ALCOHOLISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Item
- Title
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ALCOHOLISM AND PUBLIC
HEALTH
- extracted text
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ALCOHOLISM AND PUBLIC
HEALTH
A PRACTICUM REPORT
Dinnies.V.J.
PGDCHM
2002-2003
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Date June 2,2003
Ref: CHC/7/BP/
Dr. Abel Rajaratnam,
Head of Departments, RUSHSA,
Christian Medical College,
Vellore
Dear Dr. Abel,
"\
Subject : Placement of Dr. Dennis at Community Health Cell
for Practicum as required for the DCHM Course .
Reference; Your letter dated 8th April 2003.
TaJ
We are glad to inform you that Dr.Dennies has completed his practicum
for 10th April to 31“ May 2003 under the guidance of the senior
members of our team.
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During this practicum, Dr.Dennies focussed on Community Health and
Development approach to prevent alcohol abuse and helped CHC in
undertaking a baseline survey in sudhamanagar slum in Bangalore
where CHC is involved in parlnersliip with local NGOs. He participated
in the other activities and programmes of CHC - such as life skills
training, community health
orientation programmes, anti tobacco
campaign on the occasion of World Tobacco Day on 31st May 2003.
Dr. Dennies gave a presentation of his involvement in the slums to the
team of CHC on 2.5.2003.
Dr. Dennies took interest in completing the assignments entrusted to
him, and showed fair enthusiasm to learn from the practicum and gioup
discussions.
Dr. Dennies throughout his placement with us, maintained a good inter
personnel relationship with the members of our team in CHC.
We wish him all the best in the future.
With regards,
Yours sincerely,
For Community Health Cell,
Dr.Thelma Narayan
Co-Ordinator
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11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank all the faculty members ofRUHSA Department of Christian Medical
('allege, Vellore, especially Dr. Rajaratnam Abel, the Head of the Department and Mr.
(i. Muniraj my course co-ordinator.
I also thank all the faculty members in Community Health Cell in Bangalore: Thanks are
due to Dr. Ravi Narayan, Community Health Advisor, CHC, Dr. Thelma Narayan, Co
ordinator, CHCi Dr. B.S. Paresh Kumar ,Fellow -Training , Community Mobi.liza!ti(yL
and Research, who guided me step by step, Mr. Rajendran, Training and Research
Assistant, who was ofgreat help to me in the field and al! the administrative stuff in CHC
especially Mr. Gopinathan, Administrative Officer. Special thanks are due to Dr. C.M.
Francis who was always ready to help with some very useful tips and hints. I would also
like to mention Mr. H.R. Mahadevaswamy, Information Assistant who was of great help
to me. Dr. Rajan Patil helped me with the computer processing of collected dati.
Lastly I would like to thank the people of Sudhama Nagar. They were very patient and
co-operative during my Survey. I would like to mention Mr. Shouri Muthu,
Mr. Mariapirakasham and Ms. Kannagi by name.
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I M y U. 0
Post Graduate Diploma in Community Health Management is a
one year Academic programme conducted in RUHSA Department
of CMC,Vellore. At the end of the course the students are expected
to do a Practicum for two months. This is the report of my
practicum.
For my Practicum I selected Community Health Cell in Bangalore.
Community Health Cell is a nongovernmental organisation, mainly
involved in Policy and Advocacy. This organisation was started by ,
3 |l Dr.Benjamin Pulimood,Dr.C.M.Francis and Dr.Ravi Narayan. The
- ■ present co-ordinator is Dr.Thelma Narayan.
-
.
.
v. 1,
During my stay in CHC I was involved in one of the field
programmes of CHC. This programme is known as Community
Health Approach To Alcoholism(CHATA). This programme is
being implemented in five urban slums of Bangalore. I was
involved with the project in a place called Sudhama Nagar.
Sudhama nagar is an urban slum abutting an upper middle class
residential area on the arterial Airport/HAL Road of Bangalore. All
the main downtown areas of Bangalore are within a distance of
■ five kilometer. There is a Roman Catholic church and a Hindu
temple adjacent to the area. The sprawling Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited Campus borders one side of Sudhama Nagar.
^4
As my practicum I undertook a sociodemographic survey of a
demarcated area of Sudhama Nagar consisting of 129 households.
Along with this survey I also conducted another survey for a
haphazard sample population of alcoholics. I was able to
administer a prepared schedule to 16 alcoholics. The following
report contains the report of that survey.
■
■ ’.<AV 7 V
CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgements
2. Introduction
1
3.
Justification
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Goals and Objectives
Time Plan
Literature Review
Survey Report-1
Survey Report-2
Appendices
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iIUSTIFICATION
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Reproductive and child health is one of the major item in Primary Health Care.
Governments all over the world are spending a lot of money for R Ch. But most of the
Government programmes do not produce the desired impact. One of tfie basic reason for
this paradox is that the Government programmes do not address the radical causes in the
aetiology of R. Ch problems.,
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Alcoholism is fast becoming a major public health issue The most affected people are
from the poorer socioeconomic strata of the society .In urban slums the problem is very
acute. Most of the interventions have failed because of different reasons. Some of these
are
1) Lack of political commitment
2) The alcohol lobby is very powerful and is able to influence policy
3) The elite classes and elders in the society set bad examples for youth
4) Usually alcoholics are reluctant to take the problem seriously
One of the best approaches to tackle this problem is to impart life skills to the
younger generation.This will enable them to take a sensible decision when they grow
up. As citizens they will be fully aware of the consequences of alcohol addiction
In this context it is very important to take alcoholism as a serious public health issue.
This problem has serious socioeconomic implications as well. To understand the probtem
from a community health point of view it is important to study the social canvas; of an
alcohol addict. This Survey was undertaken in an attempt to understand the social
canvass of an alcoholic.
Igoals and objectives
GOAL
To study how Reproductive and Child Health is influenced by the effects of
alcoholism as a social problem.
!
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objectives!
3
1
1) To study the social canvass of an addict through post facto explanation
2) To study the effectiveness of deaddiction programmes
, .
3) To study the effect of alcoholism on the family
methodology!
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' ' < ' -* 1) Literature review
bj./b^eAe^^^ 2) Case study
3) Administered questionnaire to a haphazard sample to identified families of
addicts.
4) Analysis of data.
5) Preperation of report
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TIME PLAN
i Week-1 i Week-2 i Week-3
1 )PlanningPracticum
With Rusha Faculty
_____
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2) Review of literature I
and contacting local ;
NGOs______ __ ______ }
3) Choosing the universe '
and enlisting helps
Week-4
Week-5
Week-6
Week-7
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4)Administering
questionnaire
5) Analysis
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6)Report prepcration
Week-8
ALCOHOL AND HEALTH
The use of alcohol containing beverages has been present throughout recorded history.Its use
can be seen in most societies though not in all.lt is the only socially acceptable intoxicant in most
societies.Certain beverages are specific to certain cultures.Examples being Wine in
Mediterranean countries,Palm* toddy in certain parts of Africa and India,Sake in Japan and
Pulque in Mexico.Feni of Goa and Mahua of tribal belts of Central India can also be mentioned in
this context. In India Soma,an alcoholic drink was used in Yagas from Vedic times.Another drink
called Sura also is mentioned in Vedic texts.
The process of distillation of fermented sugar to produce alcohol is considered the first chemical
industry in the World.This is considered an art.In some societies distillation and consumption of
alcohol has religious and spiritual overtones.The process of distillation of alcohol is supposed to
have originated in China.The process reached Europe during middle ages through Arabia.Alcohol
is not easily denatured.So it can-be stored and shipped.During the era of colonisation European
powers used alcohol as an instrument of economic and sociocultural domination.
PHARMACOLOGY OF ALCOHOL
Any carbohydrate containing ‘organic material can be used to produce alcohol by
fermentation.Fermented sugars yield about 5-15% of alcohol.This is further concenterated
through distillation.Distilled beverages can contain anything between 20-55% of alcohol by
volume. Ethyl alcohol is the active chemical constituent of all types of alcoholic beverages. It is a
colourless,volatile and inflammable liquid.
TOPICAL APPLICATION
When topically applied alcohol has a cooling effect due to evaporation.In higher concenterations it
has a rubifacient and mild irritant action.lt also has astringent germicidal action in higher
concenterations.If injected locally alcohol can produce denaturation of proteins and dehydration.
ORAL ADMINISTRATION
Taken orally alcohol produces a local feeling of warmth and increased salivary secrdtion.lt
irritates gastric mucosa and produces increased gastric secretion.But in concentera.ions higher
than 15% alcohol inhibits gastric secretion.The irritation of gastric mucosa can lead to
gastritis,nausea and vomiting.Chronic alcoholism leads to gastritis and achlorhydria.
Alcohol consumption leads to impairment of physical co-ordination.It reduces cognition and
attention.This in turn increases risk of injury and accidents.Alcohol can affect intention and
judgement.This gives rise to violent behaviour and crime.lt is estimated that one in five violent
crimes are committed under the influenze of alcohol. Very rarely overconsumption of alcohol can
lead to a fatal overdose.
Alcohol can potentially affect any organ in the body adversely.The main pathologic conditions
resulting from chronic abuse 'are liver cirrhosis,cancers of upper gastro intestinal tract and
liver,cardiomyopathies,gastritis and pancreatitis.Alcoholics are shown to have more susceptibility
to infectious diseases in some studies.
ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed as such from stomach, duodenum, and jejunum.lt gets distributed
throughout the body tissues and diffuses back to blood whenever the blood level falls.In the lung
alcohol passes from blood to alveolar air.This is the reason why alcoholics smell of alcohol.Most
(90 % to 98 % )of the alcohol is metabolized in the liver.lt is oxidized into
acetaldehyde.Acetaldehyde is in turn converted to Acetyl Co-enzyme A and is finally oxidized to
Carbon Dioxide and water.Non metabolised alcohol is excreted through kidney and lungs.
PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS CAUSED BY ALCOHOL
Over the past few decades consumption of alcohol is increasing.The age at which people start
drinking is becoming less and less.So from a community health point of view diseases due to
chronic abuse of alcohol is likely to increase in the near future.Violent crimes and accidents
induced by drunkenness also are likely to increase.Apart from these direct effects, alcoholism can
lead to social ills like family disorganization,crime and loss of productivity. Alcohol is incriminated
in one out of five violent crimes.
USES
Medicinal use of alcohol was very prevalent until the beginning of twentieth century.Before the
era of aneasthetics alcohol was widely used as an aneasthetic.Consumption of alcohol in
moderate amounts is said to have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases eventhough this
is very controversial and is not proved conclusively.The exact mechanism of this action is not
known.According to some studies it is resveratrol,a red wine constituent that gives the beneficial
effect rather than the alcohol. Alcohol definitely can prevent the build up of plaque in the arteries,
Injection of alcohol into nerves is beneficial in certain cases of neuralgias.Topical alcohol acts as
an astringent and is used in debilitated patients to prevent bedsores.In a concenteration of 70%
W, alcohol is a good antiseptic.
Apart from these medicinal uses alcohol has some industrial use as well.In many industries
alcohol is used as a solvent.In.some countries alcohol mixed with petrol.which is otherwise known
as gasohol.is used as an automotive fuel.
It is used as a religious sacrament by Christians.Some of the tribal cults in Africa and South
America also drink alcohol as a religious ritual.Alcohol is used as a food stuff in some cultures.In
Mediterranean countries alcohol is used as a thirst quencher especially wine.
PSYCHOACTIVE PROPERTIES
Alcohol affects mood and feeling.Earlier alcohol was considered to be a CNS stimulant in small
doses. But now it is considered a CNS Depressant irrespective of dose.The oral administration
can give rise to symptoms ranging from mild mood alteration to comatose stage.Furthermore
consumption of alcohol is considered as a social act.lt is often subject to collective influenze.ln
Modern Society drinking alcohol is often an expression of espirit de corps.
ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME
Experience of loss of control over drinKing leading to other psychological and physical sequelae is
defined as alcohol dependence syndrome.
It is also known as alcohol dependence,alcoholism,obsessive compulsive drinking etc...
This condition is treated as a mental disorder.
v
ALCOHOL AS A PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARD
3.5% of the global disease burden is directly linked to alcoholism.(calculated in DALYs)
SI.No.
Disease/Addiction
% DALYs
1
Alcohofism
3.5
2
Tobacco
2.6
3
Drug Abuse
0.6
4
Tuberculosis
3.4
5
Reproductive Tract Infections
3.8
6
Malaria
2.6
7
Cancer
5.8
8
Ischemic Heart Disease
3.1
9
Cerebro Vascular Accident
3.2
.
■
•
This problem is likely to increase in the near future.The reasons for this are,
1.
People start drinking at a comparatively younger age.So there is going to be an increase
in the number of cases with after effects of long term abuse.
2.
A society undergoing rapid social changes are more likely to come under the adverse
effects of alcohol.Most parts in the world are currently undergoing unprecedented
sweeping changes.This can lead to an increased level of consumption.
3.
After the age of globalisation, local and national Governments are compelled to dance to
the tune of International Industrial Interests and are unable to enforce restrictions even if
something is against the larger national interests.International trade treaties ire dumb on
this issue.
4.
Multinationals are capable of pulling advertising and marketing coups ii third world
countries with total disregard to national and public opinions.
5.
Liquor sale through, internet is capable of overcoming all national res^actions and
conventional checks and controls.
THE BUSINESS INTEREST
In a market economy the pricing of a commodity is based on the amount of raw material and
labour that goes into the production of that particular commodity.If someone tries to charge more
than this, the competition will und.ercut him pricewise.Alcohol is an exeption to this rule.Alcoholics
are prepared to pay much more than what is a fair price for a commodity.This leads to profiteering
and makes alcohol industry a lucrative business
proposition.In the context of globalisation this becomes much more worrisome.The multinationals
can outsource their raw materials from Wherever it is cheaply available,
produce alcohol where labour and other infrastructure facilities are available and market it in
countries where profits are lucrative.
THE RESPONSE SO FAR
The negative response of the society to alcohol is not something new.Islam has declared alcohol
as haraam(forbidden).ln all the major world religions there are sects and denominations who
consider alcohol as taboo.Apart from religions, Governments and communities have attempted to
control alcoholism in the society. Starting from 1800 there were temperance societies in all the
major European countries.-Their concerted effort resulted in the prohibition of alcohol in all'major
European nations and America at about the turn of twentieth century.AII these efforts were
initiated by people concerned with society from a moral and ethical point of view.The public health
concerns concenterated mainly on the health related problems at an individual level.The main
thrust of the public health authorities was in increasing treatment capacity for problems due to
chronic abuse.All the efforts of the public health authorities were directed at heavy drinkers.
Apart from prohibition,measures like rationing.prescribed minimum age for drinking,higher penalty
for crimes committed under the influenze of alcohol etc...also were tried in the prevention of
alcohol abuse.AII these measures were rolled back by about 193O.The legal prohibition of alcohol
led to the mushrooming of a clandestine industry in almost all the countries where prohibition was
enforced.Furthermore the prohibition was considered against the spirit of freedom and
egalitarianism prevailing during the period.The temperance movements lost their
momentum,once prohibition was enforced in European nations.Similar movements occurred
sporadically in other parts of the world also.The Indian freedom movement had prohibition of
alcohol as one of its programmes.
THE CURRENT PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH
A comprehensive approach to alcoholism has many problems. Heavy drinker? and chronic
abusers of alcohol constitute only a small percentage of the population. These people &s, such
are responsible for only a small amount of social problems caused by alcohol. Usua ly a public
health problem in a particular society can be studied as an aggregate of problems faced by each
arid every affected individual. But in the case of alcohol, apart from adverse effects at individual
level , the effect at a social level also should be taken into account. These are accidents, crimes
like homicide and suicide committed under the influenze of alcohol, traffic accidents caused by
drunken driving etc...If the mortality and morbidity due to these factors are clubbed with direct
mortality and morbidity due to alcohol the picture becomes much more serious. Apa!t from this
the anguish and mental stress experienced by the family members , friends and colleagues of an
alcoholic gives the problem a community mental health dimension also. At the community level
any beneficial effect due to alcotiol is cancelled out due to the larger number of adverse effects.
In the community health approach drinking at a lower level is more of a threat rather than heavy
drinking .So the policy measures in most of the countries addresses the problem at two levels.
1. Reducing the level of consumption in the society.
2. controlling the availability
This model is termed total consumption model in Sweden.Reducing the level of consumption calls
for a sincere effort from the Governments and social instituitions.Controlling the availability is
being attempted through various legal jneans like increased taxation,prescribed minimum age
limit for drinking,higher penalty for crimes committed under the influenze of alcohol etc...
There are groups who oppose these measures.Their arguments are,
1) The laws do not respect consumer sovereignity and the primacy of individual choice.Their
answer to the problem is to domesticate alcohol consumption.
2) Policy measures directed at heavy and problem drinkers is more appropriate rather than
measures directed at all drinkers.These groups advocate harm reduction measures for
problem drinkers rather than total prohibition.
n
PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
Different strategies are advocated for the. prevention of problems due to alcohol a )use.These
are,
1 EducationaLstrategy
2 Coercive strategy
3 Behaviour modification strategy
4 Isolation strategy
5 Regulatory strategy
6 Collaborative strategy
7 Therapeutic strategy
POLICY CHANGES
Policy changes can be used effectively at three levels
1
2
3
Production and marketing
Consumption
Prevention of health hazards
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Smuggling of alcohol across frontiers have been a lucrative business in frontier towns of all
countries were prohibition was enforced. But till recently most of the countries were able, to
control and dictate alcohol policies within their national borders. But the picture is changing
slowly. The last fifteen years of twentieth century saw the unprecedented wave of globalisation.
The free market economy advocated by the proponents of globalisation is slowly eroding the
power that the nations exercised over their domestic industries including alcohol industry. The
national Governments have to follow the norms set by the international trade agreements Which
in turn are dictated by International business interests.
In this context it is imperative to have an international policy in the production, consumption and
marketing of alcohol.
A
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-
Ck
V
the social canvass of sudhama nagar
baSeCl °n ’he number
Of years of residence in theTreTX^an^
residents.The duration of their residence in the area wXlessZ 10 yel"6 C°mpara,iv^ new
''' ■
1.
TABLE-1
Giassirication.o! Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on Number of years of residence in the area
■’ Si. No
No.of years or
residence •
’
T
■
-2
'
<5
6-10
11-15
| No.of.
j Households ’
' 39 ;
;6-2G
>20
15 .
IS ,
129 f
■'“TOTAL
GRAPH-1
Number of years of residence in the area
50
40
30 i
I-
20 i
10 '
■
T
0
in
I 3
<6
%
30 23
27.14
17.05 I
11.63 •
13.95 :
100
Table-2 shows that 36.43%of the population in Sudhama Nagar are from the state of
Karnataka itself.But the majority of the population (61.24%) are migrants from the neighbouring
state of Tamil Nadu.Together these two groups form 97.67% of the population in the Sudhama
Nagar Slum.
!At?Lt-2
Classification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
based Oh uie Sieie uf Ofigin
' SI. No
%
i No.
! State of Origin
ij Tamil Nadu
2! Karnataka
3| Andhra Pradesh
4 Madhya Pradesl i
i TOTAL
i
79 i
47129
6124
36.43
1.56
0.77
100
GRAPH-2
Original State from which People migrated
I
J
4
3
1 Tamil Nadu
2 Karnataka
3 Andhra Pradesh
4 Madhya Pradesh
2
s
_____ __________
1
0
20
40
60
80
Table-3 shows the distribution of households in Sudhama Nagar based on their District
of Origin.Most of the people of Karnataka Origin are native to Bangalore(31.01%).But the people of
Tamil origin have migrated from different parts of Tamil Nadu.Majority of the people of Tamil Origin
have migrated from the districts of Tiru Annamalai(28.69%),Villupuram(10.85%),Vellore(6.21%),and
Madurai(3.89%).Another interesting feature was that nearly all the people of Karnataka origin in
Sudhama Nagar spoke Tamil.
TABLE-3
Classification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the District of Origin
I Si.No
i District or Origin
1; Bangalore
(l
(Karnataka)
2jTiru Annarnalaf
(T.N)
N
3' Villupuram
4i Vellore
: (T.N.)
5 Madurai
k (T.N.)
6 Gulbarga
(Karnataka)
7 Chennai
(T.N.)
8| Salem
(TN.)
f I ,N \
9 Kadalur
10; Kolar
(Karnataka)
'111 Kuppam
(A P)
12 Gudailur
(T.N.)
13 Dharmapuri
(T.N.)
14 Neyveli
(T.N.)
. id Avur
(I.N.)
16|Nellorc
(A.P)
(Kariididkd)
171 Mysore
18 I irunelveli
(I.N.)
19.Chidambaram (T.N.)
20j,Karijipurarn
<T.N.)
21‘Krisnnagiri
22'Kanpur
(M.P)
: TOTAL '
7o
I NO.
40
I
31.01
28.69
37
14
10.85
8 f . 6.21
s
4
3
2
2
2
i
1
1
1
1
-i
1
1
-f
1
129
I
i
3.89
3.12
2.33
1.56
1.56
1 56
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.7?
0.77
0.77
•u.//
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
IUU
40
30
20
□ Seriesl
10|
Oaaa aaaaaaaaaaaa
0
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 1'5 '1.7 19 21
Table-4 shows that more than three fourths of the families had their own houses.The
rest of them were staying in rented houses.
TABLE-4
Glassification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the ty'ps ownership of The House
nr
I Si.No Type of Ownership No
r.
i 24.8 i
75.19
100
oz
97
129
1
2 Own
TOTAL
I-
GRAPH-3
, Type of ownership of house
Cl i Own
□ >• Rented
Christians and Hindus together form 98.44% of the population.There are only two Muslim
families in the area.
IA5LE-6
Classification of Households’in Sudhama Nagar
Luoed g.’i Lit Rtjiigiuus Fatih
Religion
Chiistiafr
7 Hindu,'
i SI.No
i No
I %
69
j ‘ 53.48
; 44.96
2
1.56
1G0
129
I TOTAL
|
GRAPH-4
Religions
3 |
2
__________ •
1
<'•
0
■
20
40
1 Christians
2 Hindus
3 Muslims
So
60
80
r
08067
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lb.
Roman Catholics are the majority denomination among Christians forming 92.75% of
Christian community while people belonging to scheduled castes formed the majority among the
Hindu popi lation(93.1,1%)
TABLE-6
Classification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the Castes'/Denommations
5
[Si. No.
Icaste/Denomiriatiori
|
64 |
54
3
2
2
1
i No.
1 [Roman Catholic
2; Scheduled Castes
3 Pentecostal Church
4'Muslim
i
5.(Vokkaliga,,
6 iMudaliar
7 Gounder
8 Church of South India
9 Baptist Church
■'id I AL .
1
1
1
129
I—
k I
I
%
49.61
41.86
2.33
1.56
1 56
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
-joo
J
TABLE-7
Classification of Christian Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the Religipus Denominations
No.
Denomination
1 Roman Catholic
Pentecostal .
3} Church of South India
Baptist Church
lTOTAL ' ’
•51. NO
i
I
.. %;
64
3
92.75
1
1
1.45
69I I
100
4.35
|
TABLE-8
Classification of Hindu Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the Castes
SI.No.
gastes...... ..........
1 Scheduled Castes
2 Vokkaliga
..... M
I
3 Mudaliar
4 iGounder.
I
—... 1
___ %___ i
54
2
93.11
3.45
1.72
1
1
[total
I. ! Z
1.72
58
|
100
Households with three.four or five members formed nearly 70% of the total number of
households.There was no one living alone.The [argest family had 16 members.
'
TABLE-9
Classification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the Number of members in the Family
r
1
|no.gi ivienibefS
Si; NO.
i
L
L-
11
2m
2j
3:
3m
4 rn
4:.
5;
6
7i
8:
■ •
*
.
5m
6m.
7 f i'i
8 rn
9m
ej
,
io m '
TO
'
ii m
• 11;
• 16 m
t^totaT----------- -
No.
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3.88
5
16 i12.4J
27 i20,93
36 I 27,91
24 '18.61
12 ,
2 i
9,20
1.60
2
I 1.60
1 f 0.77
3 J 2.32
„LJf 0.77
129
100
r
In India people are reluctant to divulge their true incomes.Usually people tend to understate
their incomes.So the actual monthly income can be higher than what is stated during the interview.
Anyway the people living in an urban slum are generally poor.Nearly 90% of the people gave their
monthly income as being between Rs 1000 - Rs 4000.
I
J
TABLE-10 ,
Classification of Households in Suunarria Nugai
based on the I ota! Monthly Household income (Rs)
;
i Monthly Income in Rupees) No.
■ iptooo'' ....
T
3 :
44
50 ,
20 ;
' 2i 1000-1999
3; 2000-2999
4, 3000-3999
5 4000-4999 ■
6 >5000
'
TOTAL
I
} ■
U- ■
j i
5
129
GRAPH-5
Income divisions
50,
40 j
301
■M
I
20:
®
i
§
O)
CD
CD
10
0
O
o
<
iI El
CT>
0)
CT)
04
O
O
04
O)
OSeriesI
0 0
a>
CD
CD
o
o
6
O)
CO
a>
o
I?
% 2.32
„...l1
34. r
38.76
15.5
5.43
3.88
100 1
The public distribution system in Karnataka has given two types of ration cards to the
1) BPL Card(Below Poverty Line Card. Th is card is coloured yellow and is colloquially
public.
known as the ’’Yellow Card’’
;This card entitles the holder to buy provisions
at concessional rates.Families with a monthly income of less than Rs 1500/-are
eligible for this card.
)
2) APL Card (Above Poverty Line Card).This card is coloured blue.This is given t? families
with a monthly income of more than Rs 1500/Some of the households did not have neither yellow card nor blue card.This problem was more prevalent
among new migrants to the area.
BPL- Below Poverty line card
APL- Above Poverty line card
..TABLE-11
Classification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
based on the type cf Ration Card owned by them
r
■ k
| SI.No.
(Type of Card
IJBPL
2‘APL '
.3i,NoCard
TOTAL ‘
---- -j
I No
i %
62 J
50 ;
(
1./
129
Legend * BPL-
Below Poverty line card
” A.nL-
/
•
“
Above
Poverty line card
i
48.06 I
38.76
13.18 :
100 1
GRAPH-6
Type of ration Card
BPL
0 2 API
® 3 No Card
Majority of the households in Sudhama Nagar did not have any savings.80% of the people
who had some savings were involved in Self Help Groups rather than any conventional saving schemes.
Very few people opted for saving schemes like bank accounts or Post Office Savings.This was especially
true of people belonging to lower income groups.More than 85% of the people who opted to deposit
heir money with SHp.groups belonged to lower income earning groups .
'■
!AbLfc-12
Classification of Households in Sudhama Nagar
.Plltpejnvylyerp^t h> Savins S^wnes....
EslnCL
...
No
Yes
51
____ 21N.P.___ _____
......
TOTAL'
129
4
. %.____
39.53
... WJ7_
100
TABLE-13
Classification of Households involved in Saving schemes
with respect to the type of savings
r si.no
Mo
Type of Saving
ifSelf Help Group
2 Bank
3 Post Office
I X'-Z
41
4
%
~~80.39
4 S
4! Oil iti s
2
I TOTAL
51 [
7.84
7.84
3.93
100
TABLE-14
Comparison of income levels of Households
and the Type of Savings they have
Type of savings
Bank
SHG
income
1000-1999
rz
onnr! oner
1
19
4
3uuu-3»»9
4000-4999
>5000
j
TOTAL
?
TOTAL
Post Office Others
•
1J
I
2
w
1
1
1
1
4
41 i
18 '
22
7
3
2}
'.. ’Ill
There is no marked sex difference in the number of people.The Male : Female ratio is nearly
one.More than 60% of the population yvere below the age of 25.Nearly 90% of the population were below
the age of 40.
TABLE-15.
Total number of people in'Sudhama Naoar
based on Sex
‘
Sl.No.
!*
i
'[sex
iiMaie
21 Female
.jToTAL
jNo. •
. ............ -n
336
332 j
i
668;
I
50.3 j
49.7
100
i
TABLE-16
Age Distribution of oeople in Sudhama Nagar
Tsi.No.
No.
Age Group
0-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
T
21-25
6’
26-30
34-351
7'
31,'; 36-40
o!'' 41-45
46-50
10;
51-55
US
56-60
12
13
61-65
66-70:.
14
>70___
1 ■
I
Ii.
■;
H—
•
’ total
78 ”r“i’i’68
86
107
73
76
65
52
54
24
30
8
7
2
4
__ 2
668
12.87 j
; 16.03
» 10.93 I
. 11.38
9.74
7.78
8.08 ■
i 3.59 ;
4.49 j
1.18 !
1.05 ■
0.3 i
0.6 !
.LjQlsJ
;
100.1
The Age-Sex Pyramid for the population of Sudhama Nagar drawn for a class interval of 5 yrs
is a more or less regular pyramid barring the lowest 3 segments.
TABLE-17
Age Sex Pyramid of the population of
Sudhama Nagar
Age Group
Male %
Female %
4
0.60%
0.60%
0.30%
1.79%
<49%
4.76%
4.17%
8.63% *
8.33%
9.52%
11 61%
9.23%
14.29%
11.59%
13.09%
>70
66-70
61-65
56-60
51-55 ■
46-50
41-45 ♦
36-40
31-35
26-30
21-25
16-20
11-15
6-10
0-5
,1
1
L
□
GRAPH-7
Age and Sex distribution of population
70 ,
60 i
50 i
40 •
IlM.
□ Male
30 j
20 I
Female
10 -
0 U
o o
cm
M
Oa CL c 03 O
m
£ <r>
3
0.00%
0.60%
0.30%
0.30%
0.90%
4.22%
3.01%
7.53%
7.23%
9.94%
11.15%
12.65%
17.77%
14.16%
10.24%
n.
, Tle nUTber Of people above th.e a9e of 50 Vrs is very few for both sexes While there are
no females above the age of 70 yrs there are two males above the age of 70.
IABUr-18
Male/ Female. Distribution of the people of Sudhama Nagar
in Different Age Groups
! QI M/>
(Male
(Age Group
SI.No
^>1. I MV
■r
I Female
34;
39:
•* 1 47
48
59
31
42
39
3?
32
33
28
24
29
25
.14
10
16
14
5
3
6
1
1
1
0-5
2( , 6-10
3
11-15
4
16-20
b
21-26
'6
26-30
’ 31-35
8
36-40
9
41-45
W
46-50
11
51-55
12
56-60
13
61-65
14
66-70
T5
>70
TOTAL
j
'2
2
2
0
336 .
332
78 |
86 |
107 I
73 I
76
65 !
52
54 ,
24 :
30
8 i
7 .
2 |
4
2 |
668 i
TABLE-19
i
Age Distribution of Male population in Sudhama Nagifar
Age Croup
No.
1 " MV:-’"
2
6-10
3i
11-15
16-20
4
I
21-25
26-30
7; 31-35
■
8 36-40
i
I
9 41-45
,101 46-50
111 51-55
12; 56-60
13j’ 61-65
14 j 66-70
....
. >7.Q..
I
TOTAL
%
■ 13.09 ]
39 !
11.59
48 I 14.29
31 !
9.23
39 ;
11.61
32
9.52
28 ;
8.33.
29 J
8.63
14 L 4.17
16 j
4.76
1.49 )
1.79 !
6 I
1 I
0.3 ?
0.6 i
' -O.6J
■44' *
f
1
_336X...... J0<LJ
TABLE^20
Age DisiriLution of Female Population of Sudhama Nagar
—..
—--------- ---- —-----------
No.
Group
..SI.
---^_T--.Age
($25—
CW
2 6-10
11-15
4| 16-20
21-25
6i 26-30
"
31-35 ..
8i 36-40
9' 41-45
■
10 46-50
11: 51-55
12 56-60 .
13 61-65 • ;i
14 66-70
!!
15 :
>70 •
TOTAL 7
3i
d
• I
Nd.
___
34
47
59
42
3Z
33
24
25
10
14
o
|
(
j
10.24
14.16
17.77
12.65
11.15
9.94
7.23
7.53
3.01
4 22
0.9
1
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.6
332
100 J
j
TABLE-21
Classification of people of Sudham Nagar
based on the Marital status
SI.No
;;
Marital status
1 Married
2 Widow/Widower
3 Seperated/Divorced
TOTAL j
;■ total
■ MP:
277 r
. 92.34
T9
6.33
4
1.33
£3.. 5300 •
.
ZZMi ■
TABLE-22
Sex distribution of people of Sudhama Nagar
based on Lie Marital Status
Z
Marital
status I Male
Ipernafe jTOTAL^.,,
f
Married
’
.......
'137
......... 140? ’
277
... 1
’
Widowed
I
3
16
i
19
i
2
4j
_4J
3' Separated
<
160» "
300 J
...... . ' 7’ JITOTAL~
totaD
SLNo
Only 2.4% of the population in Sudhama Nagar had above High School level education.
There were 2 degree holders and two diploma holders. 12 people had gone for higher secondary
education.25.9% of the people had no formal education.Both the degree holders were females.In
most other levels of education males were more than females in number.Females outnumberec
males among people with no formal education.
0
TABLE-23
Classification of people of Sudhama Nagar
based on me Education
SI. No
I
L
Education
1 No Education
2 Kinder Garten
3: Primary
4 Upper Primary
5, High School 1
6? Higher Secondary
7., Diploma
&Dcgr^;
;
J TOTAL
’ ,
No.,
..
1Z3
16
87
187
189
12
2
2
663
%. . . .
2b.9
2.4
13.02
27.99
28.29
1.8
0.3
0.3
■ 100 “
■■
J
—.. ...u
TABLE-24
Sexwise Distribution of people of Sudhama Nagar
based on the Level of Educatioa
SI.No
Education ‘__ _
1 No education
2 Kinder Garten
3 Primary
’•i.r' ■■ ■'
Upper Primary
SJHigh School
6 Higher SecdntUry
' 7 Diploma
8[ Degree
1TOTAL
fernale^, TOTAL_^(
84
9
38
nc
89
7
49
92
88
4
173
16
8/
187
101 ‘
189
12
11
1
2
o!
2
2
.... 332L. . ..."668“
q
'.'7;
IABLE-25
..
Classification'of Employed People cf Sudhama .xagar
based on the type of J06
SI.No.
Type of Job No.
'^Type-1
2‘.!y.pe-2 1
^.T‘)pS;3
4LType4:j_
ITOTAL'
1
69 <
10 i
33 j
119j_
'23'1 T
%
29.87
4.33
14.29 !
!
51AVJ
“'‘160
i
Type of Jobs
Type-1
Jobs with a monthly salary
Type-2
Self Employed with a High Income >Rs 2000
Type-3
<Rs 2000
Self Employed with a Low Income
Type-4
Jobs with daily Wages
Break up of individual jobs is given in subsequent tables
For the s^ke of convenience the jobs were classified into four types.
Typerl ,
Table-25A
These were jobs with a monthly salary.Most of these jobs need skilled or semiSKilled
people,eventhough some jobs like office boy or hospital attendent require no special
skills.Most of the working women came under this category ,many of them working as
housemaids.
Type-2
Table-25B
This type of jobs are done by self employed people.They get a comparatively higher
income.These people form the better off section of the population.
Type-3
Table-25C
These people are also selfemployed.But their earning potential is lower compared to
type-2 jobs.Jobs like Autorickshaw driver,Fruit vendor,Vegetable vendor etc....fall under
this category.
Type-4
Table-25D
This group comprises of people working for daily wages.Most of them do not get regular
employment.ln a month they can hope to get work for a maximum of 20 days,if lucky.So
they are only partially employed.An interesting category among these is what is known as
token coolies.There are certain big industrial establishments near Sudhama Nagar area.
These factories have formed pools of casual labourers.Out of these pools only a few will
get work on any given day.Oth^rs wijl go home once they know that there is no hope of
work that day.All these workers are given I D Discs.These Discs are locally known as Tokens
Sometimes as they leave the workers will pass these tokens to others who are prepared
to wait for the job.This is done for a small consideration.So if the proxy worker gets the job
he has to share the wages with the real owner of the so called token.
Th^se coolies
are not given most of the benefits due to the regular workers in the factories.
(
-
'
s •A/
•
.
••
- • •.
TABLE-25A '
Classification of People of Sudharna Nagar
with Jobs with a monthly Sa’arvf I vpe-1 Jobs)
f................. '
'
' '..... |-------------------- 1
! SI. No.
Job
1 No
■j
•1-|''I’.1 ■•M------- —
1 Acid Company Worker
2. Anganwadi Teacher
3: Assistant in Studio
4' Ayah in Nursery
5; Driver .
□..Factory Worker
7!;Sarment Factory
8. Cas Supply Company
9; Help in courier
10 Help in shop
11 ’ Help in Xerox Shop
12; Hospital Attender
13. Hotel Worker
14 Housemaid
15): Officeboy
^Office Clerk
17 . Office Clerk-Government '
18
i
18■•‘Peon in School
ids Petrol Pump Assistant.
20^Salesgirl in Shop
21 ^Salesman in Shop
22 ^Security Guard
23 Supervisor in Company
24 Sweeper in Office
25 -Tailoring Teacher
t
26 ^Workshop Mechanic
i,TOTAL
1
1
1
1
8
2
3
1
1
1
-
1
i
2
26
1
2
1
1
I
1
1
3
3
1
2
$
f
1
i j
2
’”69
I
TABLE-258
2S
peop* SuQnama ^3ar
.Hi«h?LT?nth|V Income
!
Si.No
i
i
!
iI
j--
I
No
____
Empioyment
1 Contractor ”
2 Hotel Owner
3:j incense Stick Making
4;Juice Vendor
StShopkeeper
o
1
1
■1
1
3
6 frailer
''frOTAL'-"-
T.ABLE-25C
‘
Classification of Self Employed people in Sudharna nagar
witn a Lower Monthly income
f
>SI.No
I
I
i..
J......... ....... r-
Jaynt ' 7 -
—r.... - —
j No
1'Auto Driver
'.
2jAuto Mechanic
3 Barber
4 Electrician.’.
5 Firewood Vendor
6 j Fruit Vendor
71 Furniture Maker
' ‘"'1... ‘' I
2
1
I
4
1
4
1
8 j Old Hottie1 collector.
9^Old Paper Collector
10 i Plumber
11jTaiior-Part Time
12( Vegetable Vendor
13.; Veuetabie/Fruil Vendor i: ■
tn.uu.L
JOTAL
n
I
1
1
2
1
.
zzj.l. \..
11
3
i
TABLE-25D
Classification of people of Sudhama Nagar
doing Jobs with Daily Wages
T
j-^b..
■4.
-f! Cargo Work
2 Casual Work
3 Coolie-Construction
4 Coolie
51 Helpei. iri Minilorry ,
6 Mason ■
7 Painter
8 Token Coolie in HAL
9 Part Time Job in P&T
10 Part Time Job in Private Co
11 Wire Bending
12 Wood worker__ __
I •
No
•i
2
84
1
10
10
4
1
1
1
2
■
I
!
! no
TABLE-26 (
Classification of People in Sudhama nagar
with Chronic Diseases
11'
SI.No
i
>
'
No
•Disease ;
'11 Asthma
-2j Diabetes
3jKnee Pain
■7'4; Migraine
5[Ulcer* •
6; Blood Pressure
!
richest Pain
S; Dropsy
9f Ophthalmologic Complain,t, •
10: Stroke
11J Joint Pain
12j Cerebral Palsy
13jSca!y Skin
14* Hypothyroidism
15] Uterus Complaint
I
16 Heart Disease
17 Piles
18^6-Fingers
19'Leg Deformity-H/O Trauma;
2C; H/O Accident&Head Injury j
21. Cleft Palate
j
22! Renal Stone
23^ Epilepsy
24 Throat Pain
|
i
...
/
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
■
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
..... “51~
'
1
I
I
J*
I.
1
.
TABLE-27
Classification of. Households in Sudh^ma Nagar
based on the^ Type of Family
jsi
_ !_Type__Qf FNo. T
SljNo^
1
Nuclear
! 95
95 > j73.64
2
Extended
I 3 . Joint___ .... ... JI23..... 917.83
<53
■ IT.’
TOTAL
L 29 100.00
1
■2
□3 |
TABLE-28
Classification of Households in Sudhama nagar
based on the Highest level of Education achieved
by any one member of the Family
’****• *•*—*—^'*«***'-
1
! Si.No Level of Education
in the
family( Highest
i—........
1
!
No Education
5-STD
3 > 6- STD
7- STD
8- STD
6
10-STD
7
12—STD
8 Degree
9 Diploma
t!
JO ^=§TD„.
_____ TOTAL _
No I
rt
%
r
2.32
7 j 5.42
7“ J 5.42
13 10.07
20
is.si ;
54
41.86
9
6.97 ,
2
1.56
2
1.56
! 12
9.31
JI 29
ioo. oo|
■
*
I,
k
• 1/
'
.
■’
. .
Ve.V’
A
V
/XLCOHOL SURVEY
—
. \
TABLE-1
Majority of the sample population of alcoholics whom I interviewed were below the age v
of 50 years, and all of them were working men.
TABLE -1
Classification of Sample population
based on Age Group
SI. No.
X
Age Group
1 20-29
2 30-39
3 40-49
4
>50
TOTAL
%____
18.75
3
6
37.5
6
37.5
1___ 6.25
16
100
No.
•
■
«>■,
■
■
7
6-
51
4
3
2
Seriesl
1
0 —
I
1
2
3
4
TABLE-2 .
,
- —
More than 55%of the sample population were residing in the area for less than 10 years.
This tallies well with the general demographic trend where 57.37% of the population are
of less than 10 years residence in the area.
TABLE-2
Classification of Sample population
based on number of years of residence in the area
i SI.No.
No. of years of residence . \
_in the area
No
’ 10-5
2-6-10
3 11-15
4 16-20
2.5 J1-25
TOTAL
I______
1
1-
%____
o
18.75
6
4
0
3
16
37.5
25
0
187.5_
100
I
I
5
4 i
J
[■Seriesl |
2
1
1 i
4
0
4
6
8
TABLE-3
Most of the sample'population had own hbtises.(68.75%)
I
TABLE-3
Classification of sample population
based on the type of ownership of house
’si.No.
; Type of ownership of
'the house
1 Own
2 Rented
TOTAL ,
; No
.I
i
i
%
11
5
16
i
•I
68.75
31.25
100
sa
I
r
J
I
•1
i
I
'I -■.
’ jsScricsl j j
■MWWMW
r
i
j.
0
5
10
15
I
'I
TABLE-4
These tables show a marked difference with the general sociodemographic trend. In the
general population majority of the people are migrants from Tamil Nadu. But in the
sample population, majority of the people (62.50%)are native to Bangalore.
TASLEY
Classification of Sample population
based on their state of origin
/ 1- ■' j
,
SI.No.
i
.
■
State of orgin
1 Karnataka
2 Tamil Nadu
• total
i
"
%___
No.
10
6
16
62.5
100
hri I
l°2j
*
*
1
‘K
‘
..
.' - .
Classification of Sample population
based on their native District
.
I
r"
'SI No
;Native District
1 ^Bangalore
2 iTiru Annamalai
3 i Vellore
4 Villupuram
TOTAL
1
I
' No
■
T
%
ZI
:
10 T’ 62.5
i
25
4 :
6.25
11 I ’6.25
Wi* 100
12 y.
10
8
6
4
■
i
■ Seriesl
2
0
2
4
3
i
Religionwise the population was evenly distributed between, Hindus and
Christians.Caste/Denomination wise the sample population consisted of majority
Castes/Depominations.
Z/pATAj'-T'L
TAfclE-6
Classification of Sample population
basea on their respective religions
SI.No.
Na
„ Religion
Christian
1
-
ZZZEO% ~~l
■
_____ ,, .2 Hindu_......
8 1 -
—
--
50
1 '
50 ' !
_i on" | J
i
.
^^4- n-o
U8U67
c>
tBl >^47
tapi tr i
Classification of Sample population
based on caste'denomination
|si No.
I.
k
• J
Caste/Deriorriination Tnjx
1 % '^7 •
50
8 ;;
1 Roman Catholic
2 Scheduled Castes
3 Vokkaliga
*101 AL
L
7
1
I
16
43.75
6.25
100 1-
10
■
8
■<
r_ -I
6
IBSeries! I
4
2
0 .
2
1
3
All the people in the sample population had Ration Cards.81.25% of them had BPL Cards
while the rest of them had APL Cards.
TABLE-8
Classification of the sample population
based on the type of ration card they possessed
'V'''
SI.No.
t
■/
- i
iType of ration card
1 BPL ’
2 APL
■TOTAL
-
i No
I
13 5
I
%
81.25
. . . 3.!
J8.75
16 I
100
14
12
108 I
6I
4 2 0
■ Seriesl
..s
saw
1
1
2
Most of the sample population consisted of people from lower income groups.None of
them had a monthly, income higher than Rs 4000/-while 87.5% of the sample population
had monthly incomes of less than Rs 3000/.
TABLE-9
V
Classification of Sample Population
bssRd on fhp Monthly income
—--J-—
jsj.No.
I Monthly income(Rs) | No.
r
1.1000-1999
2-2000-2999
S' 3000-3999 --------- --TOTAL
-4
6
i
37.5
8
2
16
I
i
J
50 i
12.5 !
100 ’
10
86
420-
I'gSeriesI | I
1
2
3
j
Three fourth of the sample population belonged to households with five or less than
Jv^embers.The m.™ number of h<)UK!,old menlbers
»”
TABLE-10
'
Classification of Sample Population
based on the Number of members in the Family
[si. No.
j Number of members
j
jin the family
I
2|
3!
k3 m
4 m
5 m
6 m
si
TOTAL
No
__
%
2
12.5 ■
4
25 I
6
37.5
1
6.25
3__
1?75 j
16 ! ... .JOOJ
_ I
-- ----- J_ I
l
y
4 P
(■Seriesl I
1
I.
I
I.
. u
2
4
■
6
8
Most of the sample population consisted of Heads of their respective Households.
TABLE-11
Classification of Sample Population
based on the Number of dependents
io.
fel.No
i Number of Dependents I No
__ L %
tv
■”iT
"""r
1 1 \ 6.25
1|
2
t
t:
2d
3d
4 d
L
.
I
\
18.75
12.5
5 43.75
> .18,75_„
jjxlJ
3
2
7
3
sL
~ 6'd
TOTAL
, r
4t
iHSeriesI |
3 pii
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
F"
1 =
I>
4
2
6
6
Majority of the sample population had only less than fifth standard
cducation(62.50%).The man with the highest education in the sample population had 9 1
standard education.
TABLE-12
riassificatirtn of the Sample Population
based on their Level of Education
|
SI No ■ ..
r
No
Education
1 No Education
2j5-STD
a^-STD
4I7-STD
5 !0-STD
43.75
18.75
1
6.25
2
12.5
12.5
2 j
I
--4--- 161
..Bja-sjp____
.•
_6 25 i
100
k;8j
! 1 7 J
! 6
I 5 I 4 :
: [■Seriesl |
3 ■■
0-^
J1
1
2
3
S 5
I—
4
5
6
4
J
TABLE-13 shows the type of alcoholic beverages preferred by the sample
population.68.75%of the sample population preferred either Brandy or Whisky.62.5.0%
of the sample population had high frequency of alcohol consumption ranging from 3-5
times a week to several times a day.
ta p1
r
Classification of the Sample population
based on the type of Alcoholic beverages they preferred
to drink
Brand
. .......... i...........
6! ■
Brandy
i Whisky
' Rum
' Beer
i TOTAL
’
1
21
5
.
l
\
T-~
I TOTAL
Beer
Rum
Whisky
■ Brandy
1
1
•ugktf--
-
<
5;
J•
si......
2
’ TABLE-14
Classification of the sample population
based on the frequency of drinking
...........................................
. Frequency
' 1 (Several times daily
2 Daily or 6 days a week
3,3-5 days a week
4;2-3timesa month
5! Less often
(TOTAL™
bl No.
4M..
I
i
j
6
2
3
rzq
(■ i2.<q
;
37.51
12.5 |
18.75
__ i.. J- ... 187L..
14
2
6
2
3
3
7 6
5
4 3
2 -
1 0
i
16
100.
MSeriesI |
I
1
2
3
5
1
7I
Most of the sample population preferred to drink in a bar (75%).Only one of them drank
while at home.
lABLb-Tb
-
Classifcation of the sample population
based on the place •where they prefer to drink
r—t...
'T—'—
.T Place. LJaL
Others^
V'■«'j’ Bar '
12,'
tn,;
* X
House
, Others
-[
...jaT"
totai
^3;
j... 1L
j
.... .,.jr
31
3
'
'
- 16 '
TABLE-16
Glassification of tne Sample population
based on the previous attempts made to
stop the habit
[si.No
IV
Made
attempt
-j Yes
---- !
No
56.25 '
43.75 '
16 t 100 i
j__
2 No
tZZL..'Itotal
P
1I
|H2 |
__ I
TABLE-17
Number of people from Sample Population
who had family problems with wife
SI. No
J Problem/No^problem
1 ■ Problem with wife
2, No problem with wife
TOTAL
No
’
11 j
5 '
16 '
68.751
31.25 '
100 i
i
I
I
I
Il«2
D1 11I I
I
* .
TABLE-19
Classification of the Sample population
based on their tmployment
I
4-
Employment
isi.No
f
%
No
1 'Coolie
8
2
2 Mason
3 Contractor
4 i Factory Worker
51 Old paper collection
6; Street Vendor
7! Token Coolie
8 j Vegetable Vendor
?
i
!
. I
50
12.5
1
1
1
1
1
6.25
6.25
6.25 •
•1 J
6.25 j
100 I
16
.
625
6.25 :
T
10 To -
E
6
.4 - -9
{■Seriesl j
;;sa
I.
*s
s
3
4
W
5
C
7
8
,
•w
»
•
•
■ ■ •
Appendix 1
Life skills and Alcohol Prevention Programme
Life skills approach is an interactive educational methodology that not only focus; on
transmitting knowledge but also aims at
: shaping attitudes and developing interpersonal
skills.
Vki V4VV*
— — —— —
-
Goal- - The main goal of the life skills approach is to enhance young peopie’s; ubihty.to
Sk^sponsibility for making healthier choices, resisting negative pressures and avoiding
take responsibility for
risk behaviour.
Objectives: -
1.
2. ?•
md toision makine
3.
skills.
4.
5.
Enable youth to effectively cope with social anxiety.
Increase their knowledge on the immediate consequences of smoking and
drinking alcohol and training them to protect themselves from substance
6.
7.
abuse, violence and other harmful influences.
?
Empowering them to take charge of themselves and our planet s future.
Enhance cognitive and behavioural compliancy to reduce and prevent a
variety of health risks and behaviour.
What are the Life skills to be evolved in the interactive session?
Life skills are behaviour patterns that enable individuals to adopt and deal
S the demands and citallenges of life. The content of the hfe sktlls, whtoh wtll
increase the ability to
make decision
solve problems
think critically and creatively
communicate,
listening skills
build empathy
be assertive and negotiating
cope with emotion and stress
be self aware
goal setting
getting along with others
gaining self confidence
coping with conflict and other sessions like;
types of group pressure; how to say “No”?..
relationship with members of opposite sex
alcohol use and abuse
tobacco and health related problems
HIV-AIDS/STDs - human sexuality
This curriculum will be called “Learning to Live and Learning to Love”
Methodology: -
The teaching methods are youth oriented, gender sensitive, interactive and participatory.
The most common teaching methods include working in groups, brainstorming, story
telling, role-plays, debating and participation in discussions and audio-visual sessions.
Resource Persons:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dr. Lakshman
-Honorary
Dr. Sekar Sheshadri-Honorary
Dr. Mani Kaliath-Honorary
Mr. Rajendran-Main resource person
Mr. Chander-respective field expert
Dr. Rajkumar- respective field expert
Mr. Prahlad- respective field expert
Duration and Timing
(Tentatively every Sunday and one and half hours to two hours (It will be finalized after
discussions with the groups). The session will start on 21st July 2002 onwards.
Target One:
Sudhama Nagar (HAL)
1.
Ragigudda
Slum
2.
L.R.Nagar (Koramangala)
3.
Education and Monitoring
Dr. Lakshman and Dr. Mani will visit the areas and do the assessment work. Participatory
evolution will be arranged at the end of the programme.
*
Appendix 2
A brief note on CHOs innovative experiment in tackling Alcohol Abuse
Community Health Cell (CHC) is a non-governmental Organisation with, a group of
resource professionals working in the area of community and public health, research,
training and advocacy for the past two decades. CHC is the functional Unit of the Society
for Community Health Awareness, Research and Action (SOCHARA).
Aims and Objectives of CHC
© To create awareness regarding the principles and practice of Community Health
among all people involved and interested in health and related sectors.
To
promote and support community health action through voluntary as well as
©
governmental initiatives.
© To undertake research in Community Health policy issues, particularly:
® Community health care strategies,
® Health personnel training strategies,
® Integration of medical and health systems.
©
©
©
To evolve educational strategies that will enhance the knowledge, skill and
attitudes of persons involved in Community Health and Development.
To dialogue and participate with health planners, decision makers and
implemepters to enable the formulation and implementation of community
oriented health policies.
To establish a library, documentation and interactive information center in
Community Health.
CHC consists of a small core team of 18 people, including health and social science
professionals, office and library team, research and training assistants, supported by a
large informal network of professional associates and friends.
CHC supports community health action through
gs Information and advisory services.
G3 Training and interactive discussions
gs Participatory reflections and reviews
gs Research and evaluation
G8 Peer group support
gs Networking .arid solidarity
os Policy research, advocacy and action.
■
CHC has developed a rich and diverse web of interaction among person and groups
involved in community Health in India & specifically in Karnataka. These include:
G3 Individuals in search of greater social relevance in health work
gs Coordinating agencies in health in the voluntary sector
gs Community health and development projects in rural areas, urban slums and tribal
regions.
’
. i
G8 Networking and issue raising health groups
gs Development projects, networks and development training centers
G8 Government agencies and ministries at Central and State level
.
gs National and international agencies supporting health action
” V*•
To undertake research in community Health policy issues, particularly:
During 1999 - 2001 CHC was involved in the implementations of a World Health
Organisation - South Asia Regional Office supported and Govt, of India sponsored
project of Women’s Health and Empowerment in 5 districts of Karnataka and a few
slums in Bangalore.
During the implementation of this WHO-SEARO supported programmed, the
importance of effectively tackling alcohol abuse” was often emphasized because
alcohol abuse was identified as one of the major problems being faced by the
community. CHC was requested to help in addressing this alarming trend.
CHC accepted this request and formed an NGO network with the assistance of the
NIMHANS, Department of Psychiatry. A series of study, reflection, consultation and
brain storming sessions at NIMHANS and CHC in this regard was conducted. As a
result, of which a framework of community prevention plan using community health
and development approach was developed with the participation of the community.
The focus now lies in creating a healthy community with the active involvement and
participation of the community itself in attending to their needs and addressing public
health problems like abuse of alcohol by members of the community. CHC believes
that this can be made sustainable and effective with the collaborative effort of the
community and other partners. The partners comprise of three NGOs and NIMHANS.
1.
2.
3.
Sudhamanagar
L.RL. Nagar, Kormangala
Ragigudda Slum
The specific aim of this exploratory experimental programme is to tackle alcohol related
problems in a broader community/public health and health promotional framework.
Appendix-3
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
Community health cell (CHC) is an NGO working in the field of
Primary health care at a policy and advocacy level. CHC works in
association with other NGOs and Government and private health
care organisations. It was established with the following
objectives.
1. To create awareness - Especially among policy makers and
public.
2. To promote action- Both voluntary and Government.
3. To Promote research- In community health, In health
personnel and in Integration of different systems.
4. To promote changes in educational strategy to make medical
education more appropriate and focused.
5. To conduct policy dialogues with appropriate authorities
6. To provide library services and documentation.
A'- :'
iW*
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