
BEED-R and
of
low discharge and
FAI-C
areas.
4.2.6. Handpumps repaired on the
breakdown (Jan
Dec, 1990):
Tabl e
VIII.
I Proj. Vr.
basis
Handpumps Repaired on the basis low
breakdown
1990
i
discharge
Type of Maintenance
and
{Total HPs Rep.!
•
<
1 Low dis-I
} charge
Month.
i
i
January
February
March
Apr i 1
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
i
■
I
I
«
«
I
7.
i
■
i
i
i
i
■
Total
7.
31
43
31
25
35
34
35
29
29
29
35
29
}_____
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
i
13
16
13
09
14
17
14
14
13
10
20
12
i
i
i
(58.0)!
(62.8) J
(58.0){
(64.0) J
(60.0)}
(50.0):
(60.0)!
(52.0)J
(55.2){
(44.4)J
(42.9) J
(58.6){
18
27
18
16
21
17
21
15
16
08
15
17
i
7.
IBreakJ down
.*
i
(42.0) J
(37.2)!
(42.0)}
(36.0)!
(40.0) J
(50.0)!
(40.0) 5
(48.0){
(44.8)!
(55.6){
(57.1) }
(41.4)!
t
i
i
i
I
■
■
t
Total
i
209
(55.9){
I
165
(44.1) !
t
374
(100)
i
i
(Ref. Annual Report 1990).
A total of 374 repairs were carried out over a period of one
year.
the
in Georai Taluka.
basis
of
Of these 209 (567.) were carried out
low discharge
information collected by the Block-
Level Mechanic. The remaining 165 (447.) repairs were carried
on
basi s
on
out
of breakdowns reported by the village level volunteers
and community members.
(Refer
above Table).
26
4.2.7. Estimation of increase in availability of water
(litres per day)s
}
Average utilization of handpump
8 hrs./HP/day.
Water discharge per stroke
0.33 litres
Average no. of strokes/minute
40
Therefore, water aval 1abi1ity/min.
13 litres.
Optimal water aval 1abi1ity/HP/day
6240 lits.
i
I
i
«
<
■
(i .e. ,
I
<
13 x 60 x 8)
Therefore, optimal water availability/
■
i
taiuka/day
23,89,920 lits.
In Georai, water availability is 89 % of
optimal,which is equal to
21,97,028 lits.
I
■
i
i
•
i
«
i
<
i
In Beed,
opti mal
water availability is 76 X of
18,16,339 lits.
In Pai than,water availability is 40 X of
opt i mal
Therefore,
i
9,55,968 lits.
increase in water
i
availability in Georai as compared to
i
Pai than
i
11,71,060 lits.‘
<
Increase in water availability in Deed
i
■
•
(
i
i
as compared to Pai than
Total
8,60,371 lits. 5
<
increase in availability of water
i
•
in Georai and Beed /day
20,31,431 lits.{
i
i
4.3. Physical Condition of Handpump Assembly
The
above
condi ti on
of the
the ground level
handpump bodies
and
the
assembly
is an indication of the effectiveness
of
the regular maintenance programme undertaken.
The
e^bove
ground
level pump
assembly
evidence of worn-out or missing parts.
27
was
ex ami ned
f or
Five crucial parts of the
handpump
Nuts,
body
were observed.
i.e.y
Inspection
Bol ts
and Chain. The results for the 4
presented in
Table IX and Figs. Via and VIb .
Handle?
covers.
areas
study
are
Table IX. Condition of above ground handpump assembly
in 4 study areas
Handpump parts observed
1.
I GEO— } GEO— J DEED-J PAIM
I
R
I C
; rm
47.
Insp. cover missing
27.
147.
287.
67.
87.
87.
27.
167.
167.
447.
167
487.
87
107
27
147
i
I
■
2a. Handle Broken
27.
2b. Handle Missing
27.
i
47.
i
3.
4.
Nuts Missing
! 147
»
} 147.
Bolts Missing
! 107.
i
i
i
: 107.
i
I 27.
5a. Chain Broken
i
i
5b. Chain Missing
n-/
27
X- ?■
j
5c. Chain Worn out
I
67
i
i
27
127
607
!
N = 50 handpumps.
A
1 arge
number
of handpumps in
PAI-C
with
found
were
missing parts as compared to GEO-RM, GEO-M, and BEED-R areas. The
maximum number of missing parts were nuts and bolts and
worn-out
chai ns.
4.4. Condition of Platforms and Drains
The
condition
of the platform and drain
was
examined
determi ne
the impact of the reconstruction programme.
have
reconstructed in the GEO-RM and BEED-R
been
to
Handpumps
study
areas.
T h e? y have not been reconstructed in the GE0--M and F'AI-C areas.
A
compar ison of the platform condition was made between the 4 study
areas.
The results are presented in Table X and Figs.Vila, b ?:< c.
^0
Figure Vl.a. Condition of Above Ground
Assembly of Handpumps in 4 Study Areas
60%
Paroantag© of Handpumpa with Dofeots
60%
~44%
40% h
30% 20% -
16%
14%
10%
10% -
2%.-:<
—I
0%
H
G-RM
™ Handle Broken
~”j Bolte Miaeing
ilwl
G-M
Study Areas
B-R
16SJ
1
LAL
p-c
GUI Handle Missing
122 Nuts Missing
G-RM - Georai Reoon. a Rrev. Mai nt
G-M - Georal Rrev. Malnt
B-R - seed Reoon.
p -0 - Rai than oontrl.
Figure VLb. Condition of Above Ground
Assembly of Handpumps in 4 Study Areas
80%
Peroontag© of Handpumps with Defeats
60% 40% -
28
20%
0%
........ 14%........... i4^::-
2%±%
2%2%
G-AM
G-M
Study Areas
Oh a in Broken
l~J inepeot.Oowr Miee.
MiB-R
Ed onain Missing
Z23 onain worn out
G-RM - Georal Recon a Rrev. Mai nt
G-M - Gooral Rrev. Meint.
B-R - Beed Reoon.
R-0 “ Palthan Oontrl.
29
P-G
Table X. Percentage of Handpumps with platform and drain
in poor condition in 4 study areas
«
Platform
: GEO- I BEED : GEO- PA I - !
: RM {-R
t M
C
and drain condition
I
<
■
■/
i
•/
/■
i
i •/
i /•
I
I
I
1. Platform condition ~ not optimal
i
I
i
2. Platform condition
cracked
i
i
i
44 I I 88
30 J 44
88 5
24
i
•/
/■
i
i
i___________ iI________________ i
i
i
i
24
6
2
I
50
I
3. Platform condtion
I
- missing
i
1
I
I
t
2
4
14
16
I
I
4h Platform condition - ring formed
4
I
I
6
I
I
5. Platform rim
cracked
< 6. Platform rim
broken
I
4
2
I
mi ssi ng
I
8.
Drain
- damaged
I
I
I
I
I
7. Dr ai n
18 J 28
I
20
56
12
I
I
i
4
I
I
9
18
i
I
14
I
I
26
14
I
48
I
I
I
N ~ 50 handpumps-
A
pl atform
consi dered
was
if
not optimal
had
it
any
shortcoming whatsoever - 24 and 30% were found to be not optimal i n
the
GEO-RM
and 8EED-R areas respectively as compared to 44% and
88% not optimal platforms in the GEO-M
In
and
PAI-C
study
the GEO—RM and E<EED--R study areas where hand pumps
reconstructed.
2%
In
the
comparison,
platforms
ei ther
and
6%
GEO-M
handpumps
had
and PAI-C areas
cracked or missing.
cracked
had
areas.
have
platforms.
26%
and
14% handpumps had
drain in each of the GEO-RM and BEED-R areas
been
54%
damaged
whereas 26% and 48%
in GEO-M and PAI-C areas respectively .
4.5. Comparison of Georai Baseline <1986) wi th
Findings (1990):
In
November
handpumps.
surveyed .
number
Present Research
1986 a baseline survey was conducted
100 hand pumps
were
randomly
for
200
selected from the 200
This sample of 100 handpumps was compared to an
equal
studied during the research study done in November
1990.
2.0
U22
Figure Vll.a. Percentage of HPs with
Platform in Poor Condition
120%
PeroQntagQ of Handpumps
100%
80%
60%
40%
4%
16%...
44%
20%
0%
G-RM
G-M
P-C
Piatform Condition
EnoaoKod [■•■'.•'■•5 M lee Ing
E52 Ring formed
B-R
Study Areas
Not optimal
9-RM - Georai Recon- a Prev. Mai nt
G-M - Georal Prev. Malnt
B-R - Beed Reoon.
p-0 - Paithan Oontri.
Figure Vll.b. Platform Rim
in Poor Condition
Poroentage of HPs
60% i--------------------------60% R
■
66%
40% -
WWW
20%
20% -
[W\\W..
4%
G% L—...... d
G-RM
G-M
B-R
Study Areas
Rim Condition
SB Craoked
G-RM - Georal Reoon. & Prev. Mai nt.
G-M - Georal Prev. Mamt.
B-R - Seed Reoon.
p-o - Paithan Oontri.
WWl Broken
31
P-G
Figure Vll.c. Percentage of HPs with
Drain in Poor Condition
60%
Percentage of Handpumps
■
50%
-48%-
40% r
i
pw
30% i-
1
26%
MW
20%
B BW
■1
■
10% -
I I
2%
K
0%
B-R
G-M
Study Areas
Drain Condition
Bi Missing
16%
LWWM Damaged
G-RM - Georal Recon. & Prev. Maint.
G-M - Ge oral Prev. Maint.
B’-R - Beed Recon.
P-0 - Paithan Contrl,
32
P-C
The result of
this pre-post
Xlb and Figs Villa
Dead
and
analysis is presented i n
VUIb.
dry bores. and bores with fixed or
fallen
pi pes
from the listing of handpumps made for the
base-
were
excluded
1 i ne
survey and research study before taking random
1OO
Xia,
Tables
handpumps from each
list.
The excluded
samples
handpumps
of
represent
bores that can not be reactivated or maintained.
Table Xia.
Georai Pre-Post Analysis of Handpumps
Variabl e
Handpump
Status
Baseli ne
Records
November,1986
Functional
Non functi on a1
Total
Handpump
di scharge
Total
(only functional)
Pl atform
conditi on
Total
- <=4\12 (Optimal)
- > 4\12
Good
Pad
Research
Study
November, 1990
55
45
93
7
lOO
1 OO
29 (537.)
26 (477)
86 (927.)
7 ( 87)
55
93
5
95
65
35
100
100
33
Table XIb■
Georai
Pre-Post Analysis o-f Handpu.mps
Vari ables
Baseline
Research
Average functional days
per Handpump per month
17
26
Handpumps functioned
for < 25 days
21
16
Handpumps functioned
for >=25 days
47
77
32
7
Average number of
functional months per HP
7.6
10.7
HP functioned >=10 months
46
83
Pumps did not function
throughout the year-
15
2
65";
89. 47.
Non functional throughout
the month
Effective water
availability /year
n
A comparison o-f
i ndi cates
100
n = 100
the Research -findings with the Baseline data
that the proportion o-f functional pumps has
i ncreased
from 557. to 937..
In 1986 during the Baseline survey 5% of the platforms
in
a good condition. This had increased to 657. in 1990.
were
187
the existing 383 handpumps have been reconstracted over the
of
1 ast
three years.
an
During the Baseline su.r vey, 297. of the functional pumps
had
optimal discharge of < ~ 4\12. During the Research study
927.
handpumps
The
had an optimal discharge.
average number of days handpumps were functional
in
a
month had i nc r eased f rom 17 days in 1986 to 26 days in 1990.
The
proporti on
days
of
handpumps that functioned for more than
per month increased from 477„ to 777..
The average number of months that handpumps were
funct i onal
Figure Vlll.a. Georai Pre-Post Analysis
of Handpump®
Peroentage of Handpumps
4
100% j-
•93% •
86%
(W
\\w
80% -
60% -.......56%
40%
20% -
■
0%-----1
■
•
w<
■■
2Q%
.. !■
66%
Bl
..............
hw\\\l
M
................
J
lBW\i
HP Status
Funot.
HP Dlsahg.
<-4\12
Variable
lili Basallne, 1G86
I H\U $V
Platform oond,
Good
ESI Evaluation, 1Q90
Figure Vlll.b. Georai Pre-Post Analysis
of Handpumps
100%
Peraantage of Handpumps
83%
.77%
80%
60%
47%
40%
20%
.......... <6%
0%
M Bl
hp funot.
>■25 dftye
Punot.
>-10 mon the
Non-f uno.
thru month
Variaolas
MUI Basa'lna, 1986
35
hcn-funo
thru yr
over
a
one
proportion
year period increased from 7^6 to 10.7 months.
The
of handpumps functional for more than 10 months in
year increased from 467. to 837.. The percentage of handpumps
did
not
effect i ve
a
that
function through the year reduced from 157. to
27..
The
water
in
the
availability over a period of one year
Taluka increased from 657. to 89.47..
4.6. Analysis of Users’ Habits - Observation at Handpump Site
4.6.1. Users’ habits and their consequences:
Users’ habi ts
functi onal
were
pumps.
observed
at
Indi cat i ons
of
the
pump
site
for
mi suse
or
possi ble
c on t ami n a t i on with surface water were noted.
cracks in the platform
In case there
were
ring formation around the pedestal.
or if
murram
was eroded and there was s1ush i n the i mmed iat e
of the
handpump,
was possible.
the
vi ci nity
it was assumed that surface water contamination
(Refer Table XII).
Table XII. Users’ habits and their consequences
i
I GEO- J GEO- BEED PAI - I
m
: -r j c i
:
7. : 7.
: 7.
;
7. :
.__i
i
I
71 J 69 I 74 ■ 95 i
<
i
i
171
7
21 I 42 i
I
I
i
•
2; 20 • 12 i 68
USERS’ HABITS
: rm :
1. People using wrong strokes
■
■
i
■
2
People removing nuts and bolts
3. People breaking platform and rim
i
4. Children defecating near handpump
I 5.
Murram filling not done
<
6. People throwing waste near handpump
■
7.
i
8!
9
<
I
Waste water and s1ush accumu1 at ion
Total no.
There is
of HPs
(only fund.)
evi dence
that
N
<
harmful users’
36
21
<
32
t
5s: 66
<
50: 56
<
54: 69
92 : 100
i
46 I 53
87
68
48: 45 : 39
19
habi ts
more
r
i
i
i
1
I
are
in the PAI-C and BEED-R areas where there has been
prevalent
heal th
study
GEO-M
education initiative as compared to the GEO-RM and
areas where several awareness camps have
Si gni f i cant
di f + erences
are seen for
been
orqanised.
variables i.e., people
5
using wrong strokes. removing nuts and bolts, breaking
chi 1dren
defecating
near
handpump,
no
and
communi ty
pl atform,
members
filling murram around hand pump.
There is however, hardly any difference in users’ habits
throwing waste near the handpump
of
or allowing slush to accumulate
near the platform in the four study areas.
4.6.2. Users’ awareness of the Maintenance System:
Si gni f i cant
of
the
differences were noted in the users’
existing maintenance system for
study areas.
(Refer Table XIII).
37
handpumps in
awareness
the
f our
Table XIII. Users’ awareness
qT
the Maintenance System
I
J GEO-}GEO-J BEEDI PAI J
: rm : m
Users’ Awareness of Maintenance System
i
I
i
■____
: i. Does some one maintain
your handpump regularly
Yes
No
i
: -r :-c :
7 :
7. :
7 : 7. :
I
■
I
90
87
11 i 121
■
10
13
89 i 88 1
i
<
i
I
Who maintains?
IHMP
ZP
Don’t know
No one
:_
i
75
5
10
10
■
82
3
2
13
i
;
! 11
:
I 89
i
i
i
Weekly
Fortni ght1y i
Monthly
Less frequent
Don’t know
Not mai ntai ned J
i
■
4:
6!
88:
i
I
■
:3. How often maintained
i
14 }
65
7 t
4 r
10 1
4
6
73
3
1
13
i
11
,
i
i
1
io:
89
88!
79
IS
30 J
13:
i
«
14.
<
If HP breaks down
whom do you contact
Sarpanch * 21
z. FL : 9
IHMP
48
Don’t inform
4
N. A.
Don’t know
18
*
I
i
i
N
I
I
11
21
47
i
I 27. *
I
2I
3
28, ’
i
I
I
6
15
I
I
i
I
100 Respondents.
907.
respondents
in the GEO-RM and 877 respondents
in
the
GEO-M study areas said their handpump was regularly maintained as
compared to 117. in Beed-R and 127 in the PAI-C areas. 757. to
827.
users
in
the
IHMP
was
the GEO-RM and GEO-M areas respectively said that
maintaining their handpumps. 57. and 37. in the same two
areas
felt that the ZF' was undertaking the maintenance of
thei r
pumps.
In
thi s
contrast. most
r espondents
question in the BEED—R and F'AI-C areas.
i fi the
PAI-C
coul d
not
answer
1 17. i n the BEED-R and 47.
areas said that, the ZP was ma.i ntai ni ng thei r hand -
pumps.
38
i
4.6.3. Users’ awareness of VLV role:
Village Level Volunteers exist only in the GEO-RM and
study
areas.
Taiuka
in
They were introduced by the IHMF
1988.
1790 VLVs are -Functioning i n
in
the
GEO-M
Georai
Taiuka
this
at
present«
100
users
interviewed
From
the GEO-RM
study
GEO-M
and
areas
to determine if they were aware of the existence
VLVs
in their villages.
knew
the
were
o-F
An attempt was made to -Find out i-F they
role o-F their VLVs.
(Refer
Table XIV) .
Table XIV. Users’ awareness of VLV role
■
Variables
Study Areas
<
i
i
Users’
awareness of VLVs role
!GEO-RM
<
<
J 1 . Is there a VLV in your village to
<
take care of the HP
:
Yes
No
Don’t know
GEO-M
i
t
i
77
13
10
81
i
ET
t
14
i
j
i
i
i
•
What does VLV do
i) Fills Monitoring card:
■
i
«
I
t
<
I
s
>
I
I
t
I
I
i
Yes J 12(157.) 5 23(307.) 5
5 39(487) 5 39(517.) 5
No
Don ’ t know 5 30(377.) 5 15(197.) 5
i
<
i
<
i
i
r
<
I
<
i____________________ «_______________________ I
lii ) VLV informs mechanics in case of
break down:
Yes 5 1 1 ( 147.) 5 15(207.) 5
No
540(497)547(607) 5
Don’t know 5 30(377) 5 15(207.) 5
I
I
I
I
I
f
t
»
i
>
i
i
<
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Jiii ) VLV educates users about proper
use of HP and cleanliness of
its surroundings
Yes 129 <36X) ! 43 (567.) !
5 22(277.) ! 19(247.) }
No
Don ’ t know *30(377.) ! 15(207.) J
i
<
i
i
i
<
i
i
i
I
I
t
<
I
I
i
817.
respondents
i n the GEO-RM and 777. in the
GEO-M
area
were aware of the VLVs trained in their villages.
Out of
81
respondents in GEO-RM,
39
147.
knew
that
the
VLV
informs
IHMP
mechanics in case of han dp Limp breakdown
and
367.
said that the VLVs educate people in the village regarding proper
use
of handpump and the cleanliness of its surround!ngsj. whereas
in
the
GEO-M area. these percentages are
20 and 56 out
of
77
respondents.
4.7. Analysis of VLV Data
Since VLVs are the basis of the community monitoring system 5
a KAF‘ was
conducted by external
i nvest i gat or s
assess
the
i ndividual 1y.
At
to
effectiveness of their participation.
External invest!gators
the time of the study all
interviewed VLVs
100 VLVs were not available.
A
second
attempt
was
the
f i rst
round.
In all 89 out of 100 VLVs could be interviewed and
thei r
made
to interview those missed
behaviour observed.
4A
during
4.7.1.
VLV characteristics
Table XV
Table XV.
provides some characteristics of the sampled MLVs.
MLV Ch aract er i st i cs
Vari able
Study area:
Freq.
Percent.
: GEO-RM
: GEO- M
46
43
51.7
48.3
Mai e
Female
Total
48
16
64
71.9
Mai e
Female
T ot al
17
5
Male
3
3. 4
: < .1 month
: 1
3 months;
:4 ■
6 months
:7
9 months
: 10
12 months
: 13
18 months
: 19
24 months-;
:> 24 months
:Don t remember
1
7
8
4
16
12
7
32
2
1. 1
7.9
9„0
4.5
18.0
13.5
7. 9
36.0
2. 1
89
100.0
Type of VLV:
Vi ]. 1 aqer
Student
Leader
Duration
as VLV.
24.7
Functioned
4.7.2. VLVs awareness of their role:
Table XVI presents results of VLV awareness regarding
ole?.
41
their
Table XVI. ML VS’ Awareness o-f their Role
J Awareness level of VLVs
Frequency
t
i
i
i
J Awareness of
one or more responsibility
ISO
90Z
i
ii
i
- role for reporting HF' breakdown
H
H
ii
I!
717.
:63
!
- role to keep HP surroundings clean J 30
- prevent children from
defecating near the HP
34%
! 14
i
i
I
167.
i
ii
ii
- Murra.m filling around platform
i
1
17.
<
■
907.
VLVs
were
responsibi 1i ti es.
aware
717.
of
1 east
at
of
one
were aware that they were
their
mai n
expected
to
report the breakdown of their handpump to IHMF mechanics.
34% felt they
surround!ngs.
defecating
were expected to mai ntain
16%
felt
they
should
of HF
cleanliness
prevent
chi 1dren
from
near
the
have
murram filled
is
an
apparent
regarding role
in
murram filling around platform as compared to
expected
to
HP, and only one respondent
around
pl atform
sa i d
he was
by community
members.
There
di fference
in
the VLVs’ response
observed VLV practices, 37 % VLVs were found to be getting murram
filled with the help of community members (Refer Table XX).
Th i s
discrepency is probably due to a poor probing during interviewing
for awareness of several functions.
4.7.3. Level of awareness of VLVs:
The
reg car di ng
VLVs
were
water
i nterviewed to
borne
d iseases
determine
and
the i
the! r
awareness
prevent!on,
contarn!net!on of w a t e r a n d n e e d f or c 1 ean 1 i ness of water
Tab]e X VII p r ovid es t he
t i me of the study.
1 evel
of
awareness
source.
of the VLVs at the
Level of
Table XVII.
awareness of VLVs
i
I 87
Yes
1
Mo
Don ’ t know 1 1
JI. Is it necessary to keep
HP surroundings clean?
I
: To prevent contamination J 77
:
Don’t know J IO
1--
What is safe water ?
Water without germs 135
Don’t know 154
J3. Can illness be spread
by water ?
J
Yes 180
No 1 6
Don’t know 1 3
I
J
J
97.81
l i:
i
i
J la. If yes, why?
7.
!Freq.
Awareness level of Village Level Volunteers
Due to germs 1 17
Due to suspended matter J 36
Don’t know 127
13a.If yes. how?
1
J
.----13b.Aware of waterborne
1
diseases
Could state one WBD 136
two 1 18
three 1 4
x~xDon’t know i< or*
J
<-----------13c.How can WBDs be
1
prevented ?
i. i:
---- <
88.5J
11 . S I
---- .
393 J
60.7 1
89.91
6.7!
3.4 !
---- «
21.3 J
45.0 5
33.7I
---- ;
45.01
22.5 5
5.01
27.5 1
i______
Had information on
prevent!on !61
Don’t know : 19
i
76.3 1
'-.-x —r t
ucl. » / •
i
Out
prevention
of
WBDs
coul d
be
surround!ngs
clean,
by
rol e
in
The results
are
89 VLVs. 61 had some i nf or mat i on on
of
water-borne
di seases. These VLVs
prevented
by
the
keeping
answered that
handpump
chlorinating water and by boiling drinking water etc.
4.7.4. VLV effectiveness related to monitoring:
The
rnonitori ng
presented
VLV’s
were
interviewed
regard!ng
the functional status of handpumps.
in
Table XVIII.
43
their
Table XVIII. VLV effectiveness related to monitoring
Monitoring Tasks
■
t
«
I Receive cards every month
I
<
I
Frequency
i
i
79
i
897.!
■
i
Return -filled cards every month
I
i
79
897.:
Is in-service training given by BLM
67
757.!
Aware o-f role to report HP breakdown
83
i
<
N
937. J
89 VLVs
897.
cards
VLVs
sai d
every month.
they receive and -fill
handpump
757 said that the BLM gives them
training during his monthly visit to the village.
o-f
moni tori ng
their responsibility
in-service
937. were aware
to report the breakdown o-f
the! r
hand
pump.
4.7.5. VLV practices related to monitoring:
The
are given
Table XIX.
pract i ces
o-f VLVs related to monitoring
handpump
in Table XIX.
VLV practices related to Monitoring.
i
<
the
VLV’s Reporting Breakdown o-f Hand Pumps
«
J
IFrequency
i
» HP breakdowns
: 48
i
I
547.
»
i
JSent in-for mat ion •for repair
■
: 40
837.
■
J Who was i n-f or med
48 VLVs
once
IHMP
;35
Sarpanch,BDD or ZP
! 5
Information not sent! 8
m enti oned that t h ei
after they had become VLVs.
737.
107.
177.
handpumps broke down at
Out of these 48 VLVs,
sent information for repairs to the IHMP, 5
44
(10 7.)
35
i n-f or med
1 east
(737.)
the
Sarpanch,
F'anchayat Samiti
or Zilla Pari shad« 8 VLVs (17 7J
di d
not send any in-formation.
4.7.6. VLV practices related to handpump surroundings:
VLV practices related to handpump and its surroundings
observed.
were
These are presented in Table XX.
Table XX. VLV Practices Related to Handpump Surroundings
Practices
! Frequency
{Keep HP surroundings clean
53
607.
22
257.
11
127.
{Cleans platform and drain
10
117.
{Fill murram
33
377.
{Prevent misuse
i
{Prevent children from defecating near HF
i
i
4.7.7. Observation of VLV Performance:
The investigators examined VLV cards to see how they were
and
noted the handpump and its surroundings.
The
filled
f i ndi ngs
are
presented in Table XXI.
Table XXI. Observation of VLV performance by Investigators
i
VLV Performance
Frequency !
■
‘Condition of calendar
.'during study
<
{Reporting on cal endar
Good i 79
3
Bad
Card missing' 7
88.87.
3. 47.
7.87.
Completely filled '.28
Partially filled ' 48
Not filled { 13
31.57.
54.07.
1 4.57.
<
i Sur r oundings of HP
01 ean
Unclean
!Murram filling
I '-itsi
{ 64
Present- ! 36
Absent J 53
«
4^
28. 17.
7 1.97.
40.57.
59.57.
i
I
The investigators examined the handpump monitoring calendars
of
the 89 VLVs.
31.57.
The condition of 79 (897.) calendars
of the? cards were completely filled.
partially filled up
287.
of
cleanliness
547;
good.
were
and 14.57. were blank.
the VLVs were found to be involved
of
was
the
HF’ surroundings.
and
in
40. 57.
mai ntaining
had
murram
filled around the HF platform.
4.7.8.
VLVs Perception regarding the improvement of HP condition
since they started functioning:
Finally the VLVs were interviewed regarding their perception
of the IHMP programme.
These are presented in Table XXII.
Table XXII. VLV perception regarding improvement of HP condition
iVLV perceptions regarding improvent of HP condn.I Frequency
i
■
«VLV felt : HP condition has improved
i
18
207.
9
107.
i
■
<
I
i
Breakdown rate has reduced
HP surroundings are clean
I
i
i
t
i
•
6
77.
i
20 % felt that the HP condition had improved and another 107.
felt that the breakdown rates had reduced since they became VLVs.
These results are probably due to the fact that there has been
a
substantial attrition among VLVs and a large proportion have been
recently appointed.
46
5, RESEARCH
5.1. Development of
a Parameter for Preventive Maintenance of HandPumps
The first research study undertaken by the IHMP was -for
development
pumps,
of
whi ch
the
a parameter for measuring the discharge of handcoul d
predi ct
their breakdown.
400
surveyed and their discharge
measured in 1986.
The variation in
d i scharge
was as follows:
1 to 68 strokes (average 12) of
handle
initiate yield and 8 to 120 (average 20)
fill
to
a
second
between
di scharge
were
the
strokes
to
study
the
defective handpump parts and the first
and
bucket of water.
correlati on
pumps
These pumps were opened
rates.
to
An effective parameter
of
di scharge
rate was developed - 4 strokes to start yield
and a maximum of
strokes to fill a 3 litre bucket
been
used
12
as a uut off point. which has
for developing a model of monitoring
preventi ve
and
maintenance of handpumps in Georai Taluka.
5.2. Development of a Monitoring System for Handpump Maintenance
A
substantial
amount
of research work has
been
develop, both a manual and a computerised Management
System
(MIS)
introduced
populati on).
in
for
handpump maintenance.
The
one Taluka with 192 villages
done
to
Inf or mat i on
system
has
(approx.
been
2,50,000
Deed District has 7 Talukas and both these
systems
are well tested and can be introduced in the entire district.
5.3. Study of Impact of Reconstruction on
Handpumps
The
Functional
Status
of
fir st research paper presented on the SOW programme was
on the impact o-F r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
on the functional status of handpumps.
There i s empi ri cal
evidence to suggest
that
the
reconstructi on of
pumps as per stipulated standards.
reduces
47
the
breakdown rate -from 45 % to 11
Prevent i ve
‘X.
(Refer Paper presented
on
pumps
for
and monitoring of the
maintenance
hand
providing safe drinking water; August 1987, V NAWDA Convention).
5.4. Study of
Impact of Preventive
Status of Hand Pumps
The
IHMP
programme on Safe Drinking Water
on
the
concept
based
strategy
The
Conventi on
in
mai ntenance
received
was
Georai
paper
on
i ncrease
thi s
water
i nnovati ve
NAWDA
maintenance was presented
at
the
concept
of
prevent i ve
the
IHMP
Hyderabad
to
requested
research
f i rst
handpump
of
in
Functional
that preventive maintenance of handpumps
would substantially reduce their breakdown. and
availability.
on
Maintenance
a
in
1987.
1 ot
of attention
The
an cl
continue a prospective study and
paper in the next NAWDA convention.
was
another
present
The second research study on
this topic was undertaken in 1988-89 and the paper was
presented
at
Raj asthan.
the NAWDA convention held at the SWTRC,
Subsequent!y
the
paper
was
Ti 1 oni a.
published in the NAWDA Journal.
5.5. Research Studies in Information, Education and
Communication
(IEC) Related to Drinking Water
Several research studies have been undertaken by the IHMP on
the
i mpact
of
i nnovati ve
IEC
strategi es
community drinking-water-related behaviours.
on
i nd i vi dual
In the last 5
CAPART has sanctioned grants to NGOs to conduct several
awareness
provi de
undertook
camps for drinking water in rural areas.
guideli nes
a
study in 19H8-89 on the
awareness camps on user s:' hab its.
One paper has
on this topic so f ar.
48
years
thousand
In order
to
the
IHMP
impact
of
such
been
pub!i shed
for the conduction of such camps.
research
and
5.6. Study of Factors Influencing Community Participation in
Management of Rural Drinking Water Supply
The
the
Georai Model o-F preventive maintenance of handpumps
is
largely dependent on the level of participation of the community.
Since this programme is being implemented with replicabi1ity
and
up-scaling to the district level as its main criterion.
an effort
was made to
community
study effective strategies for generating
participation
the
on a large scale which would be applicable
government infrastructure.
within
Two research papers are
near ing
are in progress
wi 11
completion on this topic.
5.7. Research Studies in Progress
Several
completed
research
studies
within the next 12 mon ths.
and
Some of these
are
be
1i sted
belqw:
1.
The variation of static ground water level over a period
of
one
of
year
and
i ts
i mpact
on
the
functi onal
status
handpumps.
2.
The
impact of
incidence of
3.
The
reconstruction of handpump platforms
on the
water borne diseases.
contamination level of water of reconstructed handpumps
as compared to pumps with broken platforms and open wells.
The
undertaken
chlorination of bore wells and open wells could not
in the Georai project area due to the
be
unavai1abi1i ty
of bleaching powder on such a large scale.
Si mi 1 ar1y
undertake
water
it
has not been feasible f or
quality
moni tori ng
in
the
the
Insti tute
proj ect
area
proposed, due to lack of technology and trained man-power.
49
to
as
6. CREATION OF NEW WATER SOURCES IN GEORAI TALUKA
The IHMF had proposed to undertake the drilling of lOO bores
and install handpumps in 'problem-vi 11 ages’
in 3 taiukas of
Di strict.
begun
This
have
should
programme
by
Seed
initiating
drilling
of bores in Georai Taiuka- A proposal was submitted
to
CAPART
which had been
sanctioned and finances remitted to
the
IHMP.
While this proposal was being processed by CAPART
NGO
based in Deed undertook drilling of bores and
of
handpumps
in the district.
government
The IHMP did not
created 200 new water sources in Georai Taiuka-
feel
instal1 at i on
the
Si multaneously,
another
it necessary to create any more sources in the same
change
to approve a
requested
therefore.
CAPART was.
t a 1 u k a.
Taiuka
location for the creation of new w a ter so u r c e s in P a. i t h a n
in
Getting the approval from CAPART took a
Aurangabad District.
After
ti me.
1 ong
programme
site.
requisiti oning
of
admi ni strati ve
problems
in
severe diesel shortages
because
of
have
rig and
a
transfer
recei vi ng
there
of
the
approval
been
f or
which the work on new bores and handpumps has not yet begun.
The
vi11 ages
f or
have
new sources
been
identi f i ed
and
bores
and
work initiated. The drilling
of
underground
survey
instal1 ati on
of handpumps will begin as soon as the survey
wor k
is completed subject to the availability of di esel.
7. DISCUSSION
7.1. Study Design
The
aver a.ge
in
the
E-ieed Di st r i c t of Marathwada w as app r ox i ma t e 1 y 200 i n 1986-87.
In
the
1 ast
undertaken
al most
three
number
year s
of handpumps
1 ar ge
seal e
by the government. and
doubled since then.
the
i n each
cl r i 11 i n g
t a 1 uka
wor k
has
number of handpumps
This has important.
been
has
imp1icat ions for
maintenance
since there has not been a concommitant increase
in
the
of
to
number
mechanics
employed by
the
Zill a
Pari shad
maintain handpumps.
is
In
Maharashtra, drilling and installation of new
the
responsi bi 1i ty
Development
Agency
i nstal1ed
handpumps
of
the
(GSDA).
regular
maintenance.
dri Hi ng
and
Ground-water
After the work
is
Survey
and
completed ,
the
Pari shad
for
are handed over to the Zilla
The
instal1ati on
GSDA
of
ei ther
gi ves
handpumps
to
handpumps
the
wor k
of
contractors
or
undertakes
this work through its own rigs.
rigs
are
deployed
the drillers are anxious to move on to the next
si te
as
soon as possible.
done
curing for 7 days.
neglected.
the
The installation of handpumps.
according to specificati onsj,
requi res
Once
whi ch
if
It
also
i s a full day’s job.
This aspect of the work is
in which case the handpump
platforms
often
Programme
in
usual 1y
develop
cracks within months of i nstal1ati on.
The
IHMF
Safe
Drinking Water
Georai
was
undertaken to develop a model.which would overcome some of
these
inherent problems.
uni ess
handpump
platforms
mai ntai nable
not
1evel„
be
possible.
The
second
developed
than
The assumption at that stage was that
were
reconstructed and
effect!ve
assumption
for monitoring
maintenance of
was that if a
the
could
be
up
handpumps
parameter
performance of
the incidence of breakdown. then a
system
brought
instituted which would reduce
a
woul d
coul d
handpumps
preventi ve
to
be
rather
mai ntenance
the
breakdowns and the
n on ”f un c: t i on a 1 dur at ion and ther eby
t h e w a t e r a va i 1 a b 1 e
to rural communi ties.
number
of
increase
1 he research study therefore. needed to determine the impact
of several di mens!ons.
f
..
*nd
) J*;
T5 - ISO
112.22
a.)
The impact of
b>
The impact o-F preventive maintenance
reconstruction on the -Functioning o-F handpumps.
on
the performance
of
rapid increase in
the
populati on
of
water schemes on
thei r
regular
and
handpumps and availability of water.
c)
The
i n f1uen ce of the
handpumps
and
piped
effective maintenance.
The study design for the evaluation was formulated in
to
be
able
to
quantify the impact
di f ferent
components
pumps
Georai
in
of
Taluka
of
these
the programme.
is 403.
The
order
d i mensi ons
total
number
Of these. 37 are dead.
and
of
7
have
been converted into power pumps.
and 41 are not maintainable
due
to
Gut of 318
fixed or fallen pipe lines.
155 were reconstructed?
•T ■<-,
Z-
platforms
instal1ed
pumps
31 new
repai red
by
mai ntai nable
i nstal1ati ons
the
IHMP.
Most
pumps.
constructed,
of
prior to 1988 are thus reconstructed .
the
handpumps
Since
in Georai are under the preventive maintenance
all
the
system
of
the IHMPy a comparison could be made between the impact of
r econstruction
and
preventive maintenance on 218 pumps
preventive maintenance only on the remaining handpumps
and
both
and
of
in Georai
taiuka.
over
160
pumps
to
the Zilla Pari shad
breakdown
pumps
were
in
reconstructed
which
undertakes
maintenance of handpumps..
provided
the
opportuni ty
E<eed taiuka.
A
to
only
study of this
measure
and handed
correct!ve
group
of
the
i mpact
of
area
si nee
the
reconstruction on the performance of handpumps.
F’ai than
taiu ka
was selected as a control
number of pumps in this taiuka has increased
sub stan t i a 11y as
in
al 1
other
taiukas of
t h i s reg i on.
The pumps
are
not
reconstructed ,
and are being maintained under
97
the
convent i onal
breakdown
tor
or corrective maintenance system.
The
second
reason
the choice of the control area was for economic reasons,
reduce
four
expenditure and time on travel.
areas
A comparison
provides the basis for quantifying
the
of
to
these
i ndi vi dual
impact of the various interventions and strategies introduced
by
the IHMF’.
7.2. Comparability of the Four Study Areas
It
has been found that smaller villages
and hamlets
are
i n interior locations and not connected
by
are
at
vi11ages
greater
di ff i cult
to
monsoons.
r i sk
of neglect.
supervi se
The largest
These
and are usually
number of
such
whi ch
approach
roads
are
unapproachable
villages
more
dur i ng
was in the GEO-RM
area.
Handpumps located far
of
bei ng
neglected.
away from the village
Here
agai n
the
1 argest
are also at r i s k
number
of such
handpumps was in the GEO-M area.
If
the
there are a large number of water sources in
communi ty
has
an alternative even if
sources are not functioning.
functi onal
handpumps.
one
or
a
vi11 age
more
water
There is a r i sk, therefore, of non—
in villages with multiple sources,
neglected
both
by
system.
There
was no significant difference in the
the community as
wel 1
as
the
bei ng
mai ntenance
number
of
such handpumps in the four study areas.
The
number
non-f unc:t i oni ng
of
difference between the f qur st ud y areas,
seasonal ha n dp ump s
RM and BEED-R
The
can be due
to
seasonal pumps in an area. Even though there
si gni f icant
number of
of handpumps
a
1 arge
was
the
were in fact s i t u a t e d in t h e
no
1 arger
GEO
study areas.
number
of
households
or
53
populati on
dependent
on a
handpump
determi nes
expected to undergo.
1 ar ger-
pop Lil at i on
breaki ng
down.
of
han dp Limps
were
wear
be
that the
handpump is
to
be
at
greater risk ot
and
BEED-R
to
more than 50 households
water
consi dered
the
tear
assumed
GEORAI-M
provi di ng
where
and
The study area where handpumps serve a much
can
The
therefore.
vari able
the
had a 1arger
at greater risk.
d if ference
between
the
number
and
This was the only
four
study areas
was si gni f i cant.
7.3.
Status of Handpumps
The
GEO-RM
both
1 argest
number of functioning handpumps
study area (967.) .
in
the
This is considered to be a result
of
reconstruct!on and preventive maintenance.
preventive
mai ntenance
in the absence
appears to be substantial.
were
90Z of the
in the GEO-M area where pumps are
but have not been reconstructed.
of
The
impact
reconstruction
of
al so
handpumps were functional
under
prevent!ve
mai ntenance
Even though these handpumps are
not reconstructed. they are newly installed over the last 2 years.
The platforms of these pumps have broken
and i t is possible that the
may go down as these pumps
down over
proportion of functioning
per formanee
even
in the absence
of
handpumps
can improve
regular
mai ntenance
is established from the results seen i n
area.
of the handpumps
787
period
become older.
The assumption that reconstruction
of handpumps
thei r
thi s
prevent!ve
the
are functional after one
BEED-R
year
of
reconstruction in this area - Only 117 community members
and users
in the BEED-R area said that thei
h a n d p u m p s w e r e b e i n q regular1y
mai ntained
(Refer
Tabl e XIII).
Despite
1 ack
of
regular
ma i ntenan ce a 1 arg e prop ort ion of
these handpumps have functioned
si nee thei r
r &c on s t r u c t i on .
In comparison only 387 handpumps
54
were -functional
e-f i i ciency
The
GEO-M
in the control
areas was
of
area.
functi onal
927. and
in
pumps
937. respect i vel y.
the
The
GEO-RM
and
efficiency of
teconstructed pumps in the DEED—R area has gone down to 82% since
they have not been under regular preventive maintenance over
last
one
year.
In
pumps
were efficiently functioning
functional
area.
comparison.
onl y
537.
The conclusion one can reach is that
i mprove
the efficiency of handpumps.
pumps
out
in
the
the
19
of
control
reconstructi on
does
but can be sustained
onl y
with regular preventive maintenance.
The
month.
average
number of
and the effective
GEO-RM and GEO-M areas.
to
the
BEED-R
proporti on
area.
of handpumps
functional days per
handpump
per
water availability are similar i n
the
and are substantially higher as compared
An interesting
f i ndi ng
that
is
the
functioning for more than 25 days in
a
month is
highest in the GEO-M area <807.) as compared to the GEO-
RM
747., BEED-R area 56%, and the PAI-C area
area
Table V),
pumps
fa e
can
eff i ci ent1y
irrespecti ve
These
performance
only
if
sustained performance of
of whether they are reconstructed
f i ndi nqs
were
of
over a period of one
pumps
Table VI) .
performed
mai ntai ned
they
are
to
have
Regular preventive maintenance appears
a greater effect on the
(Ref er
(Refer
These results refute the earlier assumption that hand-
reconstructed.
had
227..
•further
or
not.
substantiated
year
handpumps
stud i ed.
was
The non-reconstructed pumps in the GEO-M area
equally well.
and by some parameters. even
marg i nal1y
better than the reconstructed and maintained pumps in the
areas.
In
both
the
when
the
areas
the performance of
handpumps
significantly better than the BEED-R and PAI-C areas.
55
GEO-RM
was
7.4.
Effectiveness of the Monitoring and Maintenance Systems
The
users’
report!ng?
the
response to the interval
between
breakdown
and
and between reporting and repair is an indication
effect!veness
of
the
ma!ntenance
system
involvement in monitoring their water sources.
that broke down over a period of one month.
the
GEO-RM,
bei ng
sent
GEO-M,
to
and
and
community
For the handpumps
677. to
747. users,
BEED-R areas were aware of
mechanics
of
in
i nf or mat i on
for repair as compared to 277.
in the
PAI-C area.
The partici pation of community members can be expected
only
if they find that their needs elicit a prompt response.
Despite
the
in
the
increased
the
reporti ng
HF
fact that there is no preventive maintenance system
BEED-R
areaP
the
respond!veness
breakdowns.
one
of
reconstruct!on
the users
work
has
in monitoring
and
The information was sent much more promptly.
week in the GEO-RM
G-M
427.,
compared to the PAI-C area
267.,
and
within
BEED-R area 287.
as
(47.) .
The proportion of pumps that got repaired within a fortnight
of
reporting was 467. in the GEO-RM area.
147.
in the BEED-R area.
f i gures
427. in the GEO-M
and 87. in the PAI-C area.
are not from service records but were
the interview of
100 users,
area.
Si nee
obtai ned
these
through
they reflect the community perception
of the effectiveness of the maintenance system.
7.5.
Effectiveness of Handpump Maintenance
The
ground
physical
1 evel
is
condi ti on
of the
handpump
an
indication of
the
maintenance programme.
How promptly
worn
arc
replaced,
breakdown
det ermi nes
of handpumps.
The
the
assemb1y
ef f ect. i veness
prevalence
of
t. h e?
out an d missing par t s
and
durat i on
GEO-RM and GEO-M areas
rz-
above
had
of
fewer
worn
out or missing parts when compared to the BEED-R area,
there
was
area.
(Refer Table IX).
and
a
bolts
Handpump
significant
were
nuts
difference when compared to the PAI-C
mi ssi ng
and
and
However,
a substantial number of nuts
in
GEO-RM and GEO-M areas
bol ts
the
which are of
standard
al so.
size
are
continuous!y
removed by aqriculturists for utilisation in
their
agri cultural
equipment.
more
readi1y
with
Thi s
appropri ate
probiem
can
techno1ogy
solved
than
through
maintenance or
communi ty
rather
in more effective monitoring.
investment
be
parti cipation.
No amount of community surveillance can stop
indi vi dual ••
dire need. from removing these nuts
in
and
one
bolts,
surrepti tiously.
7.6. Effectiveness of the Reconstruction Programme
Reconstruct i on of handpump platforms has been carried out in
the GEO-RM and BEED-R areas.
The platform condition in these two
areas is substantially better than in the GEO-M and PAI-C
In the GEO-M area where there has been no
the IHMP, platforms
were in a much
PAI—C area
because all the
area
only
are
reconstruction work by
better condition than in the
(Refer Table X).
one to two years old.
The
proportion of functional handpumps
to
937..
has
survey
of functional handpumps were
d i scbarge
There
present
is
as
a
increased from 57. to 657..
compared
to
927.
s i g n i f i c an t d i f f e r e n c e
research
findings
provid i ng
(Ref er
between
the
i n al 1 the
57
Duri ng
1990.
in
Research
has increased
The proportion of handpump platforms
conditi on
537.
GEO-M
pumps in the
unreconstructed
7.7. Comparison of Georai Baseline Survey (1986) and
Findings (1990)
L— ET"/
areas.
parameters
in
a
f com
good
the
baseli ne
an
opt imal
Table Xia).
baseli ne
and
utilized for
measuring
the
performance of
handpumps
period of one month and one year.
water
increased
Table Xlb).
from
657.
in
over
a
retrospecti ve
The effective availability
1907
to
89.47
i n 1990.
of
(Ref er
The data suggests that both reconstruction of hand
pumps and preventive maintenance have had a substantial impact in
improving the performance of
handpumps and availability of water
to the community.
7.8. Analysis of Users’ Habi ts
The
extent
data suggests that
in
users’ habits have improved to some
the G-RM and G-M areas.
educational
efforts
There is
(Refer Table XII).
for
need
There
further
is also need for
technological interventions to improve the handpump surround!ngs.
Accumulati on
is
of waste water and slush
around the pump
a health hazard not only in the transmission
of
pl atform
water-borne
diseases. but is also a breeding ground for mosquito larvae.
1989
soak-pits were installed at several handpump sites.
soakage
pits
awareness
lasted for less than one year.
Apart
In
These
user
from
a more effective system will have to be developed
for
waste water management especially
for community water sources as
the
substantial.
volume
of water wastage is
The users’ awareness of the IHMP maintenance
hi gh
programme
and a substantial 1y large number of users said
that
was
their
handpump was being regularly maintained
and that they report
to
the IHMP in case of handpump breakdown.
(Refer Table
The
user sati sf acti on
the mai. ntenance
A
the
XIII).
is an indirect measur e of the effectiveness of
system.
large number of respondents were aware of t h e e x i s t e n c e o f
Vi 11 age Level Volunteers (VLVs)
i n their village.
However,
v e r y f e w u s; e r• s were aware of the functions that the VLVs perform.
58
Si nee
the
VLVs
imperative
thei r
are not given any
monetary
i ncentives
that delibe?rate action is taken by the IHMP
contri buti on
known
to
the
vi11 age
a
strong
symbolic incentive.
to
is
make
The
communities.
appreciation o-f their role by their peer group could
as
it
i tself
act
handpumps
is
(Refer Table XIV).
7.9. Effectiveness of the Handpump Monitoring System
The
total 1 y
concept
of
prevent!ve
dependent
on
an
performance
regular1y
and
functional
maintenance
effect!ve
monitor i ng
status of handpumps
monitored and reported in order to
maintenance.
of
system.
The
to
needs
timely
faci1i tate
At the beginning of the programme it was
be
envi saged
that a block level mechanic would be required i n i t i ca 11 y, to visit
pumps on a monthly basis. till VLVs could be trained to take over
thi s
task.
not
more than 180 handpumps
VLVs
required was 940.
handpumps
to
be
At the start of the programme. the BLM had to
has
is
also
that
of
Over the last 3 years the population
of
almost doubled. and twice the number of VLVs
had
The
BLM was not
reporting of handpump
onl y
for
responsible
the
status and discharge, but
expected to train. support and supervise the 1795
are
al most
and
The maximum number
i nvolved.
i ndependent
in a month.
visit
now involved in the programme.
The BLM has
impossible to monitor all the handpumps.
and
VLVs
found
of
functi oni ng
The
BLM
responsi bi 1i ty
VLVs
from
the
BLM
to
it
di str ibute
collect calendars from all the VLVs on a regular basis.
transfer
he
The
independent1y
could not be effected.
has to visit 10 to 12 handpumps a
cycle.
It
travel
t i me.
first
few pumps that he visits.
i nvolves
up to eight
hours of
work
Invariably the BLM meets all f i ve
day on a
motor
inclusive
VLVs
A large number of VLVs
f or
of
the
who are
farmers or agricultural labourers are not available after
10 a.m.
As
a
result,
the BLM leaves the calendars with a
another family member.
is quite high.
The floating
neighbour
or
in Beecl District
population
Especially during the sugarcane harvesting season j,
people migrate temporarily from their villages to seek employment
in sugarcane fields or in sugar factories.
This has resulted
in
a high attrition rate among village level volunteers. 647. of the
originally selected VLVs discontinued
replaced.
(Refer
Table XV).
functioning and had to
Onl y
367.
VLVs
be
have
been
717.
were
partici pating for more than 2 years.
Of
the
89
VLVs
interviewed during the study,
aware of their monitoring role for reporting handpump
However,
onl y
mai nt©nance
of
eroded
a
smal 1
proporti on
recogni sed
breakdown.
their
rol e
of cleanliness around handpumps and regular
murram around platforms.
It appears
as
in
filling
though
the
whether VLVs
were
carrying out these tasks themselves !> rather than getting it
done
respondents understood the question to mean
by the community members in their vi11 ages.
The
results
nei ghbours
living
proporti on
o-f
of
observing VLV
practi ces
the vicinity
i ndicated
in
VLVs were in -Fact
handpump surroundings.
The
awareness
contami nat i on
awareness
More
be
of
(Refer Table XVI).
involved
that
the
in
questioning
a
1 arger
maintenance
of
surroundi ngs
and
(Refer Tables XX and XXI).
level regarding
water
and
was
high,
handpump
but
there
regarding water-borne diseases and
was
thei r
not
much
prevention.
ef f ect i ve health education messages and strategies need
developed
for increasing a w a r e n e s s o n t h e s e
topi cs.
to
(Ref er
Table XVII).
The effectiveness of VLVs related to the monitoring of han d ’
pumps
was very encouraging.
However,
60
si nee
t i mely
maintenance
o-f
handpumps can be undertaken only after receipt ot information
for all handpumpSj, the proportion of effectively functioning VLVs
will have to be increased from 897. to 1007..
XIX) .
(Refer Tables XVIII &
The VLV practices related to handpump cleanliness and user
habits need improvement as is apparent from
Tables XX and XXI).
Two men, two women and one student were selected as VLVs for
each
handpump.
these
VLVs have functioned most effectively over the last
Data is
bei ng
analysed to determine
whi ch
of
three
years in order to develop criteria for select! on in future.
The
percept!on
conditi on
si nee
of
VLVs regarding the
i mprovement
of
HP
they started functioning was very poor.
It
is
apparent that VLVs need to be
involved in participatory
problem
identification and evaluation of the programme.
7. 10. Programme Implementation in Pai than Taluka of Aurangabad
District
There
were
several
constrai nts
in
i mplement ing
programme
in Georai Taluka of Heed District.
The
constrai nt
was
resulted
di stance
from Pachod
whi ch
most
the
obvi ous
hi gh
in
travel, training and supervisory costs.
Another obvious weakness
of
drinking
the
Georai
programme
was
dri nki ng
an
programme was that
undertaken
the
in isolation.
It is
water
now
supply
felt
that
water supply and sanitation are so close!y linked
that
effect!ve
programme can be implemented only if
it
includes
both these components.
For
education
two
years the IHMF* attempted to implement
the
heal th
(CETHO) programme through its own man power resources .
It was soon real ised that to bring about a
m e a s u r a b 1 e c: h a n g e
c’ o rri m u n i t y b e h a v i cd u r , a large army of h e a 11 bi e d u c a t o r s a n d
in
change
initiators; would have to be developed in a ta1uka with a1 most 200
vi11 ages.
I n pa i t h an t a 1 uk a I CDS workers,,
61
school
teachers
and
school
chi 1 dren
(child
to adult health
trained i n a systematic way.
al ready
been
tested
educators)
are
bei ng
A well planned strategy of I EC
and is under implementation.
has
Whereas-
in
Georai taluka heal th education initiatives followed the technical
i nterventions
Pai than an
of
handpump reconstructi on and
awareness programme preceded
mai ntenance,
in
the
i ntroduction
of
will
undertake
the
technology by at least 6 months.
It
is
proposed
reconstruction of 280
350
pumps
over
that
the
1HMF1
handpump platforms, maintain approximately
a period of 3 years
uti1i si ng
maintenance system. A demand and need based
water
the
preventive
sani tati on and waste
management programme is sought to be implemented
ta1 uka
will
along with the SDW programme.
be
implemented through
the
An
afforestion
village level
students in an attempt to sustain
in
this
programme
volunteers
and
the ecological balance.
Programme implementation in Pai than Taluka started in August
1990.
A situational analysis of drinking water sources
in
186
villages was conducted. This was followed by a baseline survey of
326
hand
pumps in the taluka.
Whi1e the
surveys
conducted
the
September
1990 an orientation programme on safe
CETHO
team
was
organised for village
of
I CDS
school
initiated
the
was undertaken in 199G.
dri nki ng
hand
pumps was initiated in October
pump s
have
been reconstructed
school
The
bei ng
programme.
sarpanchs and gram sevaks.
supervi sors, anganwadi workers.
ch i1dren
IEC
were
In
water
Trai ni ng
teachers.
reconstruction
and approxi mately
40
and
of
hand
and r e j u ven a t ed since then.
8. CONCLUSIONS
1.
Rec on st ruction
effect ively
of
handpumps
functional
handpumps.
62
is
necessary
The
IHMP
to
ensure
experience
indi cates
ensured
There
of
that
90%
ef -f ect i vel y
-functional
over a sustained period of time with timely
is ,
su-f-F i ci ent evidence to suggest
handpumps
greater advantage
the
prevent!on
the
government
creation
of
water sources,,
has spent
the
a
pump
and
The
mai ntenance
surf ace
water.
resources
the
there is no budgetary allocation
for
There is urgent need for a
handpumps to make the work
units easier and to
safe
and
b udget ar y requi r e men t for cr eat i ng
one
new
water.
source
is sufficient for the reconstruction and rejuvenation
15 to 2<J broken down and non-functional
However,
become
a
In
order
develop
to
pl atforms
future
ensure this quality control
a team of trained
pl atforms
new instal1 ations as wel1
for
each
it
1 ocal masons and
for
district.
damaged platforms can be given to
on
easi1y
as per stipulated
entrepreneurs)
them
platforms could
perpetuating evil unless
instal1 ations are constructed
The
them.
for
specif i cat i ons.
is
possi ble
mechanics
j ob
as
of
construct!ng
reconstruction
of
Payment can be made
to
quality control .
2.
p r e v e n t i v e n> a i n t e n a n c e o f
The strat eg y of
handpumps
was conceptualised by the Institute of Health Management,
1986-87.,
has
by
a
NGOs can be effectively involved in supervision
and c e rti f i cati on of
in
to
(F'r i vate
a job basis subject to certification of quality
reli able agency.
of
handpumps.
reconstruction of handpump
sei f
of
ensure
potable
The
in
on
for the reconstruction of
mob i1e
wi th
enormous
reconstruction of old handpumps.
budget
reconstruction
maintenance team-
of contamination of bores
be
maintenance
o-F reconstruction o-F handpump platforms is
Whereas
the
that
reduces the number of breakdowns in
thereby the workload -For the taluka level
can
handpumps
been adopted by some
63
of
t he
most
Wh i C h
Pachod
promi nent-
agencies
i n vol ved
in rural drinking water
programmes.
supply
There is sufficient evidence to substantiate the effectiveness of
i ncreasi ng
water
aval 1abi1i ty
The
communi ties.
rural
to
policy
introduction of this strategy requires several important
changes.
wh i ch
and
handpumps
this strategy in improving the performance of the
Paper
the
have been discussed in detail i n
on
policy issues.
The? realisation within the Govt. that it may not be possible
(handpumps)
to effectively maintain rural water sources
mechani cs
employed by the Zilla Parishads led to the
of training educated unemployed youth
through
ex per i merit
under the TRYSEM Scheme in
Maharashtra in 1985-86.
It was envisaged
would undertake handpump
mai ntenance
that
mechani cs
these
and would be paid on a job
days
basis if they ensured functional handpumps for more than 25
in a
month.
The
experiment was a failure because of opposition
by the full-time Zilla Parishad mechanics.
With
and piped water schemes.
population of handpumps
should renew this effort.
by
the
i ncreasi ng
the government
restricting the responsibility
Parishad mechanics to maintenance of piped water
Zilla
of
schemes.
and involving private entrepreneurs for the maintenance of hand
pumps.
To ensure sustained functioning of handpumps.
to
be made on basis of optimal functioning.
the
need for a good monitoring
caul d
link effective
Implicit in this is
and certification
functioning of
remuneration of private entrepreneurs.
payment needs
system
handpumps to the
whi ch
month1y
Drinking water being such
a basic and essential human need.
the remuneration for sustained
ma i n t en anc e
to
needs
to
be
1i nked
workers rather than activity.
64
outcome of performance of
3.
The
/noni tor i ng
dr i nki ng
At
of
performance
of
handpumps
water sources in rural areas needs to be
present
the
monitoring of
is
done
by
responsi ble
for
thei r
sources
handpumps
the net-work of
r egu.l ar
and
strengthened.
dr i nki ng
mechanics
mai ntenance.
water
who
al so
are
Thi s
is
in
contradiction to the basi c principles of monitoring and
There
other
and
control.
is need to develop a separate net-work for monitoring
performance
of
moni t or i n g
syst em
representatives
mechani cs.
with
and
a
Developing
the
possi bly
community
involvement
NGOs
1 ocal
of
the
based
communi ty
ensure
the
programmes
are
will
establishment of an effective information base.
4.
Information
present!y
used
collected for social
only for the purpose
rather than for management.
welfare
of
reporting
performance
There is need to develop a Management
Information
System
programme.
Information is utilized by a diverse set of users
various
1evels
i nf or mat i on
1evels
(MIS)
of
f or
system
for the rural
di fferent
dr i nki ng
management
functions.
developed needs to take into
management
supply
water
and their information
account
at
The
these
The
mere
introductioon of a computer at the district will not bring
about
an appreciable change unless aggregation
for
management
needs.
and uti1i sat i on of data
is also facilitated at the
village
and
block
levels s i mu11 anecus1y.
cr
There is u.rgent need for
of f i c i a1 s
man agemen t training of
a n d t e c h n i c a 1 staf f i nvo1ved in rura1
dr i n b: i ng
supp1y.
There is need f or special f o c: u s f o r m a t e r i a 1
training
because
of the technology intensive
programme.
65
g o v e rn ment
nature
water
management
of
this
6.
The
Institute
of Health
Management,
F’achod
<IHMP)
convincingly demonstrated that the NGC sector can be
has
effecti vely
involved
in
the implementation of rural drinking
water
schemes.
A
1 arge
the
State
of
involved
in
the
The government needs to
1 ook
Maharashtra,
who
implementation
at
net-work
wool d
of NGOs
be
ex i st
willing to
of this programme.
in
get
this net-work as an important resource pool,
whose
supply
services
need to be better utilised for rural development.
At
present
there is no defined policy or strategy for
involvement of NGOs.
own
indi vi dual
Their involvement depends entirely on their
i ni t i ative
programmes
are
agreements
made with
frequent
undertaken
at
1 ocal
1evel.
by NGOs only on
basi s
the
good
of
transfer of district level officials the
ex amp1e
of
Long-term
the district level authori ties.
such programmes cannot be ensured.
a
the
i nformal
With
the
viabi1i ty
The experience of the IHMP is
the need for a
mechanism
for
engagement of NGOs i n rural development programmes.
the
formal
The graph of
the effective performance of the IHMP programme over a period
three
years
entirely
exhibits the widest possible
upon
the
of
responsi veness
of
of
vari ation
dependent
the
Pari shad
Zilla
authoriti es.
Over a period of three years
the
Zilla
Pari shad
changed
imp1 emen t at ion was based
the
Zilla Parishadj,
entire!y
one
wi th
dependent
individual.
such
a
the Chief Executive Officer of
4
t imes.
entirely on an
Since
programme
informal agreement with
the effectiveness of the programme has
on
the personal
interest and perceptions of
A n e f f e c t i v e r u r a 1 programme cannot be
fragi1e,
i11-defi ned
involvi ng t h e N G 0 s e c t o r .
66
been
and
i nf ormal
sustained
mechani sm
of
7.
NGO involvement
of
i nnovative
strategi es
programmes
and
responsi bi 1ity
government
implementation of programmes.
in
undertaking
supervi si on ?
can
which
soluti ons
of
i mplementation
should be restricted to the
compli ementary
rather
demonstrate
than
structures
alternati ve
undertaking
for
the
the
rout ins
Alternatively NGOs can be involved
functions
such
as
moni tori ng,
health education and community participation
would strengthen programmes implemented by the government.
67
whi ch
A.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE (Reconstruction/Repair Programme)
COORDINATOR
Reconstruction Team
Mobi1e
Supply
Reconstruction
Truck
Unit
(Z.P.)
1
(IHMP)
Supervi ror
1 Driver-cum-
1 Supply
Supervisor
1 Driver
Mechanic
1 Mechanic
1 Mason
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE -for
the Maintenance and
Monitori ng
Systems
a.
CO-ORDINATOR
Mobile Maintenance
Taluka Level
Unit
Unit (200 Pumps)
(500 pumps)
1 Mechanic
1 Block level mechanic
1 Driver-cum-mechanic
2 Helpers
VILLAGE LEVEL
(Five volunteers to each hand pump)
68
b.
Organisational Structure
Co-ordinator
Block Level
Mechanics
(One for 200 pumps)
Village Level Volunteers
five to a hand pump)
The monitoring programme will be implemented at the district
1evel, viz., cover!ng
Georai
Deed
Maj algaon
Ashti
al 1 7 talukas in Deed District.
< Monitoring System
< Implemented by the
Institute of Health Management,
< Pachod.
<
<
<
<
Monitoring system
i mp1 emen ted by
Zi11 a Par i shad,
Seed.
Kej
Patoda
69
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